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Bai X, Sheng Y, Tang Z, Pan J, Wang S, Tang B, Zhou T, Shi L, Zhang H. Polyketides as Secondary Metabolites from the Genus Aspergillus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:261. [PMID: 36836375 PMCID: PMC9962652 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyketides are an important class of structurally diverse natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone and methylene groups. These compounds have attracted the worldwide attention of pharmaceutical researchers since they are endowed with a wide array of biological properties. As one of the most common filamentous fungi in nature, Aspergillus spp. is well known as an excellent producer of polyketide compounds with therapeutic potential. By extensive literature search and data analysis, this review comprehensively summarizes Aspergillus-derived polyketides for the first time, regarding their occurrences, chemical structures and bioactivities as well as biosynthetic logics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bai
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yue Sheng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhenxing Tang
- School of Culinary Arts, Tourism College of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Jingyi Pan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shigui Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Bin Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lu’e Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Simpson TJ. The 'emodin family' of fungal natural products-amalgamating a century of research with recent genomics-based advances. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:174-201. [PMID: 36222427 PMCID: PMC9890505 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022A very large group of biosynthetically linked fungal secondary metabolites are formed via the key intermediate emodin and its corresponding anthrone. The group includes anthraquinones such as chrysophanol and cladofulvin, the grisandienes geodin and trypacidin, the diphenyl ether pestheic acid, benzophenones such as monodictyphenone and various xanthones including the prenylated shamixanthones, the agnestins and dimeric xanthones such as the ergochromes, cryptosporioptides and neosartorin. Such compounds exhibit a wide range of bioactivities and as such have been utilised in traditional medicine for centuries, as well as garnering more recent interest from the pharmaceutical sector. Additional interest comes from industries such as textiles and cosmetics due to their use as natural colourants. A variety of biosynthetic routes and mechanisms have been proposed for this family of compounds, being altered and updated as new biosynthetic methods develop and new results emerge. After nearly 100 years of such research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about the biosynthesis of this important family, amalgamating the early chemical and biosynthetic studies with the more recent genetics-based advances and comparative bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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3
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Uka V, Cary JW, Lebar MD, Puel O, De Saeger S, Diana Di Mavungu J. Chemical repertoire and biosynthetic machinery of the Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolome: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2797-2842. [PMID: 33337039 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi represent a rich source of extrolites, including secondary metabolites (SMs) comprising a great variety of astonishing structures and interesting bioactivities. State-of-the-art techniques in genome mining, genetic manipulation, and secondary metabolomics have enabled the scientific community to better elucidate and more deeply appreciate the genetic and biosynthetic chemical arsenal of these microorganisms. Aspergillus flavus is best known as a contaminant of food and feed commodities and a producer of the carcinogenic family of SMs, aflatoxins. This fungus produces many SMs including polyketides, ribosomal and nonribosomal peptides, terpenoids, and other hybrid molecules. This review will discuss the chemical diversity, biosynthetic pathways, and biological/ecological role of A. flavus SMs, as well as their significance concerning food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdet Uka
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Matthew D Lebar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Hautbergue T, Jamin EL, Debrauwer L, Puel O, Oswald IP. From genomics to metabolomics, moving toward an integrated strategy for the discovery of fungal secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:147-173. [PMID: 29384544 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites are defined by bioactive properties that ensure adaptation of the fungus to its environment. Although some of these natural products are promising sources of new lead compounds especially for the pharmaceutical industry, others pose risks to human and animal health. The identification of secondary metabolites is critical to assessing both the utility and risks of these compounds. Since fungi present biological specificities different from other microorganisms, this review covers the different strategies specifically used in fungal studies to perform this critical identification. Strategies focused on the direct detection of the secondary metabolites are firstly reported. Particularly, advances in high-throughput untargeted metabolomics have led to the generation of large datasets whose exploitation and interpretation generally require bioinformatics tools. Then, the genome-based methods used to study the entire fungal metabolic potential are reported. Transcriptomic and proteomic tools used in the discovery of fungal secondary metabolites are presented as links between genomic methods and metabolomic experiments. Finally, the influence of the culture environment on the synthesis of secondary metabolites by fungi is highlighted as a major factor to consider in research on fungal secondary metabolites. Through this review, we seek to emphasize that the discovery of natural products should integrate all of these valuable tools. Attention is also drawn to emerging technologies that will certainly revolutionize fungal research and to the use of computational tools that are necessary but whose results should be interpreted carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hautbergue
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
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5
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Induction of pigment production through media composition, abiotic and biotic factors in two filamentous fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 21:e00308. [PMID: 30788221 PMCID: PMC6369258 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pigment production and accumulation is dependent of high C:N ratios in F. oxysporum and A. chevaleri. Red pigment content of F. oxysporum in terms of Absorbance units per gram of biomass increased in 191% through use of blue light. Different light wavelengths stimulate synthesis of additional pigments in A. chevalieri with highest accumulation in red and UV-light. Stimulation of pigment production in co-culture is species – specific, being only accomplished in A. chevalieri. With a rise higher that 500% of a pigment obtained in green light.
In addition to plant-derived, fungal pigments have become an alternative in respect to synthetic ones. Besides Monascus sp., several pigment-producing fungi do not have culture conditions well-established yet. In this research, media composition, light wavelength and co-culture were evaluated, results were reported in Absorbance Units per gram of biomass (AU/Bgr). For Fusarium oxysporum a C:N ratio above 7 was advantageous, using both complex and defined media; blue LED light increased the AU/Bgr value from 18013 to 344; co-culture did not enhance pigment production. In Aspergillus chevalieri a high C:N ratio with glucose as carbon source was ideal. When exposing cultures to light, UV and red light gave the highest pigmentation; moreover, differential UV-VIS spectra in all wavelengths suggested production of additional pigments. Particularly a pigment observed when cultured in green light was also found in co-culture with yeast and there was an improvement of AU/Bgr value of 52549%. This is the first report regarding light effect and co-culture for these fungi, as well as C:N ratio for A. chevalieri.
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Pidroni A, Faber B, Brosch G, Bauer I, Graessle S. A Class 1 Histone Deacetylase as Major Regulator of Secondary Metabolite Production in Aspergillus nidulans. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2212. [PMID: 30283426 PMCID: PMC6156440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An outstanding feature of filamentous fungi is their ability to produce a wide variety of small bioactive molecules that contribute to their survival, fitness, and pathogenicity. The vast collection of these so-called secondary metabolites (SMs) includes molecules that play a role in virulence, protect fungi from environmental damage, act as toxins or antibiotics that harm host tissues, or hinder microbial competitors for food sources. Many of these compounds are used in medical treatment; however, biosynthetic genes for the production of these natural products are arranged in compact clusters that are commonly silent under growth conditions routinely used in laboratories. Consequently, a wide arsenal of yet unknown fungal metabolites is waiting to be discovered. Here, we describe the effects of deletion of hosA, one of four classical histone deacetylase (HDAC) genes in Aspergillus nidulans; we show that HosA acts as a major regulator of SMs in Aspergillus with converse regulatory effects depending on the metabolite gene cluster examined. Co-inhibition of all classical enzymes by the pan HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A and the analysis of HDAC double mutants indicate that HosA is able to override known regulatory effects of other HDACs such as the class 2 type enzyme HdaA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed a direct correlation between hosA deletion, the acetylation status of H4 and the regulation of SM cluster genes, whereas H3 hyper-acetylation could not be detected in all the upregulated SM clusters examined. Our data suggest that HosA has inductive effects on SM production in addition to its classical role as a repressor via deacetylation of histones. Moreover, a genome wide transcriptome analysis revealed that in addition to SMs, expression of several other important protein categories such as enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism or proteins involved in disease, virulence, and defense are significantly affected by the deletion of HosA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Pidroni
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Faber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerald Brosch
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingo Bauer
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Graessle
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Khan RA. Natural products chemistry: The emerging trends and prospective goals. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:739-753. [PMID: 29991919 PMCID: PMC6036106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role and contributions of natural products chemistry in advancements of the physical and biological sciences, its interdisciplinary domains, and emerging of new avenues by providing novel applications, constructive inputs, thrust, comprehensive understanding, broad perspective, and a new vision for future is outlined. The developmental prospects in bio-medical, health, nutrition, and other interrelated sciences along with some of the emerging trends in the subject area are also discussed as part of the current review of the basic and core developments, innovation in techniques, advances in methodology, and possible applications with their effects on the sciences in general and natural products chemistry in particular. The overview of the progress and ongoing developments in broader areas of the natural products chemistry discipline, its role and concurrent economic and scientific implications, contemporary objectives, future prospects as well as impending goals are also outlined. A look at the natural products chemistry in providing scientific progress in various disciplines is deliberated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Manav Rachna International University, National Capital Region, Faridabad, HR 121 004, India
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8
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Current strategies to induce secondary metabolites from microbial biosynthetic cryptic gene clusters. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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9
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Chen R, Liu D, Guo P, Lin W. Varicuothiols A and B, New Fungal Metabolites from Aspergillus versicolor with Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Chem Biodivers 2017; 15. [PMID: 29144588 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical examination of a coral-associated fungus Aspergillus versicolor LZD-44-03 resulted in the isolation of two new compounds with the trivial names of varicuothiols A (1) and B (2) as a unique scaffold. Their structures were determined through extensive spectroscopic analyses in association with the modified Mosher's method and chemical conversion. Both 1 and 2 exhibited significant inhibition against LPS-induced RAW24.7 cell proliferation, in association with the down regulation of nitrite production and cytokines (MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF-α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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10
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Inoue N, Wakana D, Takeda H, Yaguchi T, Hosoe T. Production of an emericellin and its analogues as fungal biological responses for Shimbu-to extract. J Nat Med 2017; 72:357-363. [PMID: 29188416 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This research examined the production of fungal metabolites as a biological response to Kampo medicines. Shimbu-to (SMB) is a Kampo medicine composed of five herbal components: peony root (Shakuyaku), ginger (Shokyo), processed aconite root (Bushi), Poria sclerotium (Bukuryo), and Atractylodes lancea rhizomes (Sojutsu). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans CBS 112.46 incubated in potato dextrose broth supplemented with SMB extract revealed emericellin (2) as the major peak and new xanthone analogues 24-hydroxyshamixanthone (1), shamixanthone (3), epishamixanthone (4), pre-shamixanthone (5), and variecoxanthone A (6) as minor peaks. The structure of 1 was determined by detailed analysis of 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and MS data. The results suggest that SMB extract regulates the biosynthesis of emericellin and its analogues in A. nidulans. Further investigations revealed that glucose induces the biosynthesis of emericellin and its analogues in A. nidulans in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Inoue
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Daigo Wakana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Takeda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hosoe
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
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Proteomic Characterization of Armillaria mellea Reveals Oxidative Stress Response Mechanisms and Altered Secondary Metabolism Profiles. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5030060. [PMID: 28926970 PMCID: PMC5620651 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Armillaria mellea is a major plant pathogen. Yet, the strategies the organism uses to infect susceptible species, degrade lignocellulose and other plant material and protect itself against plant defences and its own glycodegradative arsenal are largely unknown. Here, we use a combination of gel and MS-based proteomics to profile A. mellea under conditions of oxidative stress and changes in growth matrix. 2-DE and LC-MS/MS were used to investigate the response of A. mellea to H2O2 and menadione/FeCl3 exposure, respectively. Several proteins were detected with altered abundance in response to H2O2, but not menadione/FeCl3 (i.e., valosin-containing protein), indicating distinct responses to these different forms of oxidative stress. One protein, cobalamin-independent methionine synthase, demonstrated a common response in both conditions, which may be a marker for a more general stress response mechanism. Further changes to the A. mellea proteome were investigated using MS-based proteomics, which identified changes to putative secondary metabolism (SM) enzymes upon growth in agar compared to liquid cultures. Metabolomic analyses revealed distinct profiles, highlighting the effect of growth matrix on SM production. This establishes robust methods by which to utilize comparative proteomics to characterize this important phytopathogen.
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13
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Alves PC, Hartmann DO, Núñez O, Martins I, Gomes TL, Garcia H, Galceran MT, Hampson R, Becker JD, Silva Pereira C. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of ionic liquid stimuli unveils enhanced secondary metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:284. [PMID: 27072538 PMCID: PMC4830055 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inherent potential of filamentous fungi, especially of Ascomycota, for producing diverse bioactive metabolites remains largely silent under standard laboratory culture conditions. Innumerable strategies have been described to trigger their production, one of the simplest being manipulation of the growth media composition. Supplementing media with ionic liquids surprisingly enhanced the diversity of extracellular metabolites generated by penicillia. This finding led us to evaluate the impact of ionic liquids' stimuli on the fungal metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans and how it reflects on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (SMs). RESULTS Whole transcriptional profiling showed that exposure to 0.7 M cholinium chloride or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride dramatically affected expression of genes encoding both primary and secondary metabolism. Both ionic liquids apparently induced stress responses and detoxification mechanisms but response profiles to each stimulus were unique. Primary metabolism was up-regulated by choline, but down-regulated by 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; both stimulated production of acetyl-CoA (key precursor to numerous SMs) and non proteinogenic amino acids (building blocks of bioactive classes of SMs). In total, twenty one of the sixty six described backbone genes underwent up-regulation. Accordingly, differential analysis of the fungal metabolome showed that supplementing growth media with ionic liquids resulted in ca. 40 differentially accumulated ion masses compared to control conditions. In particular, it stimulated production of monodictyphenone and orsellinic acid, otherwise cryptic. Expression levels of genes encoding corresponding polyketide biosynthetic enzymes (i.e. backbone genes) increased compared to control conditions. The corresponding metabolite extracts showed increased cell polarity modulation potential in an ex vivo whole tissue assay (The lial Live Targeted Epithelia; theLiTE™). CONCLUSIONS Ionic liquids, a diverse class of chemicals composed solely of ions, can provide an unexpected means to further resolve the diversity of natural compounds, guiding discovery of fungal metabolites with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diego O Hartmann
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Serra Hunter Fellow, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Teresa L Gomes
- Thelial Technologies S.A., Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Nucleo 04 Lote 3, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Helga Garcia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Galceran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Hampson
- Thelial Technologies S.A., Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Nucleo 04 Lote 3, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Jörg D Becker
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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14
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Development and validation of a custom microarray for global transcriptome profiling of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Curr Genet 2016; 62:897-910. [PMID: 27038308 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome profiling is a powerful tool for identifying gene networks from whole genome expression analysis in many living species. Here is described the first extensively characterized platform using Agilent microarray technology for transcriptome analysis in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus (Emericella) nidulans. We developed and validated a reliable gene expression microarray in 8 × 15 K format, with predictive and experimental data establishing its specificity and sensitivity. Either one or two 60-mer oligonucleotide probes were selected for each of 10,550 nuclear as well as 20 mitochondrial coding sequences. More than 99 % of probes were predicted to hybridize with 100 % identity to their aimed specific A. nidulans target only. Probe sensitivity was supported by a highly narrow distribution of melting temperatures together with thermodynamic features, which strongly favored probe-target perfect match hybridization, in comparison with predicted secondary structures. Array quality was evaluated through transcriptome comparison of two A. nidulans strains, differing by the presence or not of Escherichia coli LacZ transgene. High signal-to-noise ratios were measured, and signal reproducibility was established at intra-probe and inter-probe levels. Reproducibility of microarray performances was assessed by high correlation between two-color dye signals and between technical replicates. Results were confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis on five genes. Though it covers 100 % of the A. nidulans targeted coding sequences, this low density array allows limited experimental costs and simplified data analysis process, making it suitable for studying gene expression in this model organism through large numbers of experimental conditions, in basic, biomedical or industrial microbiology research fields.
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15
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Boruta T, Bizukojc M. Induction of secondary metabolism of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 in the batch bioreactor cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3009-22. [PMID: 26603760 PMCID: PMC4786612 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 in a stirred tank bioreactor was performed to induce the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and provide the bioprocess-related insights into the metabolic capabilities of the investigated strain. The activation of biosynthetic routes was attempted by the diversification of process conditions and growth media. Several strategies were tested, including the addition of rapeseed oil or inulin, changing the concentration of nitrogen source, reduction of chlorine supply, cultivation under saline conditions, and using various aeration schemes. Fifteen secondary metabolites were identified in the course of the study by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, namely mevinolinic acid, 4a,5-dihydromevinolinic acid, 3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L acid, terrein, aspulvinone E, dihydroisoflavipucine, (+)-geodin, (+)-bisdechlorogeodin, (+)-erdin, asterric acid, butyrolactone I, desmethylsulochrin, questin, sulochrin, and demethylasterric acid. The study also presents the collection of mass spectra that can serve as a resource for future experiments. The growth in a salt-rich environment turned out to be strongly inhibitory for secondary metabolism and the formation of dense and compact pellets was observed. Generally, the addition of inulin, reducing the oxygen supply, and increasing the content of nitrogen source did not enhance the production of examined molecules. The most successful strategy involved the addition of rapeseed oil to the chlorine-deficient medium. Under these conditions, the highest levels of butyrolactone I, asterric acid, and mevinolinic acid were achieved and the presence of desmethylsulochrin and (+)-bisdechlorogeodin was detected in the broth. The constant and relatively high aeration rate in the idiophase was shown to be beneficial for terrein and (+)-geodin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Bizukojc
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
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Wu Q, Wu C, Long H, Chen R, Liu D, Proksch P, Guo P, Lin W. Varioxiranols A-G and 19-O-Methyl-22-methoxypre-shamixanthone, PKS and Hybrid PKS-Derived Metabolites from a Sponge-Associated Emericella variecolor Fungus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2461-2470. [PMID: 26394166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical examination of a sponge (Cinachyrella sp.)-associated Emericella variecolor fungus resulted in the isolation of seven new polyketide derivatives, namely, varioxiranols A-G (1-7), and a new hybrid PKS-isoprenoid metabolite, 19-O-methyl-22-methoxypre-shamixanthone (8), together with nine known analogues. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including ECD effects, Mosher's method, X-ray diffraction, and chemical conversion for the determination of absolute configurations. Varioxiranols F and G were found for the first time to link a xanthone moiety with a benzyl alcohol via an ether bond, while the dioxolanone group of 5 is unusual in nature. A cell-based lipid-lowering assay revealed that pre-shamixanthone (12) exerted significant inhibition against lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells without cytotoxic effects, accompanying the potent reduction of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Real-time quantitative PCR indicated that pre-shamixanthone (12) mediated the reduction of lipid accumulation related to the down-regulation of the expression of the key lipogenic transcriptional factor SREBP-1c and its downstream genes encoding FAS and ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University , Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Long
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University , Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Chen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University , Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University , 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University , Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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17
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Reen FJ, Romano S, Dobson ADW, O'Gara F. The Sound of Silence: Activating Silent Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Marine Microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4754-83. [PMID: 26264003 PMCID: PMC4557003 DOI: 10.3390/md13084754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlocking the rich harvest of marine microbial ecosystems has the potential to both safeguard the existence of our species for the future, while also presenting significant lifestyle benefits for commercial gain. However, while significant advances have been made in the field of marine biodiscovery, leading to the introduction of new classes of therapeutics for clinical medicine, cosmetics and industrial products, much of what this natural ecosystem has to offer is locked in, and essentially hidden from our screening methods. Releasing this silent potential represents a significant technological challenge, the key to which is a comprehensive understanding of what controls these systems. Heterologous expression systems have been successful in awakening a number of these cryptic marine biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, this approach is limited by the typically large size of the encoding sequences. More recently, focus has shifted to the regulatory proteins associated with each BGC, many of which are signal responsive raising the possibility of exogenous activation. Abundant among these are the LysR-type family of transcriptional regulators, which are known to control production of microbial aromatic systems. Although the environmental signals that activate these regulatory systems remain unknown, it offers the exciting possibility of evoking mimic molecules and synthetic expression systems to drive production of potentially novel natural products in microorganisms. Success in this field has the potential to provide a quantum leap forward in medical and industrial bio-product development. To achieve these new endpoints, it is clear that the integrated efforts of bioinformaticians and natural product chemists will be required as we strive to uncover new and potentially unique structures from silent or cryptic marine gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jerry Reen
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork-National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Stefano Romano
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork-National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork-National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork-National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
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18
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Albright JC, Henke MT, Soukup AA, McClure RA, Thomson RJ, Keller NP, Kelleher NL. Large-scale metabolomics reveals a complex response of Aspergillus nidulans to epigenetic perturbation. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1535-41. [PMID: 25815712 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The microbial world offers a rich source of bioactive compounds for those able to sift through it. Technologies capable of quantitatively detecting natural products while simultaneously identifying known compounds would expedite the search for new pharmaceutical leads. Prior efforts have targeted histone deacetylases in fungi to globally activate the production of new secondary metabolites, yet no study has directly assessed its effects with minimal bias at the metabolomic level. Using untargeted metabolomics, we monitored changes in >1000 small molecules secreted from the model fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, following genetic or chemical reductions in histone deacetylase activity (HDACi). Through quantitative, differential analyses, we found that nearly equal numbers of compounds were up- and down-regulated by >100 fold. We detected products from both known and unknown biosynthetic pathways and discovered that A. nidulans is capable of producing fellutamides, proteasome inhibitors whose expression was induced by ∼100 fold or greater upon HDACi. This work adds momentum to an "omics"-driven resurgence in natural products research, where direct detection replaces bioactivity as the primary screen for new pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Albright
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Genetics, ⊥Department of Bacteriology, #Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew T. Henke
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Genetics, ⊥Department of Bacteriology, #Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Alexandra A. Soukup
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Genetics, ⊥Department of Bacteriology, #Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ryan A. McClure
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Genetics, ⊥Department of Bacteriology, #Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Regan J. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Genetics, ⊥Department of Bacteriology, #Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Genetics, ⊥Department of Bacteriology, #Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, §Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Genetics, ⊥Department of Bacteriology, #Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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19
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Punya J, Swangmaneecharern P, Pinsupa S, Nitistaporn P, Phonghanpot S, Kunathigan V, Cheevadhanarak S, Tanticharoen M, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Phylogeny of type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) in fungal entomopathogens and expression analysis of PKS genes in Beauveria bassiana BCC 2660. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:538-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Nielsen KF, Larsen TO. The importance of mass spectrometric dereplication in fungal secondary metabolite analysis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:71. [PMID: 25741325 PMCID: PMC4330896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Having entered the Genomic Era, it is now evident that the biosynthetic potential of filamentous fungi is much larger than was thought even a decade ago. Fungi harbor many cryptic gene clusters encoding for the biosynthesis of polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and terpenoids - which can all undergo extensive modifications by tailoring enzymes - thus potentially providing a large array of products from a single pathway. Elucidating the full chemical profile of a fungal species is a challenging exercise, even with elemental composition provided by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) used in combination with chemical databases (e.g., AntiBase) to dereplicate known compounds. This has led to a continuous effort to improve chromatographic separation in conjunction with improvement in HRMS detection. Major improvements have also occurred with 2D chromatography, ion-mobility, MS/MS and MS(3), stable isotope labeling feeding experiments, classic UV/Vis, and especially automated data-mining and metabolomics software approaches as the sheer amount of data generated is now the major challenge. This review will focus on the development and implementation of dereplication strategies and will highlight the importance of each stage of the process from sample preparation to chromatographic separation and finally toward both manual and more targeted methods for automated dereplication of fungal natural products using state-of-the art MS instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian F Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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21
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Chen CJ, Liu XX, Zhang WJ, Zang LY, Wang G, Ng SW, Tan RX, Ge HM. Sesquiterpenoids isolated from an endophyte fungus Diaporthe sp. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13136c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten new sesquiterpenoids including six brasilane-type sesquiterpenoids, diaporols J–O (1–6), a 3,6-cycloprecapnellane sesquiterpenoid, diaporol P (7), and three drimane sesquiterpenoids, diaporols Q–S (8–10) were isolated from Diaporthe sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jun Chen
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Xian-Xian Liu
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Le-Yun Zang
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Seik Weng Ng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
| | - Ren-Xiang Tan
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Hui-Ming Ge
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
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22
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Fungal Secondary Metabolism in the Light of Animal–Fungus Interactions: From Mechanism to Ecological Function. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2531-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Recent advances in natural product discovery. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:230-7. [PMID: 25260043 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been and continue to be the source and inspiration for a substantial fraction of human therapeutics. Although the pharmaceutical industry has largely turned its back on natural product discovery efforts, such efforts continue to flourish in academia with promising results. Natural products have traditionally been identified from a top-down perspective, but more recently genomics- and bioinformatics-guided bottom-up approaches have provided powerful alternative strategies. Here we review recent advances in natural product discovery from both angles, including diverse sampling and innovative culturing and screening approaches, as well as genomics-driven discovery and genetic manipulation techniques for both native and heterologous expression.
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24
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Strategies for mining fungal natural products. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 41:301-13. [PMID: 24146366 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are well known for their ability to produce a multitude of natural products. On the one hand their potential to provide beneficial antibiotics and immunosuppressants has been maximized by the pharmaceutical industry to service the market with cost-efficient drugs. On the other hand identification of trace amounts of known mycotoxins in food and feed samples is of major importance to ensure consumer health and safety. Although several fungal natural products, their biosynthesis and regulation are known today, recent genome sequences of hundreds of fungal species illustrate that the secondary metabolite potential of fungi has been substantially underestimated. Since expression of genes and subsequent production of the encoded metabolites are frequently cryptic or silent under standard laboratory conditions, strategies for activating these hidden new compounds are essential. This review will cover the latest advances in fungal genome mining undertaken to unlock novel products.
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25
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Deane CD, Mitchell DA. Lessons learned from the transformation of natural product discovery to a genome-driven endeavor. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 41:315-31. [PMID: 24142337 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural product discovery is currently undergoing a transformation from a phenotype-driven field to a genotype-driven one. The increasing availability of genome sequences, coupled with improved techniques for identifying biosynthetic gene clusters, has revealed that secondary metabolomes are strikingly vaster than previously thought. New approaches to correlate biosynthetic gene clusters with the compounds they produce have facilitated the production and isolation of a rapidly growing collection of what we refer to as "reverse-discovered" natural products, in analogy to reverse genetics. In this review, we present an extensive list of reverse-discovered natural products and discuss seven important lessons for natural product discovery by genome-guided methods: structure prediction, accurate annotation, continued study of model organisms, avoiding genome-size bias, genetic manipulation, heterologous expression, and potential engineering of natural product analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D Deane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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26
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Bills GF, Gloer JB, An Z. Coprophilous fungi: antibiotic discovery and functions in an underexplored arena of microbial defensive mutualism. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:549-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Pockrandt D, Ludwig L, Fan A, König GM, Li SM. New Insights into the Biosynthesis of Prenylated Xanthones: Xptb fromAspergillus nidulansCatalyses an O-Prenylation of Xanthones. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2764-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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