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Pérez-Valero Á, Ye S, Magadán-Corpas P, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Metabolic engineering in Streptomyces albidoflavus for the biosynthesis of the methylated flavonoids sakuranetin, acacetin, and genkwanin. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:234. [PMID: 37964284 PMCID: PMC10648386 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites showing antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities, among others. Methylated flavonoids are particularly interesting compared to non-methylated ones due to their greater stability and intestinal absorption, which improves their oral bioavailability. In this work we have stablished a metabolic engineered strain of Streptomyces albidoflavus with enhanced capabilities for flavonoid production, achieving a 1.6-fold increase in the biosynthesis of naringenin with respect to the parental strain. This improved strain, S. albidoflavus UO-FLAV-004, has been used for the heterologous biosynthesis of the methylated flavonoids sakuranetin, acacetin and genkwanin. The achieved titers of sakuranetin and acacetin were 8.2 mg/L and 5.8 mg/L, respectively. The genkwanin titers were 0.8 mg/L, with a bottleneck identified in this producing strain. After applying a co-culture strategy, genkwanin production titers reached 3.5 mg/L, which represents a 4.4-fold increase. To our knowledge, this study presents the first biosynthesis of methylated flavonoids in not only any Streptomyces species, but also in any Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Pérez-Valero
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Suhui Ye
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia Magadán-Corpas
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Claudio J Villar
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain.
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain.
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain.
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Wu X, Yuwen M, Pu Z, Zhao Z, Yu H, Zha J. Engineering of flavonoid 3'-O-methyltransferase for improved biosynthesis of chrysoeriol in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1663-1672. [PMID: 36719434 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
O-Methylation catalyzed by O-methyltransferases (OMTs) is an important modification of flavonoids for improving the transport efficiency across membranes and metabolic stability in mammalian cells. Chrysoeriol, also known as 3'-O-methylated luteolin, is a methylated flavonoid compound with health-promoting activities. The generation of chrysoeriol from luteolin can be catalyzed by a rice-derived 3'-OMT named ROMT-9, which has a high regiospecificity and activity toward flavonoids in vitro. Herein, we explored the potential of ROMT-9 for in vivo biosynthesis of chrysoeriol in Escherichia coli and adopted semi-rational enzyme engineering guided by homology modeling and molecular docking to improve the bio-production. Two positive variants including L34Q and W284A were obtained which promoted chrysoeriol formation to more than 85 mg/L from 200 mg/L of luteolin in 24 h compared with a titer of 55 mg/L for the strain expressing the native enzyme. Further biochemical analysis confirmed that such improvement in production stemmed from a higher enzyme expression level for the L34Q variant and higher efficiency in substrate binding and catalysis for the W284A variant. This study provides some insights into the engineering of other flavonoid OMTs and will facilitate high-level biosynthesis of methylated flavonoids in engineered microorganisms. KEY POINTS: • Biosynthesis of chrysoeriol from luteolin in E. coli using ROMT-9 • Engineering of ROMT-9 for better bio-production • ROMT-9 variants promote production via better expression or better catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miaomiao Yuwen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongji Pu
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
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Li C, Dai T, Chen J, Chen M, Liang R, Liu C, Du L, McClements DJ. Modification of flavonoids: methods and influences on biological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10637-10658. [PMID: 35687361 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2083572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important active ingredients in plant-based food, which have many beneficial effects on health. But the low solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and inferior stability of many flavonoids may limit their applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Structural modification can overcome these shortcomings to improve and extend the application of flavonoids. The study of how to modify flavonoids and the influence of various modifications on biological activity have drawn great interest in the current literature. In this review, the working principles and operating conditions of modification methods were summarized along with their potential and limitations in terms of operational safety, cost, and productivity. The influence of various modifications on biological activities and the structure-activity relationships of flavonoids derivatives were discussed and highlighted, which may give guidance for the synthesis of highly effective active agents. In addition, the safety of flavonoids derivatives is reviewed, and future research directions of flavonoid modification research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Taotao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingshun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruihong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chengmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liqing Du
- China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Zhanjiang China
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Diversification of Chemical Structures of Methoxylated Flavonoids and Genes Encoding Flavonoid-O-Methyltransferases. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040564. [PMID: 35214897 PMCID: PMC8876552 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The O-methylation of specialized metabolites in plants is a unique decoration that provides structural and functional diversity of the metabolites with changes in chemical properties and intracellular localizations. The O-methylation of flavonoids, which is a class of plant specialized metabolites, promotes their antimicrobial activities and liposolubility. Flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs), which are responsible for the O-methylation process of the flavonoid aglycone, generally accept a broad range of substrates across flavones, flavonols and lignin precursors, with different substrate preferences. Therefore, the characterization of FOMTs with the physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids is useful for crop improvement and metabolic engineering. In this review, we summarized the chemodiversity and physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids, which were already reported, and we performed a cross-species comparison to illustrate an overview of diversification and conserved catalytic sites of the flavonoid O-methyltransferases.
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Liu J, Tian M, Wang Z, Xiao F, Huang X, Shan Y. Production of hesperetin from naringenin in an engineered Escherichia coli consortium. J Biotechnol 2022; 347:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gu N, Liu S, Qiu C, Zhao L, Pei J. Biosynthesis of 3'-O-methylisoorientin from luteolin by selecting O-methylation/C-glycosylation motif. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109862. [PMID: 34489021 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation and methylation of flavonoids are the main types of structural modifications and can endow flavonoids with greater stability, bioactivity, and bioavailability. In this study, five types of O-methyltransferases were screened for producing O-methylated luteolin, and the biosynthesis strategy of 3'-O-methylisoorientin from luteolin was determined. To improve the production of 3'-O-methylluteolin, the S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthesis pathway was reconstructed in the recombinant strain by introducing S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetase genes. After optimizing the conversion conditions, maximal 3'-O-methylluteolin production reached 641 ± 25 mg/L with a corresponding molar conversion of 76.5 %, which was the highest titer of methylated flavonoids reported to date in Escherichia coli. 3'-O-Methylluteolin (127 mg) was prepared from 250 mL of the broth by silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC with a yield of 79.4 %. Subsequently, we used the biocatalytic cascade of Gentiana triflora C-glycosyltransferase (Gt6CGT) and Glycine max sucrose synthase (GmSUS) to biosynthesize 3'-O-methylisoorientin from 3'-O-methylluteolin in vitro. By optimizing the coupled reaction conditions and using the fed-batch operation, maximal 3'-O-methylisoorientin production reached 226 ± 8 mg/L with a corresponding molar conversion of 98 %. Therefore, this study provides an efficient method for the production of novel 3'-O-methylisoorientin and the biosynthesis strategy for methylated C-glycosylation flavonoids by selective O-methylation/C-glycosylation motif on flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China
| | - Simin Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Qiu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China.
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Guo J, Huang K, Cao R, Zhang J, Xu Y. Aliphatic extractive effects on acetic acid catalysis of typical agricultural residues to xylo-oligosaccharide and enzymatic hydrolyzability of cellulose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:97. [PMID: 33865437 PMCID: PMC8052792 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylo-oligosaccharide is the spotlight of functional sugar that improves the economic benefits of lignocellulose biorefinery. Acetic acid acidolysis technology provides a promising application for xylo-oligosaccharide commercial production, but it is restricted by the aliphatic (wax-like) compounds, which cover the outer and inner surfaces of plants. RESULTS We removed aliphatic compounds by extraction with two organic solvents. The benzene-ethanol extraction increased the yield of acidolyzed xylo-oligosaccharides of corncob, sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, and poplar sawdust by 14.79, 21.05, 16.68, and 7.26% while ethanol extraction increased it by 11.88, 17.43, 1.26, and 13.64%, respectively. CONCLUSION The single ethanol extraction was safer, more environmentally friendly, and more cost-effective than benzene-ethanol solvent. In short, organic solvent extraction provided a promising auxiliary method for the selective acidolysis of herbaceous xylan to xylo-oligosaccharides, while it had minimal impact on woody poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Rou Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Effects of Salicylic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate Treatments on Flavonoid and Carotenoid Accumulation in the Juice Sacs of Satsuma Mandarin In Vitro. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10248916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid are two important plant hormones that trigger the plant defense responses and regulate the accumulation of bioactive compounds in plants. In the present study, the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on flavonoid and carotenoid accumulation were investigated in the juice sacs of Satsuma mandarin in vitro. The results showed that SA treatment was effective to enhance the contents of eriocitrin, narirutin, poncirin, and β-cryptoxanthin in the juice sacs (p < 0.05). In contrast, the MeJA treatment inhibited flavonoid and carotenoid accumulation in the juice sacs (p < 0.05). Gene expression results showed that the changes of flavonoid and carotenoid contents in the SA and MeJA treatments were highly regulated at the transcriptional level. In addition, a transcriptional factor CitWRKY70 was identified in the microarray analysis, which was induced by the SA treatment, while suppressed by the MeJA treatment. In the SA and MeJA treatments, the change in the expression of CitWRKY70 was consistent with that of flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthetic key genes. These results indicated that CitWRKY70 might be involved in the regulation of flavonoid and carotenoid accumulation in response to SA and MeJA treatments in the juice sacs of citrus fruit.
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Seoka M, Ma G, Zhang L, Yahata M, Yamawaki K, Kan T, Kato M. Expression and functional analysis of the nobiletin biosynthesis-related gene CitOMT in citrus fruit. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15288. [PMID: 32943728 PMCID: PMC7498457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nobiletin, a polymethoxy flavone (PMF), is specific to citrus and has been reported to exhibit important health-supporting properties. Nobiletin has six methoxy groups at the 3′,4′,5,6,7,8-positions, which are catalyzed by O-methyltransferases (OMTs). To date, researches on OMTs in citrus fruit are still limited. In the present study, a novel OMT gene (CitOMT) was isolated from two citrus varieties Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Ponkan mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), and its function was characterized in vitro. The results showed that the expression of CitOMT in the flavedo of Ponkan mandarin was much higher than that of Satsuma mandarin during maturation, which was consistent with the higher accumulation of nobiletin in Ponkan mandarin. In addition, functional analysis showed that the recombinant protein of CitOMT had methylation activity to transfer a methyl group to 3′-hydroxy group of flavones in vitro. Because methylation at the 3′-position of flavones is vital for the nobiletin biosynthesis, CitOMT may be a key gene responsible for nobiletin biosynthesis in citrus fruit. The results presented in this study will provide new strategies to enhance nobiletin accumulation and improve the nutritional qualities of citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Seoka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Gang Ma
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.,Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Lancui Zhang
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.,Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.,Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan. .,Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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Tchoumtchoua J, Mathiron D, Pontarin N, Gagneul D, van Bohemen AI, Otogo N’nang E, Mesnard F, Petit E, Fontaine JX, Molinié R, Quéro A. Phenolic Profiling of Flax Highlights Contrasting Patterns in Winter and Spring Varieties. Molecules 2019; 24:E4303. [PMID: 31779076 PMCID: PMC6930658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a plant grown in temperate regions either for its fiber or for its seeds, which are rich in the essential fatty acid omega-3. It is also well known as a source of medicinal compounds. The chemical composition of its leaves is currently poorly described. In order to fill this gap, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of flax leaf metabolome. The exploration of the metabolome allowed the characterization of compounds isolated for the first time in flax leaves. These molecules were isolated by preparative HPLC and then characterized by NMR, LC-MS and standard analysis. This work extended our picture of C-glycosyl-flavonoids and coniferyl alcohol derivatives accumulated in flax. The follow-up of the content of these different metabolites via UPLC-MS revealed significant accumulation differences in spring and winter flax leaves. In particular, two methylated C-glycosylflavonoids (swertisin and swertiajaponin) were the most abundant phenolic compounds in winter flax whereas they were not detected in spring flax. This result suggests that these 2 compounds are involved in cold stress tolerance in flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Tchoumtchoua
- EA 3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; (J.T.); (N.P.); (A.-I.v.B.); (E.O.N.); (F.M.); (E.P.); (J.-X.F.); (R.M.)
| | - David Mathiron
- Plate-Forme Analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France;
| | - Nicole Pontarin
- EA 3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; (J.T.); (N.P.); (A.-I.v.B.); (E.O.N.); (F.M.); (E.P.); (J.-X.F.); (R.M.)
| | - David Gagneul
- EA 7394, USC INRA 1411, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV), Agro-food and Biotechnology Research Institute, Université de Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France;
| | - Anne-Isaline van Bohemen
- EA 3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; (J.T.); (N.P.); (A.-I.v.B.); (E.O.N.); (F.M.); (E.P.); (J.-X.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Elvis Otogo N’nang
- EA 3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; (J.T.); (N.P.); (A.-I.v.B.); (E.O.N.); (F.M.); (E.P.); (J.-X.F.); (R.M.)
| | - François Mesnard
- EA 3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; (J.T.); (N.P.); (A.-I.v.B.); (E.O.N.); (F.M.); (E.P.); (J.-X.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Petit
- EA 3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; (J.T.); (N.P.); (A.-I.v.B.); (E.O.N.); (F.M.); (E.P.); (J.-X.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- EA 3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; (J.T.); (N.P.); (A.-I.v.B.); (E.O.N.); (F.M.); (E.P.); (J.-X.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Roland Molinié
- EA 3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; (J.T.); (N.P.); (A.-I.v.B.); (E.O.N.); (F.M.); (E.P.); (J.-X.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Anthony Quéro
- EA 3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; (J.T.); (N.P.); (A.-I.v.B.); (E.O.N.); (F.M.); (E.P.); (J.-X.F.); (R.M.)
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11
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Koirala N, Pandey RP, Thuan NH, Ghimire GP, Jung HJ, Oh TJ, Sohng JK. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of isoflavonoid-4'-O-methoxides and their biological activities. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 66:484-493. [PMID: 26498482 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavonoid representatives such as genistein and daidzein are highly potent anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents. It have been demonstrated that methylation of flavonoids enhanced the transporting ability, which lead to facilitated absorption and greatly increased bioavailability. In this paper, genetically engineered Escherichia coli was reconstructed by harboring E. coli K12-derived metK encoding S-adenosine-l-methionine (SAM) synthase (accession number: K02129) for enhancement of SAM as a precursor and Streptomyces avermitilis originated SaOMT2 (O-methyltransferase, accession number: NP_823558) for methylation of daidzein and genistein as preferred substrates. The formation of desired products via biotransformation including 4'-O-methyl-genistein and 4'-O-methyl-daidzein was confirmed individually by using chromatographical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and NMR (1 H and 13 C). Furthermore, substrates concentration, incubation time, and media parameters were optimized using flask culture. Finally, the most fit conditions were applied for fed-batch fermentation with scale-up to 3 L (working volume) to obtain the maximum yield of the products including 164.25 µM (46.81 mg/L) and 382.50 µM (102.88 mg/L) for 4'-O-methyl genistein and 4'-O-methyl daidzein, respectively. In particular, potent inhibitory activities of those isoflavonoid methoxides against the growth of cancer line (B16F10, AGS, and HepG2) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were investigated and demonstrated. Taken together, this research work described the production of isoflavonoid-4'-O-methoxides by E. coli engineering, improvement of production, characterization of produced compounds, and preliminary in vitro biological activities of the flavonoids being manufactured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Koirala
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang city, Vietnam
| | - Gopal Prasad Ghimire
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jung
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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12
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Lee D, Park HL, Lee SW, Bhoo SH, Cho MH. Biotechnological Production of Dimethoxyflavonoids Using a Fusion Flavonoid O-Methyltransferase Possessing Both 3'- and 7-O-Methyltransferase Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1467-1474. [PMID: 28429944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although they are less abundant in nature, methoxyflavonoids have distinct physicochemical and pharmacological properties compared to common nonmethylated flavonoids. Thus, enzymatic conversion and biotransformation using genetically engineered microorganisms of flavonoids have been attempted for the efficient production of methoxyflavonoids. Because of their regiospecificity, more than two flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs) and enzyme reactions are required to biosynthesize di(or poly)-methoxyflavonoids. For the one-step biotechnological production of bioactive di-O-methylflavonoids, we generated a multifunctional FOMT fusing a 3'-OMT (SlOMT3) and a 7-OMT (OsNOMT). The SlOMT3/OsNOMT fusion enzyme possessed both 3'- and 7-OMT activities to diverse flavonoid substrates, which were comparable to those of individual SlOMT3 and OsNOMT. The SlOMT3/OsNOMT enzyme also showed 3'- and 7-OMT activity for 7- or 3'-O-methylflavonoids, respectively, suggesting that the fusion enzyme can sequentially methylate flavonoids into di-O-methylflavonoids. The biotransformation of the flavonoids quercetin, luteolin, eriodictyol, and taxifolin using SlOMT3/OsNOMT-transformed Escherichia coli generated corresponding di-O-methylflavonoids, rhamnazin, velutin, 3',7-di-O-methyleriodictyol, and 3',7-di-O-methyltaxifolin, respectively. These results indicate that dimethoxyflavonoids may be efficiently produced from nonmethylated flavonoid precursors through a one-step biotransformation using the engineered E. coli harboring the SlOMT3/OsNOMT fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lin Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hee Bhoo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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13
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Liu H, Xu RX, Gao S, Cheng AX. The Functional Characterization of a Site-Specific Apigenin 4'-O-methyltransferase Synthesized by the Liverwort Species Plagiochasma appendiculatum. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050759. [PMID: 28481281 PMCID: PMC6154639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, a widely distributed flavone, exhibits excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. In addition, the methylation of apigenin is generally considered to result in better absorption and greatly increased bioavailability. Here, four putative Class II methyltransferase genes were identified from the transcriptome sequences generated from the liverwort species Plagiochasma appendiculatum. Each was heterologously expressed as a His-fusion protein in Escherichia coli and their methylation activity against apigenin was tested. One of the four Class II OMT enzymes named 4'-O-methyltransferase (Pa4'OMT) was shown to react effectively with apigenin, catalyzing its conversion to acacetin. Besides the favorite substrate apigenin, the recombinant PaF4'OMT was shown to catalyze luteolin, naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin, genistein, scutellarein, and genkwanin to the corresponding 4'-methylation products. In vivo feeding experiments indicated that PaF4'OMT could convert apigenin to acacetin efficiently in E. coli and approximately 88.8 µM (25.2 mg/L) of product was synthesized when 100 µM of apigenin was supplemented. This is the first time that a Class II plant O-methyltransferase has been characterized in liverworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Rui-Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Shuai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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14
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Pandey RP, Parajuli P, Koffas MA, Sohng JK. Microbial production of natural and non-natural flavonoids: Pathway engineering, directed evolution and systems/synthetic biology. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:634-662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Koirala N, Thuan NH, Ghimire GP, Thang DV, Sohng JK. Methylation of flavonoids: Chemical structures, bioactivities, progress and perspectives for biotechnological production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 86:103-16. [PMID: 26992799 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the natural products, flavonoids have been particularly attractive, highly studied and become one of the most important promising agent to treat cancer, oxidant stress, pathogenic bacteria, inflammations, cardio-vascular dysfunctions, etc. Despite many promising roles of flavonoids, expectations have not been fulfilled when studies were extended to the in vivo condition, particularly in humans. Instability and very low oral bioavailability of dietary flavonoids are the reasons behind this. Researches have demonstrated that the methylation of these flavonoids could increase their promise as pharmaceutical agents leading to novel applications. Methylation of the flavonoids via theirs free hydroxyl groups or C atom dramatically increases their metabolic stability and enhances the membrane transport, leading to facilitated absorption and highly increased oral bioavailability. In this paper, we concentrated on analysis of flavonoid methoxides including O- and C-methoxide derivatives in aspect of structure, bioactivities and description of almost all up-to-date O- and C-methyltransferases' enzymatic characteristics. Furthermore, modern biological approaches for synthesis and production of flavonoid methoxides using metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have been focused and updated up to 2015. This review will give a handful information regarding the methylation of flavonoids, methyltransferases and biotechnological synthesis of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Koirala
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, 100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeonmyun, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, K7/25 Quang Trung Street, Haichau District, Danang City, Viet Nam.
| | - Gopal Prasad Ghimire
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, 100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeonmyun, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Duong Van Thang
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, 100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeonmyun, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, 100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeonmyun, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Biotransformations and biological activities of hop flavonoids. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1063-90. [PMID: 25708386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Female hop cones are used extensively in the brewing industry, but there is now increasing interest in possible uses of hops for non-brewing purposes, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Among pharmaceutically important compounds from hops are flavonoids, having proven anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic effects. In this review we aim to present current knowledge on the biotransformation of flavonoids from hop cones with respect to products, catalysis and conversion. A list of microbial enzymatic reactions associated with gastrointestinal microbiota is presented. A comparative analysis of the biological activities of hop flavonoids and their biotransformation products is described, indicating where further research has potential for applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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17
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of apigenin derivatives as antibacterial and antiproliferative agents. Molecules 2013; 18:11496-511. [PMID: 24048283 PMCID: PMC6269912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180911496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two series of apigenin [5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one] derivatives, 3a–3j and 4a–4j, were synthesized. The apigenin and alkyl amines moieties of these compounds were separated by C2 or C3 spacers, respectively. The chemical structures of the apigenin derivatives were confirmed using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. The in vitro antibacterial and antiproliferative activities of all synthesized compounds were determined. Among the tested compounds, 4a–4j displayed significant antibacterial activity against the tested strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Additionally, 4i showed the best inhibitory activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.95, 3.91, 3.91, and 3.91 μg/mL against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The antiproliferative activity of the apigenin derivatives was evaluated by an MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay. We determined that 4a–4j displayed better growth inhibition activity against four human cancer cell lines, namely, human lung (A549), human cervical (HeLa), human hepatocellular liver (HepG2), and human breast (MCF-7) cancer cells, than the parent apigenin. Compound 4j was found to be the most active antiproliferative compound against the selected cancer cells. Structure-activity relationships were also discussed based on the obtained experimental data.
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18
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Berim A, Hyatt DC, Gang DR. A set of regioselective O-methyltransferases gives rise to the complex pattern of methoxylated flavones in sweet basil. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1052-69. [PMID: 22923679 PMCID: PMC3461529 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymethoxylated flavonoids occur in a number of plant families, including the Lamiaceae. To date, the metabolic pathways giving rise to the diversity of these compounds have not been studied. Analysis of our expressed sequence tag database for four sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) lines afforded identification of candidate flavonoid O-methyltransferase genes. Recombinant proteins displayed distinct substrate preferences and product specificities that can account for all detected 7-/6-/4'-methylated, 8-unsubstituted flavones. Their biochemical specialization revealed only certain metabolic routes to be highly favorable and therefore likely in vivo. Flavonoid O-methyltransferases catalyzing 4'- and 6-O-methylations shared high identity (approximately 90%), indicating that subtle sequence changes led to functional differentiation. Structure homology modeling suggested the involvement of several amino acid residues in defining the proteins' stringent regioselectivities. The roles of these individual residues were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis, revealing two discrete mechanisms as a basis for the switch between 6- and 4'-O-methylation of two different substrates. These findings delineate major pathways in a large segment of the flavone metabolic network and provide a foundation for its further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - David C. Hyatt
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - David R. Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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McCormick JM, Van Es T, Cooper KR, White LA, Häggblom MM. Microbially mediated O-methylation of bisphenol A results in metabolites with increased toxicity to the developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6567-74. [PMID: 21678910 DOI: 10.1021/es200588w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the manufacture of plastics, and has been identified in various environmental matrices, including human serum and breast milk. The prevalence of BPA in the environment and the potential exposure to humans underscores the need to more fully understand the fate of BPA in the environment and the resulting effects and toxicity to humans and other organisms. Here we demonstrate that Mycobacterium species, including Mycobacterium vanbaalenii strain PYR-1, are able to O-methylate BPA to its mono- and dimethyl ether derivatives (BPA MME and BPA DME, respectively). The O-methylation of BPA results in metabolites with increased toxicity as shown from differences in survival and occurrence of developmental lesions in developing zebrafish embryos exposed to BPA, BPA MME, and BPA DME. The mono- and dimethyl ether derivatives were more toxic than BPA, resulting in increased mortality at 5 (LC(50) = 0.66 and 1.2 mg L(-1)) and 28 (LC(50) = 0.38, <0.5 mg L(-1)) days post fertilization. Furthermore, exposure to either of the O-methylated metabolites resulted in an increase in the incidence of developmental lesions as compared to BPA exposure. These data illustrate a new mechanism for microbial transformation of BPA, producing metabolites warranting further study to understand their prevalence and effects in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Lee S, Shin SY, Lee Y, Park Y, Kim BG, Ahn JH, Chong Y, Lee YH, Lim Y. Rhamnetin production based on the rational design of the poplar O -methyltransferase enzyme and its biological activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3866-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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