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Panagopoulos V, Karabagias IK, Dima A, Boura K, Kanellaki M, Bosnea L, Nigam PSN, Koutinas A. Promotion of lactose isomerization to fructose and lactulose in one batch by immobilized enzymes on bacterial cellulose membranes. Food Chem 2024; 457:140127. [PMID: 38908252 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The production of the sugars fructose and lactulose from lactose using the enzymes β-galactosidase and glucose isomerase immobilized on bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes has been investigated. Lactose is hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase at 30 °C to glucose and galactose at a high conversion rate, while at the same temperature, glucose isomerase is not effective in converting the produced glucose to fructose. The rate of the isomerization reaction of glucose to fructose at 70 °C has been studied. Two types of enzyme immobilization were investigated: immobilization in one stage and immobilization in two stages. The results showed that BC membrane increased three-fold the yield and the reaction rate of fructose and lactulose production from lactose. The noteworthy enhancement of BC membranes' impact on the isomerization reaction by immobilized enzymes grants permission for a novel research avenue within the context of white biotechnology development. Additionally, this effect amplifies the role of BC in sustainability and the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Panagopoulos
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Karabagias
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, G. Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Agapi Dima
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Boura
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Kanellaki
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Loulouda Bosnea
- Department of Dairy Research, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization "DIMITRA", 3 Ethnikis Antistaseos St., 45221 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Poonam Singh Nee Nigam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster at Coleraine, County Londonderry, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Athanasios Koutinas
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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2
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Jarrard TR, Brock E, Hansen LD, Kenealey JD. Measuring β-galactosidase activity in opaque dairy solutions under optimum conditions for galactooligosaccharide synthesis by isothermal titration calorimetry. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8312-8320. [PMID: 37641293 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The dairy industry uses enzymes to make cheese, alter product flavor, and eliminate lactose. The activities of these enzymes have been measured in clear buffered solutions, but because of the limitations of spectrophotometric methods, enzyme activities have not been measured in opaque or colored dairy products where they are used. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) can be used to determine reaction kinetics in opaque and colored solutions by measuring the heat rate (thermal power) from enzyme-catalyzed reactions as a function of time. This study used ITC to measure β-galactosidase activity in opaque solutions of milk, sweet whey, sweet whey permeate, acid whey, and acid whey permeate with 2 β-galactosidase (Enzyme Commission number 3.2.1.23) isozymes derived from Aspergillus oryzae and Kluyveromyces lactis. The components of the dairy fluids alter the enzyme kinetics and reaction thermodynamics, and the reactions catalyzed by the 2 homologues differ as shown by differing thermodynamic profiles. The study demonstrates that ITC can be used to measure enzyme activity in opaque and colored dairy fluids and identify reactions by their thermodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Jarrard
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - E Brock
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - L D Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - J D Kenealey
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602.
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Wang M, Wang L, Lyu X, Hua X, Goddard JM, Yang R. Lactulose production from lactose isomerization by chemo-catalysts and enzymes: Current status and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108021. [PMID: 35901861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose, a semisynthetic nondigestive disaccharide with versatile applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, has received increasing interest due to its significant health-promoting effects. Currently, industrial lactulose production is exclusively carried out by chemical isomerization of lactose via the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein (LA) rearrangement, and much work has been directed toward improving the conversion efficiency in terms of lactulose yield and purity by using new chemo-catalysts and integrated catalytic-purification systems. Lactulose can also be produced by an enzymatic route offering a potentially greener alternative to chemo-catalysis with fewer side products. Compared to the controlled trans-galactosylation by β-galactosidase, directed isomerization of lactose with high isomerization efficiency catalyzed by the most efficient lactulose-producing enzyme, cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE), has gained much attention in recent decades. To further facilitate the industrial translation of CE-based lactulose biotransformation, numerous studies have been reported on improving biocatalytic performance through enzyme mediated molecular modification. This review summarizes recent developments in the chemical and enzymatic production of lactulose. Related catalytic mechanisms are also highlighted and described in detail. Emerging techniques that aimed at advancing lactulose production, such as the boronate affinity-based technique and molecular biological techniques, are reviewed. Finally, perspectives on challenges and opportunities in lactulose production and purification are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Julie M Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
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Karim A, Aider M. Production of prebiotic lactulose through isomerisation of lactose as a part of integrated approach through whey and whey permeate complete valorisation: A review. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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de Albuquerque TL, de Sousa M, Gomes E Silva NC, Girão Neto CAC, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rocha MVP. β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis: Characterization, production, immobilization and applications - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:881-898. [PMID: 34571129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A review on the enzyme β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis is presented, from the perspective of its structure and mechanisms of action, the main catalyzed reactions, the key factors influencing its activity, and selectivity, as well as the main techniques used for improving the biocatalyst functionality. Particular attention was given to the discussion of hydrolysis, transglycosylation, and galactosylation reactions, which are commonly mediated by this enzyme. In addition, the products generated from these processes were highlighted. Finally, biocatalyst improvement techniques are also discussed, such as enzyme immobilization and protein engineering. On these topics, the most recent immobilization strategies are presented, emphasizing processes that not only allow the recovery of the biocatalyst but also deliver enzymes that show better resistance to high temperatures, chemicals, and inhibitors. In addition, genetic engineering techniques to improve the catalytic properties of the β-galactosidases were reported. This review gathers information to allow the development of biocatalysts based on the β-galactosidase enzyme from K. lactis, aiming to improve existing bioprocesses or develop new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Lima de Albuquerque
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marylane de Sousa
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natan Câmara Gomes E Silva
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Chaves Girão Neto
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - CSIC, Campus of excellence UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Continuous production of tempe-based bioactive peptides using an automated enzymatic membrane reactor. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ubilla C, Ramírez N, Valdivia F, Vera C, Illanes A, Guerrero C. Synthesis of Lactulose in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor With β-Galactosidase of Apergillus oryzae Immobilized in Monofunctional Glyoxyl Agarose Support. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:699. [PMID: 32695768 PMCID: PMC7338315 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactulose synthesis from fructose and lactose in continuous stirred tank (CSTR) reactor operation with glyoxyl-agarose immobilized Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase is reported for the first time. The effect of operational variables: inlet concentrations of sugar substrates, temperature, feed substrate molar ratio, enzyme loading and feed flow rate was studied on reactor performance. Even though the variation of each one affected to a certain extent lactulose yield (YLactulose), specific productivity (πLactulose) and selectivity of the reaction (lactulose/transgalactosylated oligosaccharides molar ratio) (SLu/TOS), the most significant effects were obtained by varying the inlet concentrations of sugar substrates and the feed substrate molar ratio. Maximum YLactulose of 0.54 g⋅g–1 was obtained at 50°C, pH 4.5, 50% w/w inlet concentrations of sugar substrates, feed flowrate of 12 mL⋅min–1, fructose/lactose molar ratio of 8 and reactor enzyme load of 29.06 IUH⋅mL–1. At such conditions SLu/TOS was 3.7, lactose conversion (XLactose) was 0.39 and total transgalactosylation yield was 0.762 g⋅g–1, meaning that 76% of the reacted lactose corresponded to transgalactosylation and 24% to hydrolysis, which is a definite advantage of this mode of operation. Even though XLactose in CSTR was lower than in other reported modes of operation for lactulose synthesis, transgalactosylation was more favored over hydrolysis which reduced the inhibitory effect of galactose on β-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ubilla
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nicolás Ramírez
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felipe Valdivia
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
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8
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Improvement in the yield and selectivity of lactulose synthesis with Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Human Deoxycytidine Kinase Is a Valuable Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Nucleotide Analogues. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9120997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural ribonucleoside-5’-monophosphates are building blocks for nucleic acids which are used for a number of purposes, including food additives. Their analogues, additionally, are used in pharmaceutical applications. Fludarabine-5´-monophosphate, for example, is effective in treating hematological malignancies. To date, ribonucleoside-5’-monophosphates are mainly produced by chemical synthesis, but the inherent drawbacks of this approach have led to the development of enzymatic synthesis routes. In this study, we evaluated the potential of human deoxycytidine kinase (HsdCK) as suitable biocatalyst for the synthesis of natural and modified ribonucleoside-5’-monophosphates from their corresponding nucleosides. Human dCK was heterologously expressed in E. coli and immobilized onto Nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) superflow. A screening of the substrate spectrum of soluble and immobilized biocatalyst revealed that HsdCK accepts a wide range of natural and modified nucleosides, except for thymidine and uridine derivatives. Upon optimization of the reaction conditions, HsdCK was used for the synthesis of fludarabine-5´-monophosphate using increasing substrate concentrations. While the soluble biocatalyst revealed highest product formation with the lowest substrate concentration of 0.3 mM, the product yield increased with increasing substrate concentrations in the presence of the immobilized HsdCK. Hence, the application of immobilized HsdCK is advantageous upon using high substrate concentration which is relevant in industrial applications.
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Guerrero C, Valdivia F, Ubilla C, Ramírez N, Gómez M, Aburto C, Vera C, Illanes A. Continuous enzymatic synthesis of lactulose in packed-bed reactor with immobilized Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:296-302. [PMID: 30708333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose synthesis from fructose and lactose in continuous packed-bed reactor operation with glyoxyl-agarose immobilized Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase is reported for the first time. Alternative strategies to conventional batch synthesis have been scarcely explored for lactulose synthesis. The effect of flow rate, substrates ratio and biocatalyst-inert packing material mass ratio (MB/MIM) were studied on reactor performance. Increase in any of these variables produced an increase in lactulose yield (YLu) being higher than obtained in batch synthesis at comparable conditions. Maximum YLu of 0.6 g·g-1 was obtained at 50 °C, pH 4.5, 50% w/w total sugars, 15 mL·min-1, fructose/lactose molar ratio of 12 and MB/MIM of 1/8 g·g-1; at such conditions yield of transgalactosylated oligosaccharides (YTOS) was 0.16 g·g-1, selectivity (lactulose/TOS molar ratio) was 5.4 and lactose conversion (XLactose) was 28%. Reactor operation with recycle had no significant effect on yield, producing only some decrease in productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Felipe Valdivia
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Ubilla
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nicolás Ramírez
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Matías Gómez
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carla Aburto
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
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Immobilization of β-galactosidase in glutaraldehyde-chitosan and its application to the synthesis of lactulose using cheese whey as feedstock. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Guerrero C, Vera C, Illanes A. Fed-batch operation for the synthesis of lactulose with β-galactosidase of Aspergillus oryzae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 237:126-134. [PMID: 28162924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fed-batch synthesis of lactulose from lactose and fructose with Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase was evaluated, obtaining a concentration of 40.4g·L-1, which is 20% higher than obtained in batch, while the concentration of transgalactosylated oligosaccharides (TOS) was reduced by 98%. Therefore, selectivity of lactulose synthesis can be significantly higher by operating in fed-batch mode. The enzyme-limiting substrate mass ratio (E/S) is a critical variable in fed-batch operation. Higher values favor lactose hydrolysis over transgalactosylation, being 400IU/g the limit for proper lactulose synthesis in fed-batch operation. Selectivity of lactulose synthesis increased with E/S being quite high at 800IUH·g-1 or higher. However, this increase was obtained at the expense of lactulose yield. Lactulose synthesis in fed-batch operation was a better option than conventional batch synthesis, since higher product concentration and selectivity of lactulose over TOS synthesis were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile.
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Liao XY, Zheng QW, Zhou QL, Lin JF, Guo LQ, Yun F. Characterization of recombinant β- galactosidase and its use in enzymatic synthesis of lactulose from lactose and fructose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Recent advances on prebiotic lactulose production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:154. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Silvério SC, Macedo EA, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. Biocatalytic Approaches Using Lactulose: End Product Compared with Substrate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:878-896. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. Silvério
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering; Univ. do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Eugénia A. Macedo
- LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia; Univ. do Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - José A. Teixeira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering; Univ. do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Lígia R. Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering; Univ. do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
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Development of a continuous membrane reactor process for enzyme-catalyzed lactulose synthesis. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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