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Li X, Ren JN, Fan G, Zhang LL, Pan SY. Isolation, purification, and mass spectrometry identification of the enzyme involved in citrus flavor (+)-valencene biotransformation to (+)-nootkatone by Yarrowia lipolytica. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4792-4802. [PMID: 36897036 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (+)-Nootkatone is a highly valuable sesquiterpene compound that can be used as an aromatic in the food industry because of its grapefruit flavor and low sensory threshold. The unconventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has many unique physical and chemical properties, metabolic characteristics, and genetic structure, which has aroused the interest of researchers. Previous research showed that Y. lipolytica possesses the ability to transform the sesquiterpene (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone. The aim of this study was to isolate, purify, and identify the enzyme involved in the (+)-valencene bioconversion to (+)-nootkatone by Y. lipolytica. RESULTS In this study, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography, and gel-filtration chromatography were used to separate and purify the enzyme involved in the (+)-valencene bioconversion by Y. lipolytica. The protein was identified as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) (gene0658) using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The ALDH had the highest activity when the pH value was 6.0 and the temperature was 30 °C. The activity of ALDH was significantly stimulated by ferrous ions and inhibited by barium, calcium, and magnesium ions. CONCLUSION This is the first time that ALDH was found to participate in (+)-valencene biotransformation by Y. lipolytica. It may be involved in regulating the microbial transformation of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone through redox characteristics. This study provides a theoretical basis and reference for the biological synthesis of citrus flavor (+)-nootkatone. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Nan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Shanbhag AP. Stairway to Stereoisomers: Engineering Short- and Medium-Chain Ketoreductases To Produce Chiral Alcohols. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200687. [PMID: 36640298 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The short- and medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamilies are responsible for most chiral alcohol production in laboratories and industries. In nature, they participate in diverse roles such as detoxification, housekeeping, secondary metabolite production, and catalysis of several chemicals with commercial and environmental significance. As a result, they are used in industries to create biopolymers, active pharmaceutical intermediates (APIs), and are also used as components of modular enzymes like polyketide synthases for fabricating bioactive molecules. Consequently, random, semi-rational and rational engineering have helped transform these enzymes into product-oriented efficient catalysts. The rise of newer synthetic chemicals and their enantiopure counterparts has proved challenging, and engineering them has been the subject of numerous studies. However, they are frequently limited to the synthesis of a single chiral alcohol. The study attempts to defragment and describe hotspots of engineering short- and medium-chain dehydrogenases/reductases for the production of chiral synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh P Shanbhag
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009, India.,Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., C-CAMP, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS-TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560003, India
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Zhang LL, Chen Y, Li ZJ, Fan G, Li X. Production, Function, and Applications of the Sesquiterpenes Valencene and Nootkatone: a Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:121-142. [PMID: 36541855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Valencene and nootkatone, two sesquiterpenes, extracted from natural sources, have great market potential with diverse applications. This paper aims to comprehensively review the recent advances in valencene and nootkatone, including source, production, physicochemical and biological properties, safety and pharmacokinetics evaluation, potential uses, and their industrial applications as well as future research directions. Microbial biosynthesis offers a promising alternative approach for sustainable production of valencene and nootkatone. Both compounds exert various beneficial activities, including antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective and other activities. However, most of the studies are performed in animals and in vitro, making it difficult to give a conclusive description about their health benefits and extend their application. Hence, more attention should be paid to in vivo and long-term clinical studies in the future. Moreover, valencene and nootkatone are considered safe for consumption and show great promise in the applications of food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jian Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Li X, An Q, Qu SS, Ren JN, Fan G, Zhang LL, Pan SY. Differential proteomic analysis of citrus flavor (+)-valencene biotransformation to (+)-nootkatone by Yarrowia lipolytica. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1031-1048. [PMID: 35961559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Natural products (+)-nootkatone is an important sesquiterpene compound and is widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural and food industries. The aim of this study was to analyze the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during citrus aroma compound (+)-valencene biotransformation to (+)-nootkatone by Yarrowia lipolyticaby with high-throughput LC-MS/MS. A total of 778 proteins were differentially expressed, 385 DEPs were significantly up-regulated and 393 DEPs were markedly down-regulated. It was found that the enzymes transformed (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone were mainly existed in yeast intracellular and precipitated under the condition of 30-40 % ammonium sulfate. Most DEPs involved in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism were down-regulated during (+)-valencene biotransformation. The DEPs related to the carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and most of transporter proteins were significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, the key enzymes involved in (+)-valencene transformation might be related to cytochrome P450s (gene2215 and gene2911) and dehydrogenases (gene6493). This is the first time that proteomics was used to investigate the metabolism mechanism of Yarrowia lipolytica during (+)-valencene biotransformation. The proteomic analysis of Yarrowia lipolytica provided a foundation for the molecular regulatory mechanism in the biotransformation to (+)-nootkatone from (+)-valencene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi An
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sha-Sha Qu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing-Nan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Si-Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Li X, Ren JN, Fan G, He J, Zhang LL, Pan SY. Genomic and Transcriptomic analysis screening key genes for (+)-valencene biotransformation to (+)-nootkatone in Yarrowia lipolytica. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kokorin A, Urlacher VB. Artificial fusions between P450 BM3 and an alcohol dehydrogenase for efficient (+)-nootkatone production. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200065. [PMID: 35333425 PMCID: PMC9325546 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multi‐enzyme cascades enable the production of valuable chemical compounds, and fusion of the enzymes that catalyze these reactions can improve the reaction outcome. In this work, P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium and an alcohol dehydrogenase from Sphingomonas yanoikuyae were fused to bifunctional constructs to enable cofactor regeneration and improve the in vitro two‐step oxidation of (+)‐valencene to (+)‐nootkatone. An up to 1.5‐fold increased activity of P450 BM3 was achieved with the fusion constructs compared to the individual enzyme. Conversion of (+)‐valencene coupled to cofactor regeneration and performed in the presence of the solubilizing agent cyclodextrin resulted in up to 1080 mg L−1 (+)‐nootkatone produced by the fusion constructs as opposed to 620 mg L−1 produced by a mixture of the separate enzymes. Thus, a two‐step (+)‐valencene oxidation was considerably improved through the simple method of enzyme fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsenij Kokorin
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf: Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Universitaetstr. 1, 40225, Dusseldorf, GERMANY
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Aminudin NI, Ridzuan M, Susanti D, Zainal Abidin ZA. Biotransformation of sesquiterpenoids: a recent insight. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022; 24:103-145. [PMID: 33783284 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1906657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids have been identified as natural compounds showing remarkable biological activities found in medicinal plants. There is great interest in developing methods to obtain sesquiterpenoids derivatives and biotransformation is one of the alternative methods for structural modification of complex sesquiterpenes structures. Biotransformation is a great drug design tool offering high selectivity and green method. The present review describes a comprehensive summary of biotransformation products of sesquiterpenoids and its structural modification utilizing a variety of biocatalysts including microorganisms, plant tissue culture and enzymes. This review covers recent literatures from 2007 until 2020 and highlights the experimental conditions for each biotransformation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Iman Aminudin
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
| | - Munirah Ridzuan
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
| | - Deny Susanti
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
| | - Zaima Azira Zainal Abidin
- Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
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Heath RS, Ruscoe RE, Turner NJ. The beauty of biocatalysis: sustainable synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:335-388. [PMID: 34879125 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 up to July 2021The market for cosmetics is consumer driven and the desire for green, sustainable and natural ingredients is increasing. The use of isolated enzymes and whole-cell organisms to synthesise these products is congruent with these values, especially when combined with the use of renewable, recyclable or waste feedstocks. The literature of biocatalysis for the synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics in the past five years is herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Heath
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Rebecca E Ruscoe
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Li X, Ren JN, Fan G, Zhang LL, Pan SY. Advances on (+)-nootkatone microbial biosynthesis and its related enzymes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab046. [PMID: 34279658 PMCID: PMC8788795 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
(+)-Nootkatone is an important functional sesquiterpene and is comprehensively used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural and food flavor industries. However, (+)-nootkatone is accumulated trace amounts in plants, and the demand for industry is mainly met by chemical methods which is harmful to the environment. The oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes prepared using microbial methods can be considered as "natural." Microbial transformation has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, environmental protection, and strong stereoselectivity, and has become an important method for the production of natural spices. The microbial biosynthesis of (+)-nootkatone from the main precursor (+)-valencene is summarized in this paper. Whole-cell systems of fungi, bacteria, microalgae, and plant cells have been employed. It was described that the enzymes involved in the microbial biosynthesis of (+)-nootkatone, including cytochrome p450 enzymes, laccase, lipoxygenase, and so on. More recently, the related enzymes were expressed in microbial hosts to heterologous produce (+)-nootkatone, such as Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, the development direction of research for realizing industrialization of microbial transformation was summarized and it provided many options for future improved bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing-Nan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Si-Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Hartz P, Gehl M, König L, Bernhardt R, Hannemann F. Development and application of a highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9 system for genome engineering in Bacillus megaterium. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:170-179. [PMID: 33600891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus megaterium has become increasingly important for the biotechnological production of valuable compounds of industrial and pharmaceutical importance. Despite recent advances in rational strain design of B. megaterium, these studies have been largely impaired by the lack of molecular tools that are not state-of-the-art for comprehensive genome engineering approaches. In the current work, we describe the adaptation of the CRISPR-Cas9 vector pJOE8999 to enable efficient genome editing in B. megaterium. Crucial modifications comprise the exchange of promoter elements and associated ribosomal binding sites as well as the implementation of a 5-fluorouracil based counterselection system to facilitate proper plasmid curing. In addition, the functionality and performance of the new CRISPR-Cas9 vector pMOE was successfully evaluated by chromosomal disruption studies of the endogenous β-galactosidase gene (BMD_2126) and demonstrated an outstanding efficiency of 100 % based on combinatorial pheno- and genotype analyses. Furthermore, pMOE was applied for the genomic deletion of a steroid esterase gene (BMD_2256) that was identified among several other candidates as the gene encoding the esterase, which prevented accumulation of pharmaceutically important glucocorticoid esters. Recombinant expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase 1 gene (cat1) in the resulting esterase deficient B. megaterium strain ultimately yielded C21-acetylated as well as novel C21-esterified derivates of cortisone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hartz
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Manuel Gehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Present address: Microbial Protein Structure Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa König
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Paulino BN, Sales A, Felipe L, Pastore GM, Molina G, Bicas JL. Recent advances in the microbial and enzymatic production of aroma compounds. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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de Melo CN, Moreira Meireles A, da Silva VS, Robles-Azocar P, DeFreitas-Silva G. Manganese complex catalyst for valencene oxidation: The first use of metalloporphyrins for the selective production of nootkatone. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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