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Arnolds KL, Higgins RC, Crandall J, Li G, Linger JG, Guarnieri MT. Risk Assessment of Industrial Microbes Using a Terrestrial Mesocosm Platform. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 87:12. [PMID: 38072911 PMCID: PMC10710964 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Industrial microbes and bio-derived products have emerged as an integral component of the bioeconomy, with an array of agricultural, bioenergy, and biomedical applications. However, the rapid development of microbial biotechnology raises concerns related to environmental escape of laboratory microbes, detection and tracking thereof, and resultant impact upon native ecosystems. Indeed, though wild-type and genetically modified microbes are actively deployed in industrial bioprocesses, an understanding of microbial interactivity and impact upon the environment is severely lacking. In particular, the persistence and sustained ecosystem impact of industrial microbes following laboratory release or unintentional laboratory escape remains largely unexplored. Herein, we investigate the applicability of soil-sorghum mesocosms for the ecological risk assessment of the industrial microbe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We developed and applied a suite of diagnostic and bioinformatic analyses, including digital droplet PCR, microscopy, and phylogenomic analyses to assess the impacts of a terrestrial ecosystem perturbation event over a 30-day time course. The platform enables reproducible, high-sensitivity tracking of S. cerevisiae in a complex soil microbiome and analysis of the impact upon abiotic soil characteristics and soil microbiome population dynamics and diversity. The resultant data indicate that even though S. cerevisiae is relatively short-lived in the soil, a single perturbation event can have sustained impact upon mesocosm soil composition and underlying microbial populations in our system, underscoring the necessity for more comprehensive risk assessment and development of mitigation and biocontainment strategies in industrial bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Arnolds
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Riley C Higgins
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jennifer Crandall
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Gabriella Li
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Linger
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Michael T Guarnieri
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
- Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
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Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of industrial autochthonous Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the selection of well-adapted bioethanol-producing strains. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:658-673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Lorca Mandujano GP, Alves HC, Prado CD, Martins JG, Novaes HR, Maia de Oliveira da Silva JP, Teixeira GS, Ohara A, Alves MH, Pedrino IC, Malavazi I, Paiva de Sousa C, da Cunha AF. Identification and selection of a new Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain isolated from Brazilian ethanol fermentation process for application in beer production. Food Microbiol 2022; 103:103958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Coradini ALV, da Silveira Bezerra de Mello F, Furlan M, Maneira C, Carazzolle MF, Pereira GAG, Teixeira GS. QTL mapping of a Brazilian bioethanol strain links the cell wall protein-encoding gene GAS1 to low pH tolerance in S. cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:239. [PMID: 34915919 PMCID: PMC8675505 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharomyces cerevisiae is largely applied in many biotechnological processes, from traditional food and beverage industries to modern biofuel and biochemicals factories. During the fermentation process, yeast cells are usually challenged in different harsh conditions, which often impact productivity. Regarding bioethanol production, cell exposure to acidic environments is related to productivity loss on both first- and second-generation ethanol. In this scenario, indigenous strains traditionally used in fermentation stand out as a source of complex genetic architecture, mainly due to their highly robust background-including low pH tolerance. RESULTS In this work, we pioneer the use of QTL mapping to uncover the genetic basis that confers to the industrial strain Pedra-2 (PE-2) acidic tolerance during growth at low pH. First, we developed a fluorescence-based high-throughput approach to collect a large number of haploid cells using flow cytometry. Then, we were able to apply a bulk segregant analysis to solve the genetic basis of low pH resistance in PE-2, which uncovered a region in chromosome X as the major QTL associated with the evaluated phenotype. A reciprocal hemizygosity analysis revealed the allele GAS1, encoding a β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase, as the casual variant in this region. The GAS1 sequence alignment of distinct S. cerevisiae strains pointed out a non-synonymous mutation (A631G) prevalence in wild-type isolates, which is absent in laboratory strains. We further showcase that GAS1 allele swap between PE-2 and a low pH-susceptible strain can improve cell viability on the latter of up to 12% after a sulfuric acid wash process. CONCLUSION This work revealed GAS1 as one of the main causative genes associated with tolerance to growth at low pH in PE-2. We also showcase how GAS1PE-2 can improve acid resistance of a susceptible strain, suggesting that these findings can be a powerful foundation for the development of more robust and acid-tolerant strains. Our results collectively show the importance of tailored industrial isolated strains in discovering the genetic architecture of relevant traits and its implications over productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro L V Coradini
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-2910, USA
| | - Fellipe da Silveira Bezerra de Mello
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Monique Furlan
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Carla Maneira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimaraes Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Gleidson Silva Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
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Prado CD, Mandrujano GPL, Souza JP, Sgobbi FB, Novaes HR, da Silva JPMO, Alves MHR, Eliodório KP, Cunha GCG, Giudici R, Procópio DP, Basso TO, Malavazi I, Cunha AF. Physiological characterization of a new thermotolerant yeast strain isolated during Brazilian ethanol production, and its application in high-temperature fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:178. [PMID: 33117432 PMCID: PMC7590731 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of thermotolerant yeast strains can improve the efficiency of ethanol fermentation, allowing fermentation to occur at temperatures higher than 40 °C. This characteristic could benefit traditional bio-ethanol production and allow simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of starch or lignocellulosic biomass. RESULTS We identified and characterized the physiology of a new thermotolerant strain (LBGA-01) able to ferment at 40 °C, which is more resistant to stressors as sucrose, furfural and ethanol than CAT-1 industrial strain. Furthermore, this strain showed similar CAT-1 resistance to acetic acid and lactic acid, and it was also able to change the pattern of genes involved in sucrose assimilation (SUC2 and AGT1). Genes related to the production of proteins involved in secondary products of fermentation were also differentially regulated at 40 °C, with reduced expression of genes involved in the formation of glycerol (GPD2), acetate (ALD6 and ALD4), and acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2 (ACS2). Fermentation tests using chemostats showed that LBGA-01 had an excellent performance in ethanol production in high temperature. CONCLUSION The thermotolerant LBGA-01 strain modulates the production of key genes, changing metabolic pathways during high-temperature fermentation, and increasing its resistance to high concentration of ethanol, sugar, lactic acid, acetic acid, and furfural. Results indicate that this strain can be used to improve first- and second-generation ethanol production in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton D. Prado
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Gustavo P. L. Mandrujano
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Jonas. P. Souza
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Flávia B. Sgobbi
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Hosana R. Novaes
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - João P. M. O. da Silva
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Mateus H. R. Alves
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Kevy P. Eliodório
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Gabriel C. G. Cunha
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Giudici
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Diele P. Procópio
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Thiago O. Basso
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Anderson F. Cunha
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
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Sampaio NMV, Watson RA, Argueso JL. Controlled Reduction of Genomic Heterozygosity in an Industrial Yeast Strain Reveals Wide Cryptic Phenotypic Variation. Front Genet 2019; 10:782. [PMID: 31572430 PMCID: PMC6749062 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundant genomic heterozygosity can be found in wild strains of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from industrial and clinical environments. The extent to which heterozygosity influences the phenotypes of these isolates is not fully understood. One such case is the PE-2/JAY270 strain, a natural hybrid widely adopted by sugarcane bioethanol distilleries for its ability to thrive under harsh biotic and abiotic stresses during industrial scale fermentation, however, it is not known whether or how the heterozygous configuration of the JAY270 genome contributes to its many desirable traits. In this study, we took a step toward exploring this question by conducting an initial functional characterization of JAY270’s heteroalleles. We manipulated the abundance and distribution of heterozygous alleles through inbreeding and targeted uniparental disomy (UPD). Unique combinations of homozygous alleles in each inbred strain revealed wide phenotypic variation for at least two important industrial traits: Heat stress tolerance and competitive growth. Quantitative trait loci analyses allowed the identification of broad genomic regions where genetic polymorphisms potentially impacted these traits, and there was no overlap between the loci associated with each. In addition, we adapted an approach to induce bidirectional UPD of three targeted pairs of chromosomes (IV, XIV, and XV), while heterozygosity was maintained elsewhere in the genome. In most cases UPD led to detectable phenotypic alterations, often in opposite directions between the two homozygous haplotypes in each UPD pair. Our results showed that both widespread and regional homozygosity could uncover cryptic phenotypic variation supported by the heteroalleles residing in the JAY270 genome. Interestingly, we characterized multiple examples of inbred and UPD strains that displayed heat tolerance or competitive growth phenotypes that were superior to their heterozygous parent. However, we propose that homozygosity for those regions may be associated with a decrease in overall fitness in the complex and dynamic distillery environment, and that may have contributed to slowing down the erosion of heterozygosity from the JAY270 genome. This study also laid a foundation for approaches that can be expanded to the identification of specific alleles of interest for industrial applications in this and other hybrid yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M V Sampaio
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Ruth A Watson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Juan Lucas Argueso
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Paulino de Souza J, Dias do Prado C, Eleutherio EC, Bonatto D, Malavazi I, Ferreira da Cunha A. Improvement of Brazilian bioethanol production – Challenges and perspectives on the identification and genetic modification of new strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts isolated during ethanol process. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:583-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Beato FB, Bergdahl B, Rosa CA, Forster J, Gombert AK. Physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from Brazilian biomes: new insights into biodiversity and industrial applications. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow076. [PMID: 27609600 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from the barks of three tree species located in the Atlantic Rain Forest and Cerrado biomes in Brazil were genetically and physiologically compared to laboratory strains and to strains from the Brazilian fuel ethanol industry. Although no clear correlation could be found either between phenotype and isolation spot or between phenotype and genomic lineage, a set of indigenous strains with superior industrially relevant traits over commonly known industrial and laboratory strains was identified: strain UFMG-CM-Y257 has a very high specific growth rate on sucrose (0.57 ± 0.02 h-1), high ethanol yield (1.65 ± 0.02 mol ethanol mol hexose equivalent-1), high ethanol productivity (0.19 ± 0.00 mol L-1 h-1), high tolerance to acetic acid (10 g L-1) and to high temperature (40°C). Strain UFMG-CM-Y260 displayed high ethanol yield (1.67 ± 0.13 mol ethanol mol hexose equivalent-1), high tolerance to ethanol and to low pH, a trait which is important for non-aseptic industrial processes. Strain UFMG-CM-Y267 showed high tolerance to acetic acid and to high temperature (40°C), which is of particular interest to second generation industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe B Beato
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083862, Brazil The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05434070, Brazil
| | - Basti Bergdahl
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jochen Forster
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Andreas K Gombert
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083862, Brazil Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05434070, Brazil
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dos Santos LV, de Barros Grassi MC, Gallardo JCM, Pirolla RAS, Calderón LL, de Carvalho-Netto OV, Parreiras LS, Camargo ELO, Drezza AL, Missawa SK, Teixeira GS, Lunardi I, Bressiani J, Pereira GAG. Second-Generation Ethanol: The Need is Becoming a Reality. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2015.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luige Llerena Calderón
- GranBio/BioCelere, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Salera Parreiras
- GranBio/BioCelere, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sílvia Kazue Missawa
- GranBio/BioCelere, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gleidson Silva Teixeira
- GranBio/BioCelere, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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Improving conversion yield of fermentable sugars into fuel ethanol in 1st generation yeast-based production processes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 33:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Carvalho-Netto OV, Carazzolle MF, Mofatto LS, Teixeira PJPL, Noronha MF, Calderón LAL, Mieczkowski PA, Argueso JL, Pereira GAG. Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional reprograming due to bacterial contamination during industrial scale bioethanol production. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:13. [PMID: 25633848 PMCID: PMC4318157 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bioethanol production system used in Brazil is based on the fermentation of sucrose from sugarcane feedstock by highly adapted strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bacterial contaminants present in the distillery environment often produce yeast-bacteria cellular co-aggregation particles that resemble yeast-yeast cell adhesion (flocculation). The formation of such particles is undesirable because it slows the fermentation kinetics and reduces the overall bioethanol yield. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the molecular physiology of one of the main S. cerevisiae strains used in Brazilian bioethanol production, PE-2, under two contrasting conditions: typical fermentation, when most yeast cells are in suspension, and co-aggregated fermentation. The transcriptional profile of PE-2 was assessed by RNA-seq during industrial scale fed-batch fermentation. Comparative analysis between the two conditions revealed transcriptional profiles that were differentiated primarily by a deep gene repression in the co-aggregated samples. The data also indicated that Lactobacillus fermentum was likely the main bacterial species responsible for cellular co-aggregation and for the high levels of organic acids detected in the samples. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report the high-resolution gene expression profiling of strain PE-2 during industrial-scale fermentations and the transcriptional reprograming observed under co-aggregation conditions. This dataset constitutes an important resource that can provide support for further development of this key yeast biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmar V Carvalho-Netto
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciana S Mofatto
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Melline F Noronha
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luige A L Calderón
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Juan Lucas Argueso
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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