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Qu L, Huang X, Su X, Zhu G, Zheng L, Lin J, Wang J, Xue H. Potato: from functional genomics to genetic improvement. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:34. [PMID: 39160633 PMCID: PMC11331666 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Potato is the most widely grown non-grain crop and ranks as the third most significant global food crop following rice and wheat. Despite its long history of cultivation over vast areas, slow breeding progress and environmental stress have led to a scarcity of high-yielding potato varieties. Enhancing the quality and yield of potato tubers remains the ultimate objective of potato breeding. However, conventional breeding has faced challenges due to tetrasomic inheritance, high genomic heterozygosity, and inbreeding depression. Recent advancements in molecular biology and functional genomic studies of potato have provided valuable insights into the regulatory network of physiological processes and facilitated trait improvement. In this review, we present a summary of identified factors and genes governing potato growth and development, along with progress in potato genomics and the adoption of new breeding technologies for improvement. Additionally, we explore the opportunities and challenges in potato improvement, offering insights into future avenues for potato research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xueqing Huang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin Su
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lingli Zheng
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongwei Xue
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Un Jan Contreras S, Redfern LK, Maguire LW, Promi SI, Gardner CM. Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs) Negatively Impact Growth and Gene Expression of Environmentally Relevant Bacteria in In Vitro Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13856-13865. [PMID: 39066708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Rising global populations have amplified food scarcity and ushered in the development of genetically modified (GM) crops containing small interference RNAs (siRNAs) that control gene expression to overcome these challenges. The use of RNA interference (RNAi) in agriculture remains controversial due to uncertainty regarding the unintended release of genetic material and downstream nontarget effects, which have not been assessed in environmental bacteria to date. To evaluate the impacts of siRNAs used in agriculture on environmental bacteria, this study assessed microbial growth and viability as well as transcription activity with and without the presence of environmental stressors. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in growth capacity and maximum biomass achieved when bacteria are exposed to siRNAs alone and with additional external stress (p < 0.05). Further transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that nutrient cycling gene activities were found to be consistently and significantly altered following siRNA exposure, particularly among carbon (xylA, FBPase, limEH, Chitinase, rgl, rgh, rgaE, mannanase, ara) and nitrogen (ureC, nasA, narB, narG, nirK) cycling genes (p < 0.05). Decreases in carbon cycling gene transcription profiles were generally significantly enhanced when siRNA exposure was coupled with nutrient or antimicrobial stress. Collectively, findings suggest that certain conditions facilitate the uptake of siRNAs from their surrounding environments that can negatively affect bacterial growth and gene expression activity, with uncertain downstream impacts on ecosystem homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Un Jan Contreras
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 405 Spokane St., Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - L K Redfern
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil Engineering, and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd., Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - L W Maguire
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 301E E Dean Keeton St c1700, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - S I Promi
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 301E E Dean Keeton St c1700, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - C M Gardner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 405 Spokane St., Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 301E E Dean Keeton St c1700, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Gaur VS, Sood S, Guzmán C, Olsen KM. Molecular insights on the origin and development of waxy genotypes in major crop plants. Brief Funct Genomics 2024; 23:193-213. [PMID: 38751352 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Starch is a significant ingredient of the seed endosperm with commercial importance in food and industry. Crop varieties with glutinous (waxy) grain characteristics, i.e. starch with high amylopectin and low amylose, hold longstanding cultural importance in some world regions and unique properties for industrial manufacture. The waxy character in many crop species is regulated by a single gene known as GBSSI (or waxy), which encodes the enzyme Granule Bound Starch Synthase1 with null or reduced activity. Several allelic variants of the waxy gene that contribute to varying levels of amylose content have been reported in different crop plants. Phylogenetic analysis of protein sequences and the genomic DNA encoding GBSSI of major cereals and recently sequenced millets and pseudo-cereals have shown that GBSSI orthologs form distinct clusters, each representing a separate crop lineage. With the rapidly increasing demand for waxy starch in food and non-food applications, conventional crop breeding techniques and modern crop improvement technologies such as gene silencing and genome editing have been deployed to develop new waxy crop cultivars. The advances in research on waxy alleles across different crops have unveiled new possibilities for modifying the synthesis of amylose and amylopectin starch, leading to the potential creation of customized crops in the future. This article presents molecular lines of evidence on the emergence of waxy genes in various crops, including their genesis and evolution, molecular structure, comparative analysis and breeding innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram S Gaur
- Raja Bhoj College of Agriculture, Balaghat, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Salej Sood
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla- 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Carlos Guzmán
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, CeiA3, ES-14071, Córdoba, Spain
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Sharma S, Friberg M, Vogel P, Turesson H, Olsson N, Andersson M, Hofvander P. Pho1a (plastid starch phosphorylase) is duplicated and essential for normal starch granule phenotype in tubers of Solanum tuberosum L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1220973. [PMID: 37636090 PMCID: PMC10450146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Reserve starch from seeds and tubers is a crucial plant product for human survival. Much research has been devoted to quantitative and qualitative aspects of starch synthesis and its relation to abiotic factors of importance in agriculture. Certain aspects of genetic factors and enzymes influencing carbon assimilation into starch granules remain elusive after many decades of research. Starch phosphorylase (Pho) can operate, depending on metabolic conditions, in a synthetic and degradative pathway. The plastidial form of the enzyme is one of the most highly expressed genes in potato tubers, and the encoded product is imported into starch-synthesizing amyloplasts. We identified that the genomic locus of a Pho1a-type starch phosphorylase is duplicated in potato. Our study further shows that the enzyme is of importance for a normal starch granule phenotype in tubers. Null mutants created by genome editing display rounded starch granules in an increased number that contained a reduced ratio of apparent amylose in the starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Carrillo L, Baroja-Fernández E, Renau-Morata B, Muñoz FJ, Canales J, Ciordia S, Yang L, Sánchez-López ÁM, Nebauer SG, Ceballos MG, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Molina RV, Pozueta-Romero J, Medina J. Ectopic expression of the AtCDF1 transcription factor in potato enhances tuber starch and amino acid contents and yield under open field conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1010669. [PMID: 36937996 PMCID: PMC10014720 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1010669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cycling Dof transcription factors (CDFs) have been involved in different aspects of plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis and tomato, one member of this family (CDF1) has recently been associated with the regulation of primary metabolism and abiotic stress responses, but their roles in crop production under open field conditions remain unknown. METHODS In this study, we compared the growth, and tuber yield and composition of plants ectopically expressing the CDF1 gene from Arabidopsis under the control of the 35S promoter with wild-type (WT) potato plants cultured in growth chamber and open field conditions. RESULTS In growth chambers, the 35S::AtCDF1 plants showed a greater tuber yield than the WT by increasing the biomass partition for tuber development. Under field conditions, the ectopic expression of CDF1 also promoted the sink strength of the tubers, since 35S::AtCDF1 plants exhibited significant increases in tuber size and weight resulting in higher tuber yield. A metabolomic analysis revealed that tubers of 35S::AtCDF1 plants cultured under open field conditions accumulated higher levels of glucose, starch and amino acids than WT tubers. A comparative proteomic analysis of tubers of 35S::AtCDF1 and WT plants cultured under open field conditions revealed that these changes can be accounted for changes in the expression of proteins involved in energy production and different aspects of C and N metabolism. DISCUSSION The results from this study advance our collective understanding of the role of CDFs and are of great interest for the purposes of improving the yield and breeding of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) UPM-INIA/CSIC, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Begoña Renau-Morata
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universitat de València. Vicent Andrés Estellés, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Javier Canales
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad Proteomica (CNB), Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lu Yang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) UPM-INIA/CSIC, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sergio G. Nebauer
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València., València, Spain
| | - Mar G. Ceballos
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) UPM-INIA/CSIC, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) UPM-INIA/CSIC, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa V. Molina
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València., València, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Joaquín Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) UPM-INIA/CSIC, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
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Chincinska IA, Miklaszewska M, Sołtys-Kalina D. Recent advances and challenges in potato improvement using CRISPR/Cas genome editing. PLANTA 2022; 257:25. [PMID: 36562862 PMCID: PMC9789015 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas technology improves the quality of potato as a food crop and enables its use as both a model plant in fundamental research and as a potential biofactory for producing valuable compounds for industrial applications. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plays a significant role in ensuring global food and nutritional security. Tuber yield is negatively affected by biotic and abiotic stresses, and enzymatic browning and cold-induced sweetening significantly contribute to post-harvest quality losses. With the dual challenges of a growing population and a changing climate, potato enhancement is essential for its sustainable production. However, due to several characteristics of potato, including high levels of heterozygosity, tetrasomic inheritance, inbreeding depression, and self-incompatibility of diploid potato, conventional breeding practices are insufficient to achieve substantial trait improvement in tetraploid potato cultivars within a relatively short time. CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing has opened new possibilities to develop novel potato varieties with high commercialization potential. In this review, we summarize recent developments in optimizing CRISPR/Cas-based methods for potato genome editing, focusing on approaches addressing the challenging biology of this species. We also discuss the feasibility of obtaining transgene-free genome-edited potato varieties and explore different strategies to improve potato stress resistance, nutritional value, starch composition, and storage and processing characteristics. Altogether, this review provides insight into recent advances, possible bottlenecks, and future research directions in potato genome editing using CRISPR/Cas technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Anna Chincinska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorota Sołtys-Kalina
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
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Tuncel A, Qi Y. CRISPR/Cas mediated genome editing in potato: Past achievements and future directions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111474. [PMID: 36174801 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Genome engineering has been re-shaping plant biotechnology and agriculture. Crop improvement using the recently developed gene editing techniques is now easier, faster, and more precise than ever. Although considered to be a global food security crop, potato has not benefitted enough from diverse collection of these techniques. Unique genetic features of cultivated potatoes such as tetrasomic inheritance, high genomic heterozygosity, and inbreeding depression hamper conventional breeding of this important crop. Therefore, genome editing provides an excellent arsenal of tools for trait improvement in potato. Moreover, using specific transformation protocols, it is possible to engineer transgene free commercial varieties. In this review we first describe the past achievements in potato genome editing and highlight some of the missing aspects of these efforts. Then, we discuss about technical challenges of genome editing in potato and present approaches to overcome these difficulties. Finally, we talk about genome editing applications that have not been explored in potato and point out some of the missing venues in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Tuncel
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Un Jan Contreras S, Gardner CM. Environmental fate and behaviour of antibiotic resistance genes and small interference RNAs released from genetically modified crops. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2877-2892. [PMID: 35892194 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rising global populations have amplified food scarcity across the world and ushered in the development of genetically modified (GM) crops to overcome these challenges. Cultivation of major crops such as corn and soy has favoured GM crops over conventional varieties to meet crop production and resilience needs. Modern GM crops containing small interference RNA molecules and antibiotic resistance genes have become increasingly common in the United States. However, the use of these crops remains controversial due to the uncertainty regarding the unintended release of its genetic material into the environment and possible downstream effects on human and environmental health. DNA or RNA transgenes may be exuded from crop tissues during cultivation or released during plant decomposition and adsorbed by soil. This can contribute to the persistence and bioavailability in soil or water environment and possible uptake by soil microbial communities and further passing of this information to neighbouring bacteria, disrupting microbial ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and soil fertility. In this review, transgene mechanisms of action, uses in crops, and knowledge regarding their environmental fate and impact to microbes are evaluated. This aims to encapsulate the current knowledge and promote further research regarding unintended effects transgenes may cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Un Jan Contreras
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney M Gardner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Sergeeva EM, Larichev KT, Salina EA, Kochetov AV. Starch metabolism in potato <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:250-263. [PMID: 35774362 PMCID: PMC9168746 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is a major storage carbohydrate in plants. It is an important source of calories in the human and animal diet. Also, it is widely used in various industries. Native starch consists of water-insoluble semicrystalline granules formed by natural glucose polymers amylose and amylopectin. The physicochemical properties of starch are determined by the amylose:amylopectin ratio in the granule and degrees of their polymerization and phosphorylation. Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is one of the main starch-producing crops. Growing industrial needs necessitate the breeding of plant varieties with increased starch content and specified starch properties. This task demands detailed information on starch metabolism in the producing plant. It is a complex process, requiring the orchestrated work of many enzymes, transporter and targeting proteins, transcription factors, and other regulators. Two types of starch are recognized with regard to their biological functions. Transitory starch is synthesized in chloroplasts of photosynthetic organs and degraded in the absence of light, providing carbohydrates for cell needs. Storage starch is synthesized and stored in amyloplasts of storage organs: grains and tubers. The main enzymatic reactions of starch biosynthesis and degradation, as well as carbohydrate transport and metabolism, are well known in the case of transitory starch of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Less is known about features of starch metabolism in storage organs, in particular, potato tubers. Several issues remain obscure: the roles of enzyme isoforms and different regulatory factors in tissues at various plant developmental stages and under different environmental conditions; alternative enzymatic processes; targeting and transport proteins. In this review, the key enzymatic reactions of plant carbohydrate metabolism, transitory and storage starch biosynthesis,
and starch degradation are discussed, and features specific for potato are outlined. Attention is also paid to the
known regulatory factors affecting starch metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Sergeeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - K. T. Larichev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E. A. Salina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A. V. Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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Utsumi Y, Utsumi C, Tanaka M, Takahashi S, Okamoto Y, Ono M, Nakamura Y, Seki M. Suppressed expression of starch branching enzyme 1 and 2 increases resistant starch and amylose content and modifies amylopectin structure in cassava. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:413-427. [PMID: 34767147 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of starch branching enzymes 1 and 2 in cassava leads to increased resistant starch content through the production of high-amylose and modification of the amylopectin structure. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a starchy root crop used for human consumption as a staple food and industrial applications. Starch is synthesized by various isoforms of several enzymes. However, the function of starch branching enzymes (SBEs) in starch biosynthesis and mechanisms of starch regulation in cassava have not been understood well. In this study, we aimed to suppress the expression of SBEs in cassava to generate starches with a range of distinct properties, in addition to verifying the functional characteristics of the SBEs. One SBE1, two SBE2, and one SBE3 genes were classified by phylogenetic analysis and amino acid alignment. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed tissue-specific expression of SBE genes in the tuberous roots and leaves of cassava. We introduced RNAi constructs containing fragments of SBE1, SBE2, or both genes into cassava by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and assessed enzymatic activity of SBE using tuberous roots and leaves from these transgenic plants. Simultaneous suppression of SBE1 and SBE2 rendered an extreme starch phenotype compared to suppression of SBE2 alone. Degree of polymerization of 6-13 chains in amylopectin was markedly reduced by suppression of both SBE1 and SBE2 in comparison to the SBE2 suppression; however, no change in chain-length profiles was observed in the SBE1 suppression alone. The role of SBE1 and SBE2 may have functional overlap in the storage tissue of cassava. Simultaneous suppression of SBE1 and SBE2 resulted in highly resistant starch with increased apparent amylose content compared to suppression of SBE2 alone. This study provides valuable information for understanding starch biosynthesis and suggests targets for altering starch quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Utsumi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Chikako Utsumi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshie Okamoto
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masami Ono
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan.
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Amylose starch with no detectable branching developed through DNA-free CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutagenesis of two starch branching enzymes in potato. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4311. [PMID: 33619312 PMCID: PMC7900246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-free genome editing was used to induce mutations in one or two branching enzyme genes (Sbe) in tetraploid potato to develop starch with an increased amylose ratio and elongated amylopectin chains. By using ribonucleoprotein (RNP) transfection of potato protoplasts, a mutation frequency up to 72% was achieved. The large variation of mutations was grouped as follows: Group 1 lines with all alleles of Sbe1 mutated, Group 2 lines with all alleles of Sbe1 as well as two to three alleles of Sbe2 mutated and Group 3 lines having all alleles of both genes mutated. Starch from lines in Group 3 was found to be essentially free of amylopectin with no detectable branching and a chain length (CL) distribution where not only the major amylopectin fraction but also the shortest amylose chains were lost. Surprisingly, the starch still formed granules in a low-ordered crystalline structure. Starch from lines of Group 2 had an increased CL with a higher proportion of intermediate-sized chains, an altered granule phenotype but a crystalline structure in the granules similar to wild-type starch. Minor changes in CL could also be detected for the Group 1 starches when studied at a higher resolution.
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Miroshnichenko D, Firsov A, Timerbaev V, Kozlov O, Klementyeva A, Shaloiko L, Dolgov S. Evaluation of Plant-Derived Promoters for Constitutive and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression in Potato. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111520. [PMID: 33182387 PMCID: PMC7696379 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Various plant-derived promoters can be used to regulate ectopic gene expression in potato. In the present study, four promoters derived from the potato genome have been characterized by the expression of identical cassettes carrying the fusion with the reporter β-glucuronidase (gusA) gene. The strengths of StUbi, StGBSS, StPat, and StLhca3 promoters were compared with the conventional constitutive CaMV 35S promoter in various organs (leaves, stems, roots, and tubers) of greenhouse-grown plants. The final amount of gene product was determined at the post-transcriptional level using histochemical analysis, fluorometric measurements, and Western blot analysis. The promoter strength comparison demonstrated that the StUbi promoter generally provided a higher level of constitutive β-glucuronidase accumulation than the viral CaMV 35S promoter. Although the StLhca3 promoter was predominantly expressed in a green tissue-specific manner (leaves and stems) while StGBSS and StPat mainly provided tuber-specific activity, a “promoter leakage” was also found. However, the degree of unspecific activity depended on the particular transgenic line and tissue. According to fluorometric data, the functional activity of promoters in leaves could be arranged as follows: StLhca3 > StUbi > CaMV 35S > StPat > StGBSS (from highest to lowest). In tubers, the higher expression was detected in transgenic plants expressing StPat-gusA fusion construct, and the strength order was as follows: StPat > StGBSS > StUbi > CaMV 35S > StLhca3. The observed differences between expression patterns are discussed considering the benefits and limitations for the usage of each promoter to regulate the expression of genes in a particular potato tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Miroshnichenko
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksey Firsov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Timerbaev
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Kozlov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Anna Klementyeva
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov Shaloiko
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Sergey Dolgov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Tuncel A, Corbin KR, Ahn‐Jarvis J, Harris S, Hawkins E, Smedley MA, Harwood W, Warren FJ, Patron NJ, Smith AM. Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of potato starch-branching enzymes generates a range of tuber starch phenotypes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:2259-2271. [PMID: 31033104 PMCID: PMC6835119 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of starch-branching enzymes (SBEs) in tetraploid potatoes could generate tuber starches with a range of distinct properties. Constructs containing the Cas9 gene and sgRNAs targeting SBE1, SBE2 or both genes were introduced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or by PEG-mediated delivery into protoplasts. Outcomes included lines with mutations in all or only some of the homoeoalleles of SBE genes and lines in which homoeoalleles carried several different mutations. DNA delivery into protoplasts resulted in mutants with no detectable Cas9 gene, suggesting the absence of foreign DNA. Selected mutants with starch granule abnormalities had reductions in tuber SBE1 and/or SBE2 protein that were broadly in line with expectations from genotype analysis. Strong reduction in both SBE isoforms created an extreme starch phenotype, as reported previously for low-SBE potato tubers. HPLC-SEC and 1 H NMR revealed a decrease in short amylopectin chains, an increase in long chains and a large reduction in branching frequency relative to wild-type starch. Mutants with strong reductions in SBE2 protein alone had near-normal amylopectin chain-length distributions and only small reductions in branching frequency. However, starch granule initiation was enormously increased: cells contained many granules of <4 μm and granules with multiple hila. Thus, large reductions in both SBEs reduce amylopectin branching during granule growth, whereas reduction in SBE2 alone primarily affects numbers of starch granule initiations. Our results demonstrate that Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of SBE genes has the potential to generate new, potentially valuable starch properties without integration of foreign DNA into the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suzanne Harris
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
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14
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Xia J, Zhu D, Wang R, Cui Y, Yan Y. Crop resistant starch and genetic improvement: a review of recent advances. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:2495-2511. [PMID: 30374526 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS), as a healthy dietary fiber, meets with great human favor along with the rapid development and improvement of global living standards. RS shows direct effects in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels, serum cholesterol levels and glycemic index. Therefore, RS plays an important role in preventing and improving non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, colon cancer, cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. In addition, RS leads to its potential applied value in the development of high-quality foodstuffs, such as bread, noodles and dumplings. This paper reviews the recent advances in RS research, focusing mainly on RS classification and measurement, formation, quantitative trait locus mapping, genome-wide association studies, molecular marker development and genetic improvement through induced mutations, plant breeding combined with marker-assisted selection and genetic transformation. Challenges and perspectives on further RS research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Ruomei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China.
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15
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Starchy Carbohydrates in a Healthy Diet: The Role of the Humble Potato. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111764. [PMID: 30441846 PMCID: PMC6267054 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Potatoes have been an affordable, staple part of the diet for many hundreds of years. Recently however, there has been a decline in consumption, perhaps influenced by erroneous reports of being an unhealthy food. This review provides an overview of the nutritional value of potatoes and examines the evidence for associations between potato consumption and non-communicable diseases. Potatoes are an important source of micronutrients, such as vitamin C, vitamin B6, potassium, folate, and iron and contribute a significant amount of fibre to the diet. However, nutrient content is affected by cooking method; boiling causes leaching of water-soluble nutrients, whereas frying can increase the resistant starch content of the cooked potato. Epidemiological studies have reported associations between potato intake and obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, results are contradictory and confounded by lack of detail on cooking methods. Indeed, potatoes have been reported to be more satiating than other starchy carbohydrates, such as pasta and rice, which may aid weight maintenance. Future research should consider cooking methods in the study design in order to reduce confounding factors and further explore the health impact of this food.
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16
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Khoroshavin YA, Khlestkin VK. A modified procedure for the evaluation of the amylose and amylopectin content in potato starch. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is devoted to the development of a technique for determining the content of amylose and amylopectin, effective for potato starch. Since potato starch is an important renewable raw material for a number of industries, it is important to have a throughput approach that allows potato starch samples to be tested quickly for the content of its constituent polysaccharides for potato breeding for starch properties and for starch industrial application. The developed technique includes elements of previously disjointed procedures for dissolution and spectrophotometric determination of amylose in starch, and combines the following advantages: 1) starch samples dissolve in an organic solvent (0.5 % solution of lithium bromide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS)); 2) measurement of light absorption is performed at two wavelengths, 550 and 510 nm, and 3) the technique is adapted for use with a plate spectrophotometer. This procedure allows starch polysaccharides to avoid to avoid hydrolysis during dissolution, allows the precise spectrophotometric determination of the concentration of amylose complex with iodine in solution, and opens the possibility of using this technique for throughput phenotyping. Applying a certain dissolution procedure, it is also possible to avoid the formation of gelled starch clots in solutions for spectrophotometry, which is important for the preparation of solutions containing amylose and amylopectin in the same proportions as in the original starch. The technique was tested on starch isolated from potato tubers varieties Lina, Velikan, Golubizna, Favorit of domestic selection. The technique developed can be used for phenotyping starch of an extended set of potato varieties (determining the content and composition of amylose in potato starch samples) to identify "trait-genotype” associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu. A. Khoroshavin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk State University
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17
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Hameed A, Zaidi SSEA, Shakir S, Mansoor S. Applications of New Breeding Technologies for Potato Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:925. [PMID: 30008733 PMCID: PMC6034203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The first decade of genetic engineering primarily focused on quantitative crop improvement. With the advances in technology, the focus of agricultural biotechnology has shifted toward both quantitative and qualitative crop improvement, to deal with the challenges of food security and nutrition. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a solanaceous food crop having potential to feed the populating world. It can provide more carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins per unit area of land as compared to other potential food crops, and is the major staple food in many developing countries. These aspects have driven the scientific attention to engineer potato for nutrition improvement, keeping the yield unaffected. Several studies have shown the improved nutritional value of potato tubers, for example by enhancing Amaranth Albumin-1 seed protein content, vitamin C content, β-carotene level, triacylglycerol, tuber methionine content, and amylose content, etc. Removal of anti-nutritional compounds like steroidal glycoalkaloids, acrylamide and food toxins is another research priority for scientists and breeders to improve potato tuber quality. Trait improvement using genetic engineering mostly involved the generation of transgenic products. The commercialization of these engineered products has been a challenge due to consumer preference and regulatory/ethical restrictions. In this context, new breeding technolgies like TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nucleases) and CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9) have been employed to generate transgene-free products in a more precise, prompt and effective way. Moreover, the availability of potato genome sequence and efficient potato transformation systems have remarkably facilitated potato genetic engineering. Here we summarize the potato trait improvement and potential application of new breeding technologies (NBTs) to genetically improve the overall agronomic profile of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hameed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sara Shakir
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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18
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Zhao X, Andersson M, Andersson R. Resistant starch and other dietary fiber components in tubers from a high-amylose potato. Food Chem 2018; 251:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Andersson M, Turesson H, Arrivault S, Zhang Y, Fält AS, Fernie AR, Hofvander P. Inhibition of plastid PPase and NTT leads to major changes in starch and tuber formation in potato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1913-1924. [PMID: 29538769 PMCID: PMC6018912 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The importance of a plastidial soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase (psPPase) and an ATP/ADP translocator (NTT) for starch composition and tuber formation in potato (Solanum tuberosum) was evaluated by individual and simultaneous down-regulation of the corresponding endogenous genes. Starch and amylose content of the transgenic lines were considerably lower, and granule size substantially smaller, with down-regulation of StpsPPase generating the most pronounced effects. Single-gene down-regulation of either StpsPPase or StNTT resulted in increased tuber numbers per plant and higher fresh weight yield. In contrast, when both genes were inhibited simultaneously, some lines developed only a few, small and distorted tubers. Analysis of metabolites revealed altered amounts of sugar intermediates, and a substantial increase in ADP-glucose content of the StpsPPase lines. Increased amounts of intermediates of vitamin C biosynthesis were also observed. This study suggests that hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) by action of a psPPase is vital for functional starch accumulation in potato tubers and that no additional mechanism for consuming, hydrolysing, or exporting PPi exists in the studied tissue. Additionally, it demonstrates that functional PPi hydrolysis in combination with efficient ATP import is essential for tuber formation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Andersson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Helle Turesson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ann-Sofie Fält
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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20
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Pourazari F, Andersson M, Weih M. Altered Tuber Yield in Genetically Modified High-Amylose and Oil Potato Lines Is Associated With Changed Whole-Plant Nitrogen Economy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:342. [PMID: 29599796 PMCID: PMC5862821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Breeding for improved crop quality traits can affect non-target traits related to growth and resource use, and these effects may vary in different cultivation conditions (e. g., greenhouse vs. field). The objectives of this study are to investigate the growth and whole-plant nitrogen (N) economy of two genetically modified (GM) potato lines compared to their non-GM parental varieties and when grown in different cultivation conditions. A high-amylose GM potato line and its parent were grown under field and greenhouse conditions for one growing season in Sweden; and a GM oil potato line and its parent were grown in greenhouse conditions only. Tuber yield, above ground biomass, N uptake efficiency and other plant N economy traits were assessed. In both cultivation conditions, the GM lines produced between 1.5 and two times more tubers as compared with their parents. In the greenhouse, fresh tuber yield and N uptake efficiency were unaffected by the genetic modifications, but the GM-lines produced less tuber biomass per plant-internal N compared to their parents. In the field, the fresh tuber yield was 40% greater in the high-amylose line as compared with its parent; the greater fresh tuber yield in the high-amylose GM line was accomplished by higher water allocation to the harvested tubers, and associated with increased N recovery from soil (+20%), N uptake efficiency (+53%), tuber N content (+20%), and N accumulation (+120%) compared with the non-GM parent. The cultivation conditions influenced the yield and N economy. For example, the final fresh above-ground plant biomass and N pool were considerably higher in the greenhouse conditions, whilst the tuber yield was higher in the field conditions. In conclusion, the genetic modification inducing high accumulation of amylose in potato tubers affected several non-target traits related to plant N economy, and increased the plant N uptake and accumulation efficiency of the field-grown plants. Due to strongly increased plant N accumulation compared to the parental variety, the cultivation of the high-amylose line is expected to require higher N fertilization rates. However, starch productivity per unit land area or soil N still is expected to be higher in the high-amylose line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Pourazari
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mariette Andersson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Martin Weih
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ahmed S, Zhou X, Pang Y, Jin L, Bao J. Improving Starch‐Related Traits in Potato Crops: Achievements and Future Challenges. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Ahmed
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
| | - Yuehan Pang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
| | - Liping Jin
- Department of PotatoInstitute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Tuber and Root CropMinistry of AgricultureBeijing100081P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Tuber and Root CropMinistry of AgricultureBeijing100081P.R. China
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22
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Simultaneous silencing of isoamylases ISA1, ISA2 and ISA3 by multi-target RNAi in potato tubers leads to decreased starch content and an early sprouting phenotype. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181444. [PMID: 28708852 PMCID: PMC5510849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoamylases hydrolyse (1–6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in starch and are involved in both starch granule formation and starch degradation. In plants, three isoamylase isoforms with distinct functions in starch synthesis (ISA1 and ISA2) and degradation (ISA3) have been described. Here, we created transgenic potato plants with simultaneously decreased expression of all three isoamylases using a chimeric RNAi construct targeting all three isoforms. Constitutive expression of the hairpin RNA using the 35S CaMV promoter resulted in efficient silencing of all three isoforms in leaves, growing tubers, and sprouting tubers. Neither plant growth nor tuber yield was effected in isoamylase-deficient potato lines. Interestingly, starch metabolism was found to be impaired in a tissue-specific manner. While leaf starch content was unaffected, tuber starch was significantly reduced. The reduction in tuber starch content in the transgenic plants was accompanied by a decrease in starch granules size, an increased sucrose content and decreased hexose levels. Despite the effects on granule size, only little changes in chain length composition of soluble and insoluble glucose polymers were detected. The transgenic tubers displayed an early sprouting phenotype that was accompanied by an increased level of sucrose in parenchyma cells below the outgrowing bud. Since high sucrose levels promote sprouting, we propose that the increased number of small starch granules may cause an accelerated turnover of glucan chains and hence a more rapid synthesis of sucrose. This observation links alterations in starch structure/degradation with developmental processes like meristem activation and sprout outgrowth in potato tubers.
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23
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Khan S, ur Rahman L. Pathway Modulation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Through Metabolic Engineering Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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24
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Mitchell M, Pritchard J, Okada S, Larroque O, Yulia D, Pettolino F, Szydlowski N, Singh S, Liu Q, Ral JP. Oil Accumulation in Transgenic Potato Tubers Alters Starch Quality and Nutritional Profile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:554. [PMID: 28446916 PMCID: PMC5388768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant storage compounds such as starch and lipids are important for human and animal nutrition as well as industry. There is interest in diverting some of the carbon stored in starch-rich organs (leaves, tubers, and cereal grains) into lipids in order to improve the energy density or nutritional properties of crops as well as providing new sources of feedstocks for food and manufacturing. Previously, we generated transgenic potato plants that accumulate up to 3.3% triacylglycerol (TAG) by dry weight in the tubers, which also led to changes in starch content, starch granule morphology and soluble sugar content. The aim of this study was to investigate how TAG accumulation affects the nutritional and processing properties of high oil potatoes with a particular focus on starch structure, physical and chemical properties. Overall, TAG accumulation was correlated with increased energy density, total nitrogen, amino acids, organic acids and inorganic phosphate, which could be of potential nutritional benefit. However, TAG accumulation had negative effects on starch quality as well as quantity. Starch from high oil potatoes had lower amylose and phosphate content, reduced peak viscosity and higher gelatinization temperature. Interestingly, starch pasting properties were disproportionately affected in lines accumulating the highest levels of TAG (>2.5%) compared to those accumulating only moderate levels (0.2-1.6%). These results indicate that optimized engineering of specialized crops for food, feed, fuel and chemical industries requires careful selection of traits, and an appropriate level of transgene expression, as well as a better understanding of starch structure and carbon partitioning in plant storage organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Mitchell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Madeline Mitchell
| | - Jenifer Pritchard
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oscar Larroque
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dina Yulia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Filomena Pettolino
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicolas Szydlowski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la ProtéomiqueLille, France
| | - Surinder Singh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
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25
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Guo Q, Liu Q, Smith NA, Liang G, Wang MB. RNA Silencing in Plants: Mechanisms, Technologies and Applications in Horticultural Crops. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:476-489. [PMID: 28217004 PMCID: PMC5108043 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160520103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental nature of a molecular process or a biological pathway is often a catalyst for the development of new technologies in biology. Indeed, studies from late 1990s to early 2000s have uncovered multiple overlapping but functionally distinct RNA silencing pathways in plants, including the posttranscriptional microRNA and small interfering RNA pathways and the transcriptional RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway. These findings have in turn been exploited for developing artificial RNA silencing technologies such as hairpin RNA, artificial microRNA, intrinsic direct repeat, 3' UTR inverted repeat, artificial trans-acting siRNA, and virus-induced gene silencing technologies. Some of these RNA silencing technologies, such as the hairpin RNA technology, have already been widely used for genetic improvement of crop plants in agriculture. For horticultural plants, RNA silencing technologies have been used to increase disease and pest resistance, alter plant architecture and flowering time, improve commercial traits of fruits and flowers, enhance nutritional values, remove toxic compounds and allergens, and develop high-value industrial products. In this article we aim to provide an overview of the RNA silencing pathways in plants, summarize the existing RNA silencing technologies, and review the current progress in applying these technologies for the improvement of agricultural crops particularly horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigao Guo
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture (CSIRO), ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Neil A Smith
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture (CSIRO), ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Guolu Liang
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ming-Bo Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture (CSIRO), ACT 2601, Australia
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Hofvander P, Ischebeck T, Turesson H, Kushwaha SK, Feussner I, Carlsson AS, Andersson M. Potato tuber expression of Arabidopsis WRINKLED1 increase triacylglycerol and membrane lipids while affecting central carbohydrate metabolism. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1883-98. [PMID: 26914183 PMCID: PMC5069604 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuber and root crops virtually exclusively accumulate storage products in the form of carbohydrates. An exception is yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) in which tubers have the capacity to store starch and triacylglycerols (TAG) in roughly equal amounts. This suggests that a tuber crop can efficiently handle accumulation of energy dense oil. From a nutritional as well as economic aspect, it would be of interest to utilize the high yield capacity of tuber or root crops for oil accumulation similar to yellow nutsedge. The transcription factor WRINKLED1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, which in seed embryos induce fatty acid synthesis, has been shown to be a major factor for oil accumulation. WRINKLED1 was expressed in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers to explore whether this factor could impact tuber metabolism. This study shows that a WRINKLED1 transcription factor could induce triacylglycerol accumulation in tubers of transformed potato plants grown in field (up to 12 nmol TAG/mg dry weight, 1% of dry weight) together with a large increase in polar membrane lipids. The changes in metabolism further affected starch accumulation and composition concomitant with massive increases in sugar content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Helle Turesson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sandeep K Kushwaha
- PlantLink, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anders S Carlsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Mariette Andersson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Menzel C, Andersson M, Andersson R, Vázquez-Gutiérrez JL, Daniel G, Langton M, Gällstedt M, Koch K. Improved material properties of solution-cast starch films: Effect of varying amylopectin structure and amylose content of starch from genetically modified potatoes. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:388-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Muneer F, Andersson M, Koch K, Menzel C, Hedenqvist MS, Gällstedt M, Plivelic TS, Kuktaite R. Nanostructural morphology of plasticized wheat gluten and modified potato starch composites: relationship to mechanical and barrier properties. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:695-705. [PMID: 25629918 DOI: 10.1021/bm5017496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we were able to produce composites of wheat gluten (WG) protein and a novel genetically modified potato starch (MPS) with attractive mechanical and gas barrier properties using extrusion. Characterization of the MPS revealed an altered chain length distribution of the amylopectin fraction and slightly increased amylose content compared to wild type potato starch. WG and MPS of different ratios plasticized with either glycerol or glycerol and water were extruded at 110 and 130 °C. The nanomorphology of the composites showed the MPS having semicrystalline structure of a characteristic lamellar arrangement with an approximately 100 Å period observed by small-angle X-ray scattering and a B-type crystal structure observed by wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis. WG has a structure resembling the hexagonal macromolecular arrangement as reported previously in WG films. A larger amount of β-sheets was observed in the samples 70/30 and 30/70 WG-MPS processed at 130 °C with 45% glycerol. Highly polymerized WG protein was found in the samples processed at 130 °C versus 110 °C. Also, greater amounts of WG protein in the blend resulted in greater extensibility (110 °C) and a decrease in both E-modulus and maximum stress at 110 and 130 °C, respectively. Under ambient conditions the WG-MPS composite (70/30) with 45% glycerol showed excellent gas barrier properties to be further explored in multilayer film packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Muneer
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
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29
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Dupuis JH, Liu Q, Yada RY. Methodologies for Increasing the Resistant Starch Content of Food Starches: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Dupuis
- Guelph Food Research Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; 93 Stone Rd. West Ontario Canada N1G 5C9
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Guelph; 50 Stone Rd. East Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Qiang Liu
- Guelph Food Research Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; 93 Stone Rd. West Ontario Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Rickey Y. Yada
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Guelph; 50 Stone Rd. East Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
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30
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Non-coding RNAs in crop genetic modification: considerations and predictable environmental risk assessments (ERA). Mol Biotechnol 2014; 55:87-100. [PMID: 23381873 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-013-9648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Of late non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)-mediated gene silencing is an influential tool deliberately deployed to negatively regulate the expression of targeted genes. In addition to the widely employed small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing approach, other variants like artificial miRNA (amiRNA), miRNA mimics, and artificial transacting siRNAs (tasiRNAs) are being explored and successfully deployed in developing non-coding RNA-based genetically modified plants. The ncRNA-based gene manipulations are typified with mobile nature of silencing signals, interference from viral genome-derived suppressor proteins, and an obligation for meticulous computational analysis to prevaricate any inadvertent effects. In a broad sense, risk assessment inquiries for genetically modified plants based on the expression of ncRNAs are competently addressed by the environmental risk assessment (ERA) models, currently in vogue, designed for the first generation transgenic plants which are based on the expression of heterologous proteins. Nevertheless, transgenic plants functioning on the foundation of ncRNAs warrant due attention with respect to their unique attributes like off-target or non-target gene silencing effects, small RNAs (sRNAs) persistence, food and feed safety assessments, problems in detection and tracking of sRNAs in food, impact of ncRNAs in plant protection measures, effect of mutations etc. The role of recent developments in sequencing techniques like next generation sequencing (NGS) and the ERA paradigm of the different countries in vogue are also discussed in the context of ncRNA-based gene manipulations.
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31
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Petrick JS, Brower-Toland B, Jackson AL, Kier LD. Safety assessment of food and feed from biotechnology-derived crops employing RNA-mediated gene regulation to achieve desired traits: a scientific review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:167-76. [PMID: 23557984 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression can be modulated in plants to produce desired traits through agricultural biotechnology. Currently, biotechnology-derived crops are compared to their conventional counterparts, with safety assessments conducted on the genetic modification and the intended and unintended differences. This review proposes that this comparative safety assessment paradigm is appropriate for plants modified to express mediators of RNA-mediated gene regulation, including RNA interference (RNAi), a gene suppression mechanism that naturally occurs in plants and animals. The molecular mediators of RNAi, including long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA), small interfering RNAs (siRNA), and microRNAs (miRNA), occur naturally in foods; therefore, there is an extensive history of safe consumption. Systemic exposure following consumption of plants containing dsRNAs that mediate RNAi is limited in higher organisms by extensive degradation of ingested nucleic acids and by biological barriers to uptake and efficacy of exogenous nucleic acids. A number of mammalian RNAi studies support the concept that a large margin of safety will exist for any small fraction of RNAs that might be absorbed following consumption of foods from biotechnology-derived plants that employ RNA-mediated gene regulation. Food and feed derived from these crops utilizing RNA-based mechanisms is therefore expected to be as safe as food and feed derived through conventional plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Petrick
- Monsanto Company, 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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32
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Li J, Baroja-Fernández E, Bahaji A, Muñoz FJ, Ovecka M, Montero M, Sesma MT, Alonso-Casajús N, Almagro G, Sánchez-López AM, Hidalgo M, Zamarbide M, Pozueta-Romero J. Enhancing sucrose synthase activity results in increased levels of starch and ADP-glucose in maize (Zea mays L.) seed endosperms. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:282-94. [PMID: 23292602 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy) is a highly regulated cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of sucrose and a nucleoside diphosphate into the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate glucose and fructose. In cereal endosperms, it is widely assumed that the stepwise reactions of SuSy, UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and ADPglucose (ADPG) pyrophosphorylase (AGP) take place in the cytosol to convert sucrose into ADPG necessary for starch biosynthesis, although it has also been suggested that SuSy may participate in the direct conversion of sucrose into ADPG. In this study, the levels of the major primary carbon metabolites, and the activities of starch metabolism-related enzymes were assessed in endosperms of transgenic maize plants ectopically expressing StSUS4, which encodes a potato SuSy isoform. A total of 29 fertile lines transformed with StSUS4 were obtained, five of them containing a single copy of the transgene that was still functional after five generations. The number of seeds per ear of the five transgenic lines containing a single StSUS4 copy was comparable with that of wild-type (WT) control seeds. However, transgenic seeds accumulated 10-15% more starch at the mature stage, and contained a higher amylose/amylopectin balance than WT seeds. Endosperms of developing StSUS4-expressing seeds exhibited a significant increase in SuSy activity, and in starch and ADPG contents when compared with WT endosperms. No significant changes could be detected in the transgenic seeds in the content of soluble sugars, and in activities of starch metabolism-related enzymes when compared with WT seeds. A suggested metabolic model is presented wherein both AGP and SuSy are involved in the production of ADPG linked to starch biosynthesis in maize endosperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloako etorbidea zenbaki gabe, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
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33
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Katoch R, Thakur N. RNA interference: a promising technique for the improvement of traditional crops. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 64:248-59. [PMID: 22861122 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.713918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a homology-dependent gene-silencing technology that involves double-stranded RNA directed against a target gene. This technique has emerged as powerful tool in understanding the functions of a number of genes in recent years. For the improvement in the nutritional status of the plants and reduction in the level of antinutrients, the conventional breeding methods were not completely successful in achieving the tissue-specific regulation of some genes. RNAi has shown successful results in a number of plant species for nutritional improvement, change in morphology and alteration in metabolite synthesis. This technology has been applied mostly in genetic engineering of important crop plants, and till date there are no reports of its application for the improvement of traditional/underutilized crops. In this study, we discuss current knowledge of RNAi function and concept and strategies for the improvement of traditional crops. Practical application. Although RNAi has been extensively used for the improvement of popular crops, no attention has been given for the use of this technology for the improvement of underutilized crops. This study describes the importance of use of this technology for the improvement of underutilized crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Katoch
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Crop Improvement, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India.
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Gámez-Arjona FM, Li J, Raynaud S, Baroja-Fernández E, Muñoz FJ, Ovecka M, Ragel P, Bahaji A, Pozueta-Romero J, Mérida Á. Enhancing the expression of starch synthase class IV results in increased levels of both transitory and long-term storage starch. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:1049-60. [PMID: 21645200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Starch is an important renewable raw material with an increasing number of applications. Several attempts have been made to obtain plants that produce modified versions of starch or higher starch yield. Most of the approaches designed to increase the levels of starch have focused on the increment of the amount of ADP-glucose or ATP available for starch biosynthesis. In this work, we show that the overexpression of starch synthase class IV (SSIV) increases the levels of starch accumulated in the leaves of Arabidopsis by 30%-40%. In addition, SSIV-overexpressing lines display a higher rate of growth. The increase in starch content as a consequence of enhanced SSIV expression is also observed in long-term storage starch organs such as potato tubers. Overexpression of SSIV in potato leads to increased tuber starch content on a dry weight basis and to increased yield of starch production in terms of tons of starch/hectare. These results identify SSIV as one of the regulatory steps involved in the control of the amount of starch accumulated in plastids.
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35
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Ezquer I, Li J, Ovecka M, Baroja-Fernández E, Muñoz FJ, Montero M, Díaz de Cerio J, Hidalgo M, Sesma MT, Bahaji A, Etxeberria E, Pozueta-Romero J. Microbial volatile emissions promote accumulation of exceptionally high levels of starch in leaves in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1674-93. [PMID: 20739303 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbes emit volatile compounds that affect plant growth and development. However, little or nothing is known about how microbial emissions may affect primary carbohydrate metabolism in plants. In this work we explored the effect on leaf starch metabolism of volatiles released from different microbial species ranging from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to fungi. Surprisingly, we found that all microbial species tested (including plant pathogens and species not normally interacting with plants) emitted volatiles that strongly promoted starch accumulation in leaves of both mono- and dicotyledonous plants. Starch content in leaves of plants treated for 2 d with microbial volatiles was comparable with or even higher than that of reserve organs such as potato tubers. Transcriptome and enzyme activity analyses of potato leaves exposed to volatiles emitted by Alternaria alternata revealed that starch overaccumulation was accompanied by up-regulation of sucrose synthase, invertase inhibitors, starch synthase class III and IV, starch branching enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate transporter. This phenomenon, designated as MIVOISAP (microbial volatiles-induced starch accumulation process), was also accompanied by down-regulation of acid invertase, plastidial thioredoxins, starch breakdown enzymes, proteins involved in internal amino acid provision and less well defined mechanisms involving a bacterial- type stringent response. Treatment of potato leaves with fungal volatiles also resulted in enhanced levels of sucrose, ADPglucose, UDPglucose and 3-phosphoglycerate. MIVOISAP is independent of the presence of sucrose in the culture medium and is strongly repressed by cysteine supplementation. The discovery that microbial volatiles trigger starch accumulation enhancement in leaves constitutes an unreported mechanism for the elicidation of plant carbohydrate metabolism by microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ezquer
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
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36
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Sestili F, Janni M, Doherty A, Botticella E, D'Ovidio R, Masci S, Jones HD, Lafiandra D. Increasing the amylose content of durum wheat through silencing of the SBEIIa genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:144. [PMID: 20626919 PMCID: PMC3095290 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High amylose starch has attracted particular interest because of its correlation with the amount of Resistant Starch (RS) in food. RS plays a role similar to fibre with beneficial effects for human health, providing protection from several diseases such as colon cancer, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Amylose content can be modified by a targeted manipulation of the starch biosynthetic pathway. In particular, the inactivation of the enzymes involved in amylopectin synthesis can lead to the increase of amylose content. In this work, genes encoding starch branching enzymes of class II (SBEIIa) were silenced using the RNA interference (RNAi) technique in two cultivars of durum wheat, using two different methods of transformation (biolistic and Agrobacterium). Expression of RNAi transcripts was targeted to the seed endosperm using a tissue-specific promoter. RESULTS Amylose content was markedly increased in the durum wheat transgenic lines exhibiting SBEIIa gene silencing. Moreover the starch granules in these lines were deformed, possessing an irregular and deflated shape and being smaller than those present in the untransformed controls. Two novel granule bound proteins, identified by SDS-PAGE in SBEIIa RNAi lines, were investigated by mass spectrometry and shown to have strong homologies to the waxy proteins. RVA analysis showed new pasting properties associated with high amylose lines in comparison with untransformed controls. Finally, pleiotropic effects on other starch genes were found by semi-quantitative and Real-Time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CONCLUSION We have found that the silencing of SBEIIa genes in durum wheat causes obvious alterations in granule morphology and starch composition, leading to high amylose wheat. Results obtained with two different methods of transformation and in two durum wheat cultivars were comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sestili
- University of Tuscia, Department of Agrobiology & Agrochemistry, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Michela Janni
- University of Tuscia, Department of Agrobiology & Agrochemistry, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Angela Doherty
- Rothamsted Research, Department of Plant Science, Harpenden, UK
| | | | - Renato D'Ovidio
- University of Tuscia, Department of Agrobiology & Agrochemistry, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania Masci
- University of Tuscia, Department of Agrobiology & Agrochemistry, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Huw D Jones
- Rothamsted Research, Department of Plant Science, Harpenden, UK
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- University of Tuscia, Department of Agrobiology & Agrochemistry, Viterbo, Italy
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37
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Application of food and feed safety assessment principles to evaluate transgenic approaches to gene modulation in crops. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1773-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Rukavtsova EB, Alekseeva VV, Buryanov YI. The use of RNA interference for the metabolic engineering of plants (Review). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010; 36:159-69. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162010020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Petti C, Wendt T, Meade C, Mullins E. Evidence of genotype dependency within Agrobacterium tumefaciens in relation to the integration of vector backbone sequence in transgenic Phytophthora infestans-tolerant potato. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Xiao YH, Yin MH, Hou L, Pei Y. Direct amplification of intron-containing hairpin RNA construct from genomic DNA. Biotechniques 2006; 41:548, 550, 552. [PMID: 17140110 DOI: 10.2144/000112295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
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