1
|
Selvarajan V, Teo DBL, Chang CC, Ng YL, Cheong N, Sivalingam J, Khoo SHG, Wong A, Loo BLW. Piloting a scale-up platform for high-quality human T-cells production. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1427171. [PMID: 39071806 PMCID: PMC11282488 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1427171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies are an innovative solution to various severe diseases and unfulfilled needs. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT), a form of cellular immunotherapies, has been favored in recent years due to the approval of chimeric antigen receptor CAR-T products. Market research indicates that the industry's value is predicted to reach USD 24.4 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21.5%. More importantly, ACT is recognized as the hope and future of effective, personalized cancer treatment for healthcare practitioners and patients worldwide. The significant global momentum of this therapeutic approach underscores the urgent need to establish it as a practical and standardized method. It is essential to understand how cell culture conditions affect the expansion and differentiation of T-cells. However, there are ongoing challenges in ensuring the robustness and reproducibility of the manufacturing process. The current study evaluated various adoptive T-cell culture platforms to achieve large-scale production of several billion cells and high-quality cellular output with minimal cell death. It examined factors such as bioreactor parameters, media, supplements and stimulation. This research addresses the fundamental challenges of scalability and reproducibility in manufacturing, which are essential for making adoptive T-cell therapy an accessible and powerful new class of cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viknesvaran Selvarajan
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Denise Bei Lin Teo
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaw-Chiea Chang
- Chemical Engineering, Newcastle University in Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuen Ling Ng
- Chemical Engineering, Newcastle University in Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nge Cheong
- Quintech Life Sciences Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Adison Wong
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernard Liat Wen Loo
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahimzadeh A, Ein-Mozaffari F, Lohi A. Analyzing of hydrodynamic stress and mass transfer requirements of a fermentation process carried out in a coaxial bioreactor: a scale-up study. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:633-649. [PMID: 38557906 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-02990-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fluid hydrodynamic stress has a deterministic effect on the morphology of filamentous fungi. Although the coaxial mixer has been recognized as a suitable gas dispersion system for minimizing inhomogeneities within a bioreactor, its performance for achieving enhanced oxygen transfer while operating at a reduced shear environment has not been investigated yet, specifically upon scale-up. Therefore, the influence of the impeller type, aeration rate, and central impeller retrofitting on the efficacy of an abiotic coaxial system containing a shear-thinning fluid was examined. The aim was to assess the hydrodynamic parameters, including stress, mass transfer, bubble size, and gas hold-up, upon conducting a scale-up study. The investigation was conducted through dynamic gassing-in, tomography, and computational fluid dynamics combined with population balance methods. It was observed that the coaxial bioreactor performance was strongly influenced by the agitator type. In addition, coaxial bioreactors are scalable in terms of shear environment and oxygen transfer rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rahimzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Farhad Ein-Mozaffari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Ali Lohi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Madabhushi S, Tang T, Raza H, Busch DJ, Zhao X, Ormes J, Xu S, Moroney J, Jiang R, Lin H, Liu R. Contributions of Chinese hamster ovary cell derived extracellular vesicles and other cellular materials to hollow fiber filter fouling during perfusion manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1674-1687. [PMID: 38372655 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Hollow fiber filter fouling is a common issue plaguing perfusion production process for biologics therapeutics, but the nature of filter foulant has been elusive. Here we studied cell culture materials especially Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-derived extracellular vesicles in perfusion process to determine their role in filter fouling. We found that the decrease of CHO-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with 50-200 nm in diameter in perfusion permeates always preceded the increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP) and subsequent decrease in product sieving, suggesting that sEVs might have been retained inside filters and contributed to filter fouling. Using scanning electron microscopy and helium ion microscopy, we found sEV-like structures in pores and on foulant patches of hollow fiber tangential flow filtration filter (HF-TFF) membranes. We also observed that the Day 28 TMP of perfusion culture correlated positively with the percentage of foulant patch areas. In addition, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy-based elemental mapping microscopy and spectroscopy analysis suggests that foulant patches had enriched cellular materials but not antifoam. Fluorescent staining results further indicate that these cellular materials could be DNA, proteins, and even adherent CHO cells. Lastly, in a small-scale HF-TFF model, addition of CHO-specific sEVs in CHO culture simulated filter fouling behaviors in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on these results, we proposed a mechanism of HF-TFF fouling, in which filter pore constriction by CHO sEVs is followed by cake formation of cellular materials on filter membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Zhang
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sri Madabhushi
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hassan Raza
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - David J Busch
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xi Zhao
- Sterile and Specialty Products, Pharmaceutical Science & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Ormes
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sen Xu
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph Moroney
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rubin Jiang
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Henry Lin
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ren Liu
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gaugler L, Hofmann S, Schlüter M, Takors R. Mimicking CHO large-scale effects in the single multicompartment bioreactor: A new approach to access scale-up behavior. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1244-1256. [PMID: 38192095 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
During the scale-up of biopharmaceutical production processes, insufficiently predictable performance losses may occur alongside gradients and heterogeneities. To overcome such performance losses, tools are required to explain, predict, and ultimately prohibit inconsistencies between laboratory and commercial scale. In this work, we performed CHO fed-batch cultivations in the single multicompartment bioreactor (SMCB), a new scale-down reactor system that offers new access to study large-scale heterogeneities in mammalian cell cultures. At volumetric power inputs of 20.4-1.5 W m-3, large-scale characteristics like long mixing times and dissolved oxygen (DO) heterogeneities were mimicked in the SMCB. Compared to a reference bioreactor (REFB) set-up, the conditions in the SMCB provoked an increase in lactate accumulation of up to 87%, an increased glucose uptake, and reduced viable cell concentrations in the stationary phase. All are characteristic for large-scale performance. The unique possibility to distinguish between the effects of changing power inputs and observed heterogeneities provided new insights into the potential reasons for altered product quality attributes. Apparently, the degree of galactosylation in the evaluated glycan patterns changed primarily due to the different power inputs rather than the provoked heterogeneities. The SMCB system could serve as a potent tool to provide new insights into scale-up behavior and to predict cell line-specific drawbacks at an early stage of process development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gaugler
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hofmann
- Institute of Multiphase Flows, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schlüter
- Institute of Multiphase Flows, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang W, Ran Q, Zhao L, Ye Q, Tan WS. Characterization of cellular responses and cell lysis to elevated hydrodynamic stress from benchtop perfusion bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400063. [PMID: 38528344 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The effective design of perfusion cell culture is currently challenging regarding balancing the operating parameters associated with the hydrodynamic conditions due to increased system complexity. To address this issue, cellular responses of an industrial CHO cell line to different types of hydrodynamic stress in benchtop perfusion bioreactors originating from agitation, sparging, and hollow fibers (HF) in the cell retention devices were systematically investigated here with the analysis of cell lysis. It was found that cell lysis was very common and most associated with the sparging stress, followed by the HF and lastly the agitation, consequently heavily impacting the estimation of process descriptors related to biomass. The results indicated that the agitation stress led to a reduced cell growth with a shift toward a more productive phenotype, suggesting an energy redirection from biomass formation to product synthesis, whereas the sparging stress had a small impact on the intracellular metabolic flux distribution but increased the cell death rate drastically. For HF stress, a similar cell maintenance profile was found as the sparging while the activity of glycolysis and the TCA cycle was significantly impeded, potentially leading to the lack of energy and thus a substantial decrease in cell-specific productivity. Moreover, a novel concept of volume average shear stress was developed to further understand the relations of different types of stress and the observed responses for an improved insight for the perfusion cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Ran
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McRae O, Walls PLL, Natarajan V, Antoniou C, Bird JC. Elucidating the effects of microbubble pinch-off dynamics on mammalian cell viability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:524-534. [PMID: 37902645 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In the biotechnology industry, ensuring the health and viability of mammalian cells, especially Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, plays a significant role in the successful production of therapeutic agents. These cells are typically cultivated in aerated bioreactors, where they encounter fluid stressors from rapidly deforming bubbles. These stressors can disrupt essential biological processes and potentially lead to cell death. However, the impact of these transient, elevated stressors on cell viability remains elusive. In this study, we first employ /cgqamicrofluidics to expose CHO cells near to bubbles undergoing pinch-off, subsequently collecting and assaying the cells to quantify the reduction in viability. Observing a significant impact, we set out to understand this phenomenon. We leverage computational fluid dynamics and numerical particle tracking to map the stressor field history surrounding a rapidly deforming bubble. Separately, we expose CHO cells to a known stressor level in a flow constriction device, collecting and assaying the cells to quantify the reduction in viability. By integrating the numerical data and results from the flow constriction device experiments, we develop a predictive model for cell viability reduction. We validate this model by comparing its predictions to the earlier microfluidic results, observing good agreement. Our findings provide critical insights into the relationship between bubble-induced fluid stressors and mammalian cell viability, with implications for bioreactor design and cell culture protocol optimization in the biotechnology sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McRae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter L L Walls
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dunwoody College of Technology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Chris Antoniou
- Global Processing Engineering, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James C Bird
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moino C, Artusio F, Pisano R. Shear stress as a driver of degradation for protein-based therapeutics: More accomplice than culprit. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123679. [PMID: 38065348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Protein degradation is a major concern for protein-based therapeutics. It may alter the biological activity of the product and raise the potential for undesirable effects on the patients. Among the numerous drivers of protein degradation, shear stress has been the focus around which much work has revolved since the 1970s. In the pharmaceutical realm, the product is often processed through several unit operations, which include mixing, pumping, filtration, filling, and atomization. Nonetheless, the drug might be exposed to significant shear stresses, which might cooperatively contribute to product degradation, together with interfacial stress. This review presents fundamentals of shear stress about protein structure, followed by an overview of the drivers of product degradation. The impact of shear stress on protein stability in different unit operations is then presented, and recommendations for limiting the adverse effects on the biopharmaceutical formulations are outlined. Finally, several devices used to explore the effects of shear stress are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Moino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Fiora Artusio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mayer F, Cserjan-Puschmann M, Haslinger B, Shpylovyi A, Sam C, Soos M, Hahn R, Striedner G. Computational fluid dynamics simulation improves the design and characterization of a plug-flow-type scale-down reactor for microbial cultivation processes. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200152. [PMID: 36442862 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The scale-up of bioprocesses remains one of the major obstacles in the biotechnology industry. Scale-down bioreactors have been identified as valuable tools to investigate the heterogeneities observed in large-scale tanks at the laboratory scale. Additionally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be used to gain information about fluid flow in tanks used for production. Here, we present the rational design and comprehensive characterization of a scale-down setup, in which a flexible and modular plug-flow reactor was connected to a stirred-tank bioreactor. With the help of CFD using the realizable k-ε model, the mixing time difference between a 20 and 4000 L bioreactor was evaluated and used as scale-down criterion. CFD simulations using a shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model were used to characterize the plug-flow reactor in more detail, and the model was verified using experiments. Additionally, the model was used to simulate conditions where experiments technically could not be performed due to sensor limitations. Nevertheless, verification is difficult in this case as well. This was the first time a scale-down setup was tested on high-cell-density Escherichia coli cultivations to produce industrially relevant antigen-binding fragments (Fab). Biomass yield was reduced by 11% and specific product yield was reduced by 20% during the scale-down cultivations. Additionally, the intracellular Fab fraction was increased by using the setup. The flexibility of the introduced scale-down setup in combination with CFD simulations makes it a valuable tool for investigating scale effects at the laboratory scale. More information about the large scale is still necessary to further refine the setup and to speed up bioprocess scale-up in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mayer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Cserjan-Puschmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Haslinger
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Shpylovyi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Sam
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Rainer Hahn
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Scale-up study of aerated coaxial mixing reactors containing non-newtonian power-law fluids: Analysis of gas holdup, cavity size, and power consumption. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Hydrodynamics in the Single-Use Bioreactor Mobius® CellReady 3 L. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050206. [PMID: 35621484 PMCID: PMC9137553 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-way Euler-Lagrange simulations are performed to characterize the hydrodynamics in the single-use bioreactor Mobius® CellReady 3 L. The hydrodynamics in stirred tank bioreactors are frequently modeled with the Euler–Euler approach, which cannot capture the trajectories of single bubbles. The present study employs the two-way coupled Euler–Lagrange approach, which accounts for the individual bubble trajectories through Langrangian equations and considers their impact on the Eulerian liquid phase equations. Hydrodynamic process characteristics that are relevant for cell cultivation including the oxygen mass transfer coefficient, the mixing time, and the hydrodynamic stress are evaluated for different working volumes, sparger types, impeller speeds, and sparging rates. A microporous sparger and an open pipe sparger are considered where bubbles of different sizes are generated, which has a pronounced impact on the bubble dispersion and the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient. It is found that only the microporous sparger provides sufficiently high oxygen transfer to support typical suspended mammalian cell lines. The simulated mixing time and the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient are successfully validated with experimental results. Due to the small reactor size, mixing times are below 25 s across all tested conditions. For the highest sparging rate of 100 mL min−1, the mixing time is found to be two seconds shorter than for a sparging rate of 50 mL min−1, which again, is 0.1 s longer than for a sparging rate of 10 mL min−1 at the same impeller speed of 100 rpm and the working volume of 1.7 L. The hydrodynamic stress in this bioreactor is found to be below critical levels for all investigated impeller speeds of up to 150 rpm, where the maximum levels are found in the region where the bubbles pass behind the impeller blades.
Collapse
|
11
|
A comprehensive comparison of mixing and mass transfer in shake flasks and their relationship with MAb productivity of CHO cells. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1033-1045. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Wang H, Duan X, Feng X, Mao ZS, Yang C. Effect of impeller type and scale-up on spatial distribution of shear rate in a stirred tank. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Kreitmayer D, Gopireddy SR, Matsuura T, Aki Y, Katayama Y, Nakano T, Eguchi T, Kakihara H, Nonaka K, Profitlich T, Urbanetz NA, Gutheil E. CFD-Based and Experimental Hydrodynamic Characterization of the Single-Use Bioreactor Xcellerex TM XDR-10. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:22. [PMID: 35049731 PMCID: PMC8773232 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the hydrodynamic conditions in bioreactors is of utmost importance for the selection of operating conditions during cell culture process development. In the present study, the two-phase flow in the lab-scale single-use bioreactor XcellerexTM XDR-10 is characterized for working volumes from 4.5 L to 10 L, impeller speeds from 40 rpm to 360 rpm, and sparging with two different microporous spargers at rates from 0.02 L min-1 to 0.5 L min-1. The numerical simulations are performed with the one-way coupled Euler-Lagrange and the Euler-Euler models. The results of the agitated liquid height, the mixing time, and the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient are compared to experiments. For the unbaffled XDR-10, strong surface vortex formation is found for the maximum impeller speed. To support the selection of suitable impeller speeds for cell cultivation, the surface vortex formation, the average turbulence energy dissipation rate, the hydrodynamic stress, and the mixing time are analyzed and discussed. Surface vortex formation is observed for the maximum impeller speed. Mixing times are below 30 s across all conditions, and volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficients of up to 22.1 h-1 are found. The XDR-10 provides hydrodynamic conditions which are well suited for the cultivation of animal cells, despite the unusual design of a single bottom-mounted impeller and an unbaffled cultivation bioreactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kreitmayer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Srikanth R. Gopireddy
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Yuichi Aki
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Yuta Katayama
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Takuya Nakano
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Takuma Eguchi
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Hirofumi Kakihara
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Thomas Profitlich
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Nora A. Urbanetz
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Eva Gutheil
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kreitmayer D, Gopireddy SR, Matsuura T, Aki Y, Katayama Y, Kakihara H, Nonaka K, Profitlich T, Urbanetz NA, Gutheil E. Numerical and experimental characterization of the single-use bioreactor Xcellerex™ XDR-200. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
15
|
Šrom O, Trávníková V, Wutz J, Kuschel M, Unsoeld A, Wucherpfennig T, Šoóš M. Characterization of hydrodynamic stress in ambr250® bioreactor system and its impact on mammalian cell culture. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
The challenges of hydrodynamic forces on cells used in cell manufacturing and therapy. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
17
|
Strobl F, Duerkop M, Palmberger D, Striedner G. High shear resistance of insect cells: the basis for substantial improvements in cell culture process design. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9413. [PMID: 33941799 PMCID: PMC8093278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms cultivated in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) are more sensitive to environmental conditions in the suspension culture than microbial cells. The hypothesis, that stirring induced shear stress is the main problem, persists, although it has been shown that these cells are not so sensitive to shear. As these results are largely based on Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell experiments the question remains if similar behavior is valid for insect cells with a higher specific oxygen demand. The requirement of higher oxygen transfer rates is associated with higher shear forces in the process. Consequently, we focused on the shear resistance of insect cells, using CHO cells as reference system. We applied a microfluidic device that allowed defined variations in shear rates. Both cell lines displayed high resistance to shear rates up to 8.73 × 105 s−1. Based on these results we used microbial CSTRs, operated at high revolution speeds and low aeration rates and found no negative impact on cell viability. Further, this cultivation approach led to substantially reduced gas flow rates, gas bubble and foam formation, while addition of pure oxygen was no longer necessary. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of more robust insect cell culture processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Duerkop
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Striedner
- ACIB GmbH, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in spinner flasks: Implications for large scale cultured meat production. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Anane E, Knudsen IM, Wilson GC. Scale-down cultivation in mammalian cell bioreactors—The effect of bioreactor mixing time on the response of CHO cells to dissolved oxygen gradients. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Nienow AW. The Impact of Fluid Dynamic Stress in Stirred Bioreactors – The Scale of the Biological Entity: A Personal View. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin W. Nienow
- University of Birmingham School of Chemical Engineering B15 2TT Birmingham United Kingdom
- Loughborough University Biological Engineering Loughborough LE11 3TU Loughborough United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang G, Zhao X, Li X, Du G, Zhou J, Chen J. Challenges and possibilities for bio-manufacturing cultured meat. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
22
|
Möller J, Hernández Rodríguez T, Müller J, Arndt L, Kuchemüller KB, Frahm B, Eibl R, Eibl D, Pörtner R. Model uncertainty-based evaluation of process strategies during scale-up of biopharmaceutical processes. Comput Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.106693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Li C, Teng X, Peng H, Yi X, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Xia J. Novel scale-up strategy based on three-dimensional shear space for animal cell culture. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
24
|
Quiroz‐Arita C, Blaylock ML, Gharagozloo PE, Bark D, Prasad Dasi L, Bradley TH. Pilot‐scale open‐channel raceways and flat‐panel photobioreactors maintain well‐mixed conditions under a wide range of mixing energy inputs. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:959-969. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Quiroz‐Arita
- Sandia National Laboratories Livermore California
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | | | | | - David Bark
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Lakshmi Prasad Dasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Thomas H. Bradley
- Systems Engineering, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang X, Moroney J, Hoshan L, Jiang R, Xu S. Systematic evaluation of high-throughput scale-down models for single-use bioreactors (SUB) using volumetric gas flow rate as the criterion. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
26
|
Bayer B, Sissolak B, Duerkop M, von Stosch M, Striedner G. The shortcomings of accurate rate estimations in cultivation processes and a solution for precise and robust process modeling. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:169-178. [PMID: 31541314 PMCID: PMC6960212 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The accurate estimation of cell growth or the substrate consumption rate is crucial for the understanding of the current state of a bioprocess. Rates unveil the actual cell status, making them valuable for quality-by-design concepts. However, in bioprocesses, the real rates are commonly not accessible due to analytical errors. We simulated Escherichia coli fed-batch fermentations, sampled at four different intervals and added five levels of noise to mimic analytical inaccuracy. We computed stepwise integral estimations with and without using moving average estimations, and smoothing spline interpolations to compare the accuracy and precision of each method to calculate the rates. We demonstrate that stepwise integration results in low accuracy and precision, especially at higher sampling frequencies. Contrary, a simple smoothing spline function displayed both the highest accuracy and precision regardless of the chosen sampling interval. Based on this, we tested three different options for substrate uptake rate estimations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - B Sissolak
- Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - M Duerkop
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M von Stosch
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G Striedner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li XR, Yang YK, Wang RB, An FL, Zhang YD, Nie JQ, Ahamada H, Liu XX, Liu CL, Deng Y, Bai ZH, Li Y, Liu XR. A scale-down model of 4000-L cell culture process for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine production. Vaccine 2019; 37:6380-6389. [PMID: 31519448 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The anticipated increasing demand for inactivated foot-and-mouth (FMD) disease vaccine calls for its larger production capacity, while development of a large-scale process typically requires high running cost and has very limited experimental throughput at manufacturing scale. Thus, an economic scale-down model of representing a large-scale process becomes necessary and essential. In this study, we used a systematic approach to establish a scale-down model representing a 4000-L culture process for FMD vaccine production by suspension BHK-21 cells. In detail, we firstly compared hydrodynamic properties of three bioreactors (14-L, 800-L and 4000-L) under three different conditions (equivalent mixing time, equivalent shear stress and equivalent volumetric power). We figured out equivalent volumetric power (P/V) potentially as an appropriate scale-down strategy, since it resulted in comparable calculated hydrodynamic parameters among three bioreactors. Next, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to provide more details about hydrodynamic environments inside the bioreactors, which supports the reliability of this scale-down strategy. Finally, we compared cell growth, metabolites, vaccine productivity and product quality attributes during FMD vaccine production by BHK-21 cells and observed very close performances among three bioreactors, which once again demonstrates the robustness of this scale-down model. This scale-down strategy can be applied to study variations and critical quality attributes (CQAs) in the resultant production process based on quality by design (QbD) principles, aiming at further more efficient optimization of vaccine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ran Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan-Kun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rong-Bin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fang-Lan An
- China Agricultural Veterinary Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yun-De Zhang
- China Agricultural Veterinary Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jian-Qi Nie
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hadji Ahamada
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiu-Xia Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chun-Li Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yu Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhong-Hu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Ye Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Xue-Rong Liu
- China Agricultural Veterinary Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Walther J, McLarty J, Johnson T. The effects of alternating tangential flow (ATF) residence time, hydrodynamic stress, and filtration flux on high‐density perfusion cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:320-332. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Walther
- Bioprocess Development, SanofiFramingham Massachusetts
| | - Jean McLarty
- Bioprocess Development, SanofiFramingham Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Delafosse A, Calvo S, Collignon ML, Toye D. Comparison of hydrodynamics in standard stainless steel and single-use bioreactors by means of an Euler-Lagrange approach. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
30
|
Li C, Shu W, Wang S, Liu P, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Xia J. Dynamic metabolic response of Aspergillus niger to glucose perturbation: evidence of regulatory mechanism for reduced glucoamylase production. J Biotechnol 2018; 287:28-40. [PMID: 30134150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental gradient is an important common issue during scale-up process for protein production. To address the dynamic regulatory mechanism of Aspergillus niger being exposed to inhomogeneous glucose concentrations, glucose perturbation were experimented on the steady state of A. niger chemostat culture, and dynamic profiles of the intracellular metabolites in central carbon metabolism were tracked in a time scale of seconds. The upper glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway showed sharp variations after glucose perturbation, while the lower glycolysis, TCA cycle and amino acid pools represented a moderate and prolonged response due to the allosteric regulation of enzymes and buffering function of metabolites with large pool sizes. Improved glucose-6-phosphate enhanced the metabolic flux to PP pathway remarkably, which provided not only more redox cofactors (NADPH) for protein synthesis but also more precursors (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and ribose-5-phosphate) for cell growth. Moreover, reduction of the total adenine nucleotides and major precursor amino acids indicated the upregulated RNA synthesis was required to produce stress proteins, and partially explained the drop of glucoamylase production when A. niger experienced a fluctuated glucose concentration environment. These findings would be valuable for improving bioreactor operation, design, and scale-up from engineering or genetic aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yingpping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Siliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianye Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jiang R, Chen H, Xu S. pH excursions impact CHO cell culture performance and antibody N-linked glycosylation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1731-1741. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
32
|
Alsayyari AA, Pan X, Dalm C, van der Veen JW, Vriezen N, Hageman JA, Wijffels RH, Martens DE. Transcriptome analysis for the scale-down of a CHO cell fed-batch process. J Biotechnol 2018; 279:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
Zhu L, Han W, Song B, Wang Z. Characterizing the fluid dynamics in the flow fields of cylindrical orbitally shaken bioreactors with different geometry sizes. Eng Life Sci 2018; 18:570-578. [PMID: 32624937 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbitally shaken bioreactors (OSRs) are commonly used for the cultivation of mammalian cells in suspension. To aid the geometry designing and optimizing of OSRs, we conducted a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to characterize the flow fields in a 10 L cylindrical OSR with different vessel diameters. The liquid wave shape captured by a camera experimentally validated the CFD models established for the cylindrical OSR. The geometry size effect on volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) and hydromechanical stress was analyzed by varying the ratio of vessel diameter (d) to liquid height at static (h L), d/h L. The highest value of kLa about 30 h-1 was observed in the cylindrical vessel with the d/h L of 6.35. Moreover, the magnitudes of shear stress and energy dissipation rate in all the vessels tested were below their minimum values causing cells damage separately, which indicated that the hydromechanical-stress environment in OSRs is suitable for cells cultivation in suspension. Finally, the CFD results suggested that the d/h L higher than 8.80 should not be adopted for the 10 L cylindrical OSR at the shaking speed of 180 rpm because the "out of phase" state probably will happen there.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likuan Zhu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Wang Han
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Boyan Song
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bertrand V, Vogg S, Villiger TK, Stettler M, Broly H, Soos M, Morbidelli M. Proteomic analysis of micro-scale bioreactors as scale-down model for a mAb producing CHO industrial fed-batch platform. J Biotechnol 2018; 279:27-36. [PMID: 29719200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical production of recombinant proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies, is rather complex and requires proper development work. Accordingly, it is essential to develop appropriate scale-down models, which can mimic the corresponding production scale. In this work, we investigated the impact of the bioreactor scale on intracellular micro-heterogeneities of a CHO cell line producing monoclonal antibodies in fed-batch mode, using a 10 mL micro-bioreactor (ambr™) scale-down model and the corresponding 300 L pilot-scale bioreactor. For each scale, we measured the time evolution of the proteome, which enabled us to compare the impact of the bioreactor scale on the intracellular processes. Nearly absolute accordance between the scales was verified by data mining methods, such as hierarchical clustering and in-detail analysis on a single protein base. The time response of principal enzymes related to N-glycosylation was discussed, emphasizing major dissimilarities between the glycan fractions adorning the heavy chain and the corresponding protein abundance. The enzyme expression displayed mainly a constant profile, whereas the resulting glycan pattern changed over time. It is concluded that the enzymatic activity is influenced by the changing environmental conditions present in the fed-batch processes leading to the observed time-dependent variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vania Bertrand
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Vogg
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur -Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur -Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Villiger TK, Neunstoecklin B, Karst DJ, Lucas E, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Experimental and CFD physical characterization of animal cell bioreactors: From micro- to production scale. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
36
|
Zhu L, Monteil DT, Wang Y, Song B, Hacker DL, Wurm MJ, Li X, Wang Z, Wurm FM. Fluid dynamics of flow fields in a disposable 600-mL orbitally shaken bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
37
|
Staying alive! Sensors used for monitoring cell health in bioreactors. Talanta 2018; 176:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
38
|
High Performance Agent-Based Modeling to Simulate Mammalian Cell Culture Bioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64241-7.50237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
39
|
Chang D, Fox R, Hicks E, Ferguson R, Chang K, Osborne D, Hu W, Velev OD. Investigation of interfacial properties of pure and mixed poloxamers for surfactant-mediated shear protection of mammalian cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:358-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Application of EulerLagrange CFD for quantitative evaluating the effect of shear force on Carthamus tinctorius L. cell in a stirred tank bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
42
|
Quantitative evaluation of the shear threshold on Carthamus tinctorius L. cell growth with computational fluid dynamics in shaken flask bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
43
|
Reimonn TM, Park SY, Agarabi CD, Brorson KA, Yoon S. Effect of amino acid supplementation on titer and glycosylation distribution in hybridoma cell cultures-Systems biology-based interpretation using genome-scale metabolic flux balance model and multivariate data analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1163-1173. [PMID: 27452371 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Genome-scale flux balance analysis (FBA) is a powerful systems biology tool to characterize intracellular reaction fluxes during cell cultures. FBA estimates intracellular reaction rates by optimizing an objective function, subject to the constraints of a metabolic model and media uptake/excretion rates. A dynamic extension to FBA, dynamic flux balance analysis (DFBA), can calculate intracellular reaction fluxes as they change during cell cultures. In a previous study by Read et al. (2013), a series of informed amino acid supplementation experiments were performed on twelve parallel murine hybridoma cell cultures, and this data was leveraged for further analysis (Read et al., Biotechnol Prog. 2013;29:745-753). In order to understand the effects of media changes on the model murine hybridoma cell line, a systems biology approach is applied in the current study. Dynamic flux balance analysis was performed using a genome-scale mouse metabolic model, and multivariate data analysis was used for interpretation. The calculated reaction fluxes were examined using partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis. The results indicate media supplementation increases product yield because it raises nutrient levels extending the growth phase, and the increased cell density allows for greater culture performance. At the same time, the directed supplementation does not change the overall metabolism of the cells. This supports the conclusion that product quality, as measured by glycoform assays, remains unchanged because the metabolism remains in a similar state. Additionally, the DFBA shows that metabolic state varies more at the beginning of the culture but less by the middle of the growth phase, possibly due to stress on the cells during inoculation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1163-1173, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Reimonn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell
| | - Seo-Young Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell
| | - Cyrus D Agarabi
- Division II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER, FDA, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Kurt A Brorson
- Division II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER, FDA, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
López-Meza J, Araíz-Hernández D, Carrillo-Cocom LM, López-Pacheco F, Rocha-Pizaña MDR, Alvarez MM. Using simple models to describe the kinetics of growth, glucose consumption, and monoclonal antibody formation in naive and infliximab producer CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:1287-300. [PMID: 26091615 PMCID: PMC4960177 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their practical and commercial relevance, there are few reports on the kinetics of growth and production of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-the most frequently used host for the industrial production of therapeutic proteins. We characterize the kinetics of cell growth, substrate consumption, and product formation in naive and monoclonal antibody (mAb) producing recombinant CHO cells. Culture experiments were performed in 125 mL shake flasks on commercial culture medium (CD Opti CHO™ Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) diluted to different glucose concentrations (1.2-4.8 g/L). The time evolution of cell, glucose, lactic acid concentration and monoclonal antibody concentrations was monitored on a daily basis for mAb-producing cultures and their naive counterparts. The time series were differentiated to calculate the corresponding kinetic rates (rx = d[X]/dt; rs = d[S]/dt; rp = d[mAb]/dt). Results showed that these cell lines could be modeled by Monod-like kinetics if a threshold substrate concentration value of [S]t = 0.58 g/L (for recombinant cells) and [S]t = 0.96 g/L (for naïve cells), below which growth is not observed, was considered. A set of values for μmax, and Ks was determined for naive and recombinant cell cultures cultured at 33 and 37 °C. The yield coefficient (Yx/s) was observed to be a function of substrate concentration, with values in the range of 0.27-1.08 × 10(7) cell/mL and 0.72-2.79 × 10(6) cells/mL for naive and recombinant cultures, respectively. The kinetics of mAb production can be described by a Luedeking-Piret model (d[mAb]/dt = αd[X]/dt + β[X]) with values of α = 7.65 × 10(-7) µg/cell and β = 7.68 × 10(-8) µg/cell/h for cultures conducted in batch-agitated flasks and batch and instrumented bioreactors operated in batch and fed-batch mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julián López-Meza
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Diana Araíz-Hernández
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Leydi Maribel Carrillo-Cocom
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte kilómetro 33.5, C.P. 97203, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Felipe López-Pacheco
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - María Del Refugio Rocha-Pizaña
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139, USA.
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sieblist C, Jenzsch M, Pohlscheidt M. Equipment characterization to mitigate risks during transfers of cell culture manufacturing processes. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:1381-401. [PMID: 26231834 PMCID: PMC4960186 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of monoclonal antibodies by mammalian cell culture in bioreactors up to 25,000 L is state of the art technology in the biotech industry. During the lifecycle of a product, several scale up activities and technology transfers are typically executed to enable the supply chain strategy of a global pharmaceutical company. Given the sensitivity of mammalian cells to physicochemical culture conditions, process and equipment knowledge are critical to avoid impacts on timelines, product quantity and quality. Especially, the fluid dynamics of large scale bioreactors versus small scale models need to be described, and similarity demonstrated, in light of the Quality by Design approach promoted by the FDA. This approach comprises an associated design space which is established during process characterization and validation in bench scale bioreactors. Therefore the establishment of predictive models and simulation tools for major operating conditions of stirred vessels (mixing, mass transfer, and shear force.), based on fundamental engineering principles, have experienced a renaissance in the recent years. This work illustrates the systematic characterization of a large variety of bioreactor designs deployed in a global manufacturing network ranging from small bench scale equipment to large scale production equipment (25,000 L). Several traditional methods to determine power input, mixing, mass transfer and shear force have been used to create a data base and identify differences for various impeller types and configurations in operating ranges typically applied in cell culture processes at manufacturing scale. In addition, extrapolation of different empirical models, e.g. Cooke et al. (Paper presented at the proceedings of the 2nd international conference of bioreactor fluid dynamics, Cranfield, UK, 1988), have been assessed for their validity in these operational ranges. Results for selected designs are shown and serve as examples of structured characterization to enable fast and agile process transfers, scale up and troubleshooting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sieblist
- Pharma Biotech Production, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377, Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Marco Jenzsch
- Pharma Biotech Production, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Karst DJ, Serra E, Villiger TK, Soos M, Morbidelli M. Characterization and comparison of ATF and TFF in stirred bioreactors for continuous mammalian cell culture processes. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
47
|
Neunstoecklin B, Villiger TK, Lucas E, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Pilot-scale verification of maximum tolerable hydrodynamic stress for mammalian cell culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3489-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
48
|
Chalmers JJ. Mixing, aeration and cell damage, 30+ years later: what we learned, how it affected the cell culture industry and what we would like to know more about. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
49
|
Delafosse A, Calvo S, Collignon ML, Delvigne F, Crine M, Toye D. Euler–Lagrange approach to model heterogeneities in stirred tank bioreactors – Comparison to experimental flow characterization and particle tracking. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
50
|
Le H, Vishwanathan N, Jacob NM, Gadgil M, Hu WS. Cell line development for biomanufacturing processes: recent advances and an outlook. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1553-64. [PMID: 25971160 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At the core of a biomanufacturing process for recombinant proteins is the production cell line. It influences the productivity and product quality. Its characteristics also dictate process development, as the process is optimized to complement the producing cell to achieve the target productivity and quality. Advances in the past decade, from vector design to cell line screening, have greatly expanded our capability to attain producing cell lines with certain desired traits. Increasing availability of genomic and transcriptomic resources for industrially important cell lines coupled with advances in genome editing technology have opened new avenues for cell line development. These developments are poised to help biosimilar manufacturing, which requires targeting pre-defined product quality attributes, e.g., glycoform, to match the innovator's range. This review summarizes recent advances and discusses future possibilities in this area.
Collapse
|