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Berenjian A, Mahdinia E, Demirci A. Sustainable menaquinone-7 production through continuous fermentation in biofilm bioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:1107-1116. [PMID: 38864863 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-03040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a vital vitamin with numerous health benefits, is synthesized and secreted extracellularly by the formation of biofilm, dominantly in Bacillus strains. Our team developed an innovative biofilm reactor utilizing Bacillus subtilis natto cells to foster biofilm growth on plastic composite supports to produce MK-7. Continuous fermentation in biofilm reactors offers a promising strategy for achieving sustainable and efficient production of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7). Unlike conventional batch fermentation, continuous biofilm reactors maintain a steady state of operation, which reduces resource consumption and waste generation, contributing to sustainability. By optimizing fermentation conditions, MK-7 production was significantly enhanced in this study, demonstrating the potential for sustainable industrial-scale production. To determine the optimal operational parameters, various dilution rates were tested. These rates were selected based on their potential to enhance nutrient supply and biofilm stability, thereby improving MK-7 production. By carefully considering the fermentation conditions and systematically varying the dilution rates, MK-7 production was significantly enhanced during continuous fermentation. The MK-7 productivity was found to increase from 0.12 mg/L/h to 0.33 mg/L/h with a dilution rate increment from 0.007 to 0.042 h-1). This range was chosen to explore the impact of various nutrient supply rates on MK-7 production and to identify the optimal conditions for maximizing productivity. However, a further increase in the dilution rate to 0.084 h-1 led to reduced productivity at approximately 0.16 mg/L/h, likely due to insufficient retention time for effective biofilm formation. Consequently, a dilution rate of 0.042 h-1 exhibited the highest productivity of 0.33 mg/L/h, outperforming all investigated dilution rates and demonstrating the critical balance between nutrient supply and retention time in continuous fermentation. These findings validate the feasibility of operating continuous fermentation at a 0.084 h-1 dilution rate, corresponding to a 48 h retention time, to achieve the highest MK-7 productivity compared to conventional batch fermentation. The significant advancements achieved in enhancing Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) productivity through continuous fermentation at optimal dilution rates in the present work indicate promising prospects for even greater efficiency and sustainability in MK-7 production through future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Berenjian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 221 Agricultural Engineering Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ehsan Mahdinia
- Stack Family Center for Biopharmaceutical Education and Training, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Ali Demirci
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 221 Agricultural Engineering Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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2
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Kurt E, Devlin G, Asokan A, Segura T. Gene Delivery From Granular Scaffolds for Tunable Biologics Manufacturing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2309911. [PMID: 38462954 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The understanding of the molecular basis for disease has generated a myriad of therapeutic biologics, including therapeutic proteins, antibodies, and viruses. However, the promise that biologics can resolve currently incurable diseases hinges in their manufacturability. These therapeutics require that their genetic material be introduced to mammalian cells such that the cell machinery can manufacture the biological components. These are then purified, validated, and packaged. Most manufacturing uses batch processes that collect the biologic a few days following genetic modification, due to toxicity or difficulty in separating product from cells in a continuous operation, limiting the amount of biologic that can be produced and resulting in yearlong backlogs. Here, a scaffold-based approach for continuous biologic manufacturing is presented, with sustained production of active antibodies and viruses for 30 days. The use of scaffold-based biologic production enabled perfusion-based bioreactors to be used, which can be incorporated into a fully continuous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Kurt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Garth Devlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Departments Neurology and Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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3
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Yan G, Lu X, Sun R, Zhou W, Zhou H. Intensified perfusion culture (IPC) reduced recombinant protein fragmentation. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3405. [PMID: 37997628 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells remain the mainstay of biological production host. In industry, cultivating and harvest strategies are sorted in batch mode (e.g., batch, fed-batch, concentrated fed-batch and intensified fed-batch) and continuous mode (e.g., perfusion). To retrieve greater productivity and better product quality, especially for the sensitive products prone to fragmentation, culture modes with various modifications are innovated (e.g., intensified perfusion culture [IPC]). In our study, we demonstrated that the fragmentation of Fc-fusion product (Molecule A) is time-dependent in traditional fed-batch (TFB) culture. The fragmentation proportion increased from 3.8% to 12.4% for Clone A, 0.8% to 1.7% for Clone B and 0.9% to 2.0% for Clone C from Day 10 to Day 14. By applying a novel bioprocess, IPC, which allows continuous feeding of the fresh medium and constant removal of the spent medium without bleeding cells to maintain a defined constant viable cell density, the fragmentation was reduced to 0.3% while the productivity was increased from 2.96 g/L to 15.51 g/L for Clone A. To validate whether the fragmentation reduction is product-sensitive, plasmids carrying the DNA sequences of two other Fc-fusion molecules (Molecule B and Molecule C) were transfected into the host. The results showed consistent fragmentation reducing effect by using IPC. Furthermore, the cultivation scale was expanded to 50 L and 1000 L. A minimum fragmentation level below 0.1% was observed for Molecule C. Our study revealed the capability of IPC in reducing Fc-fusion protein fragmentation and the reproducibility when scaling up while maintaining high productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yan
- Cell Culture Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Cell Culture Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqiang Sun
- Cell Culture Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Biologics Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Bioprocess Research and Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
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4
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Xiang S, Zhang J, Yu L, Tian J, Tang W, Tang H, Xu K, Wang X, Cui Y, Ren K, Cao W, Su Y, Zhou W. Developing an ultra-intensified fed-batch cell culture process with greatly improved performance and productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:696-709. [PMID: 37994547 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Intensified fed-batch (IFB), a popular cell culture intensification strategy, has been widely used for productivity improvement through high density inoculation followed by fed-batch cultivation. However, such an intensification strategy may counterproductively induce rapidly progressing cell apoptosis and difficult-to-sustain productivity. To improve culture performance, we developed a novel cell culture process intermittent-perfusion fed-batch (IPFB) which incorporates one single or multiple cycles of intermittent perfusion during an IFB process for better sustained cellular and metabolic behaviors and notably improved productivity. Unlike continuous perfusion or other semi-continuous processes such as hybrid perfusion fed-batch with only early-stage perfusion, IPFB applies limited times of intermittent perfusion in the mid-to-late stage of production and still inherits bolus feedings on nonperfusion days as in a fed-batch culture. Compared to IFB, an average titer increase of ~45% was obtained in eight recombinant CHO cell lines studied. Beyond IPFB, ultra-intensified IPFB (UI-IPFB) was designed with a markedly elevated seeding density of 20-80 × 106 cell/mL, achieved through the conventional alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF) perfusion expansion followed with a cell culture concentration step using the same ATF system. With UI-IPFB, up to ~6 folds of traditional fed-batch and ~3 folds of IFB productivity were achieved. Furthermore, the application grounded in these two novel processes showed broad-based feasibility in multiple cell lines and products of interest, and was proven to be effective in cost of goods reduction and readily scalable to a larger scale in existing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Le Yu
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenxiu Tang
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Kecui Xu
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Kaidi Ren
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Weijia Cao
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuning Su
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
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Geng SL, Zhao XJ, Zhang X, Zhang JH, Mi CL, Wang TY. Recombinant therapeutic proteins degradation and overcoming strategies in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:182. [PMID: 38285115 PMCID: PMC10824870 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cell lines are frequently used as the preferred host cells for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) having post-translational modified modification similar to those observed in proteins produced by human cells. Nowadays, most RTPs approved for marketing are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Recombinant therapeutic antibodies are among the most important and promising RTPs for biomedical applications. One of the issues that occurs during development of RTPs is their degradation, which caused by a variety of factors and reducing quality of RTPs. RTP degradation is especially concerning as they could result in reduced biological functions (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity) and generate potentially immunogenic species. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying RTP degradation and strategies for avoiding degradation have regained an interest from academia and industry. In this review, we outline recent progress in this field, with a focus on factors that cause degradation during RTP production and the development of strategies for overcoming RTP degradation. KEY POINTS: • The recombinant therapeutic protein degradation in CHO cell systems is reviewed. • Enzymatic factors and non-enzymatic methods influence recombinant therapeutic protein degradation. • Reducing the degradation can improve the quality of recombinant therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lei Geng
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Chun-Liu Mi
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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Fan Y, Sun YN, Qiao LZ, Mao RQ, Tang SY, Shi C, Yao SJ, Lin DQ. Evaluation of dynamic control of continuous capture with periodic counter-current chromatography under feedstock variations. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464528. [PMID: 38029658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Multi-column periodic counter-current chromatography is a promising technology for continuous antibody capture. However, dynamic changes due to disturbances and drifts pose some potential risks for continuous processes during long-term operation. In this study, a model-based approach was used to describe the changes in breakthrough curves with feedstock variations in target proteins and impurities. The performances of continuous capture of three-column periodic counter-current chromatography under ΔUV dynamic control were systematically evaluated with modeling to assess the risks under different feedstock variations. As the concentration of target protein decreased rapidly, the protein might not breakthrough from the first column, resulting in the failure of ΔUV control. Small reductions in the concentrations of target proteins or impurities would cause protein losses, which could be predicted by the modeling. The combination of target protein and impurity variations showed complicated effects on the process performance of continuous capture. A contour map was proposed to describe the comprehensive impacts under different situations, and nonoperation areas could be identified due to control failure or protein loss. With the model-based approach, after the model parameters are estimated from the breakthrough curves, it can rapidly predict the process stability under dynamic control and assess the risks under feedstock variations or UV signal drifts. In conclusion, the model-based approach is a powerful tool for continuous process evaluation under dynamic changes and would be useful for establishing a new real-time dynamic control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang-Zhi Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruo-Que Mao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Si-Yuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shan-Jing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dong-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Lao T, Farnos O, Bueno A, Alvarez A, Rodríguez E, Palacios J, de la Luz KR, Kamen A, Carpio Y, Estrada MP. Transient Expression in HEK-293 Cells in Suspension Culture as a Rapid and Powerful Tool: SARS-CoV-2 N and Chimeric SARS-CoV-2N-CD154 Proteins as a Case Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3050. [PMID: 38002050 PMCID: PMC10669214 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous work, we proposed a vaccine chimeric antigen based on the fusion of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein to the extracellular domain of the human CD40 ligand (CD154). This vaccine antigen was named N-CD protein and its expression was carried out in HEK-293 stably transfected cells, grown in adherent conditions and serum-supplemented medium. The chimeric protein obtained in these conditions presented a consistent pattern of degradation. The immunization of mice and monkeys with this chimeric protein was able to induce a high N-specific IgG response with only two doses in pre-clinical experiments. In order to explore ways to diminish protein degradation, in the present work, the N and N-CD proteins were produced in suspension cultures and serum-free media following transient transfection of the HEK-293 clone 3F6, at different scales, including stirred-tank controlled bioreactors. The results showed negligible or no degradation of the target proteins. Further, clones stably expressing N-CD were obtained and adapted to suspension culture, obtaining similar results to those observed in the transient expression experiments in HEK-293-3F6. The evidence supports transient protein expression in suspension cultures and serum-free media as a powerful tool to produce in a short period of time high levels of complex proteins susceptible to degradation, such as the SARS-CoV-2 N protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thailin Lao
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, Havana 10600, Cuba; (T.L.)
| | - Omar Farnos
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (O.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexi Bueno
- Process Development Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba (J.P.); (K.R.d.l.L.)
| | - Anays Alvarez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, Havana 10600, Cuba; (T.L.)
| | - Elsa Rodríguez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, Havana 10600, Cuba; (T.L.)
| | - Julio Palacios
- Process Development Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba (J.P.); (K.R.d.l.L.)
| | - Kathya Rashida de la Luz
- Process Development Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba (J.P.); (K.R.d.l.L.)
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (O.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, Havana 10600, Cuba; (T.L.)
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, Havana 10600, Cuba; (T.L.)
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Lang Z, Yan S, Xiong Q, Chen G. WAVE-based intensified perfusion cell culture for fast process development. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:1117-1131. [PMID: 37382759 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a rocking type bioreactor system, specifically the WAVE 25, in an intensified perfusion culture (IPC) mode for monoclonal antibody (mAb) production in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. METHODS A disposable perfusion bag with floating membrane was used in the IPC process. An automated filter switching system was employed to continuously clarify the harvested post-membrane culture fluid. The overall cell culture performance, product titer, and quality were compared to those of a typical IPC conducted in a bench-top glass bioreactor. RESULTS The results showed that the overall trends of cell culture performance, product titer (accumulated harvest volumetric titer) were similar to those of the typical IPC conducted in the glass bioreactor, while the purity related quality were slightly better than the typical run. Furthermore, with the automated filter switching system, the harvested post-membrane culture fluid could be continuously clarified, making it suitable for downstream continuous chromatography. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated the feasibility of using the WAVE-based rocking type bioreactor in the N stage IPC process, which increases the flexibility in adopting IPC process. The results suggest that the rocking type bioreactor system could be a viable alternative to traditional stirred tank bioreactors for perfusion culture in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lang
- Cell Culture Process Development (CCPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Shaofan Yan
- Cell Culture Process Development (CCPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Qingqing Xiong
- Cell Culture Process Development (CCPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Cell Culture Process Development (CCPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
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Romann P, Kolar J, Chappuis L, Herwig C, Villiger TK, Bielser JM. Maximizing Yield of Perfusion Cell Culture Processes: Evaluation and Scale-up of Continuous Bleed Recycling. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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10
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Matanguihan C, Wu P. Upstream continuous processing: recent advances in production of biopharmaceuticals and challenges in manufacturing. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102828. [PMID: 36332340 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Upstream continuous processing, or most commonly perfusion processing, for biopharmaceutical production, is emerging as a feasible and viable manufacturing approach. Development in production of recombinant therapeutic proteins as well as viral vectors, vaccines, and cell therapy products, has numerous research publications that came out in previous years. Recent research areas are in perfusion-operation strategies maximizing and controlling bioreactor cell density, adding feed solution designed to supplement basal medium feed stream, combining cell line engineering with bioreactor conditions such as hypoxia, and implementing online process monitoring of cell density by capacitance sensor and metabolites by Raman spectroscopy. Perfusion applications are not limited to production process alone but include other upstream areas where high cell density process is essential such as in cell bank preparation, N-1 seed bioreactor, and combination with intensified fed-batch production process. This review covers recent advances in continuous processing over the last two years for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary Matanguihan
- Bayer U.S. LLC, Pharmaceuticals, Biologics Development, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA.
| | - Paul Wu
- Bayer U.S. LLC, Pharmaceuticals, Biologics Development, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA
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Maria S, Bonneau L, Fould B, Ferry G, Boutin JA, Cabanne C, Santarelli X, Joucla G. Perfusion process for CHO cell producing monoclonal antibody: comparison of methods for determination of the optimum cell specific perfusion rate. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Optimization for Simultaneous Removal of Product/Process-Related Impurities of Peptide Fc-Fusion Protein Using Cation Exchange Chromatography. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc fusion proteins are used as therapeutic agents with unique structures by combining the Fc domain of an antibody with other active proteins, cytokines, and enzymes. Peptide Fc-fusion proteins are complex fusion molecules that possess a structure different from that of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and are difficult to express, thereby affecting their quality. Many product/process-related impurities generated during the production of peptide Fc-fusion proteins pose a risk to the robustness of pre-existing three-column platforms for the purification of mAbs. Thus, we first evaluated the effect of pH, conductivity, and dynamic binding capacity (DBC; g of product per liter of resin) on the separation of host cell protein (HCP) and high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) proteins in strong cation exchange chromatography and then established an operating range using the design of experiments (DoE). Based on our studies, the optimal removal rates of HCP and HMW were achieved under the following conditions: 8 CV of wash buffer, 20–23 g/L of resin DBC, and an elution buffer conductivity of 63–66 mS/cm. The conductivity of the wash buffer used to remove the LMW was 50 mS/cm. In addition, reproducibility was confirmed by scaling up two batches using the Fractogel® EMD SO3− (M) resin. As a result of confirming with a validated test method in all batches, >55% yield, >98.2% purity, and >27% HCP reduction rate were satisfied. The cation exchanger exhibited an acceptable step yield and effectively reduced product/process-related impurities within the established range.
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Stutz H. Advances and applications of electromigration methods in the analysis of therapeutic and diagnostic recombinant proteins – A Review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 222:115089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Qin Y, Ma R, Li Y, Li Y, Chen G, Zhou W. Productivity and quality improvement for a symmetric bispecific antibody through the application of intensified perfusion cell culture. Antib Ther 2022; 5:111-120. [PMID: 35719210 PMCID: PMC9199187 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggregation, fragmentation, and low yield are issues frequently found during the cell culture process of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), whose inherent complexity likely plays a role in causing these issues. Methods In this study, we made a head-to-head comparison between fed-batch cell culture and intensified perfusion cell culture with a symmetric bsAb case. Results In comparison with the fed-batch culture, a 6.6-fold improvement in integrated viable cell density and a 10.9-fold improvement in volumetric productivity were achieved with the intensified perfusion mode. In addition, a significant decrease in aggregation and fragmentation was observed with the intensified perfusion cell culture. Furthermore, product homogeneity was improved, which was reflected by the increased percentage of capillary isoelectric focusing main group. The quality improvement with intensified perfusion cell culture can be attributed to the shortened product retention in the bioreactor. Conclusions These findings suggest that intensified perfusion cell culture could be a better choice than traditional fed-batch especially for complex molecules like bsAbs. As this is a single case report, future studies on other cases are needed to further confirm the general applicability of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Qin
- Technology and Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Rongmei Ma
- Technology and Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Yang Li
- Technology and Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Technology and Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Technology and Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Biologics Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, 200131, China
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15
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Narayanan H, Sponchioni M, Morbidelli M. Integration and digitalization in the manufacturing of therapeutic proteins. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Caso S, Aeby M, Jordan M, Guillot R, Bielser J. Effects of pyruvate on primary metabolism and product quality for a high‐density perfusion process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1053-1061. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Caso
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Aeby
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guillot
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
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17
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Badr S, Okamura K, Takahashi N, Ubbenjans V, Shirahata H, Sugiyama H. Integrated design of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes: Operation modes and process configurations for monoclonal antibody production. Comput Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Liu Z, Zhang Z, Qin Y, Chen G, Hu J, Wang Q, Zhou W. The application of Raman spectroscopy for monitoring product quality attributes in perfusion cell culture. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Continuous bleed recycling significantly increases recombinant protein production yield in perfusion cell cultures. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Stantič M, Gunčar G, Kuzman D, Mravljak R, Cvijić T, Podgornik A. Application of lectin immobilized on polyHIPE monoliths for bioprocess monitoring of glycosylated proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1174:122731. [PMID: 33971517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In-process monitoring of glycosylated protein concentration becomes very important with the introduction of perfusion bioprocesses. Affinity chromatography based on lectins allows selective monitoring when carbohydrates are accessible on the protein surface. In this work, we immobilized lectin on polyHIPE type of monoliths and implemented it for bioprocess monitoring. A spacer was introduced to lectin, which increased binding kinetics toward Fc-fusion protein, demonstrated by bio-layer interferometry. Furthermore, complete desorption using 0.25 M galactose was shown. Affinity column exhibited linearity in the range between 0.5 and 8 mg/ml and flow-unaffected binding for the flow-rates between 0.5 and 8 ml/min. Long-term stability over at least four months period was demonstrated. No unspecific binding of culture media components, including host cell proteins and DNA, was detected. Results obtained by affinity column matched concentration values obtained by a reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metka Stantič
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Gunčar
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Drago Kuzman
- Technical development biosimilars, Global drug development, Novartis, Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Rok Mravljak
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Cvijić
- Technical development biosimilars, Global drug development, Novartis, Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia.
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21
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Abstract
Today’s biologics manufacturing practices incur high costs to the drug makers, which can contribute to high prices for patients. Timely investment in the development and implementation of continuous biomanufacturing can increase the production of consistent-quality drugs at a lower cost and a faster pace, to meet growing demand. Efficient use of equipment, manufacturing footprint, and labor also offer the potential to improve drug accessibility. Although technological efforts enabling continuous biomanufacturing have commenced, challenges remain in the integration, monitoring, and control of traditionally segmented unit operations. Here, we discuss recent developments supporting the implementation of continuous biomanufacturing, along with their benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohnmar Khanal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Abraham M Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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22
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Mastrangeli R, Audino MC, Palinsky W, Broly H, Bierau H. The Formidable Challenge of Controlling High Mannose-Type N-Glycans in Therapeutic mAbs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1154-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Bielser JM, Kraus L, Burgos-Morales O, Broly H, Souquet J. Reduction of medium consumption in perfusion mammalian cell cultures using a perfusion rate equivalent concentrated nutrient feed. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3026. [PMID: 32415806 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Media preparation for perfusion cell culture processes contributes significantly to operational costs and the footprint of continuous operations for therapeutic protein manufacturing. In this study, definitions are given for the use of a perfusion equivalent nutrient feed stream which, when used in combination with basal perfusion medium, supplements the culture with targeted compounds and increases the medium depth. Definitions to compare medium and feed depth are given in this article. Using a concentrated nutrient feed, a 1.8-fold medium consumption (MC) decrease and a 1.67-fold increase in volumetric productivity (PR) were achieved compared to the initial condition. Later, this strategy was used to push cell densities above 100 × 106 cells/ml while using a perfusion rate below 2 RV/day. In this example, MC was also decreased 1.8-fold compared to the initial condition, but due to the higher cell density, PR was increased 3.1-fold and to an average PR value of 1.36 g L-1 day-1 during a short stable phase, and versus 0.46 g L-1 day-1 in the initial condition. Overall, the performance improvements were aligned with the given definitions. This multiple feeding strategy can be applied to gain some flexibility during process development and also in a manufacturing set-up to enable better control on nutrient addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Bielser
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Biopharma, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Leon Kraus
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Biopharma, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | | | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Biopharma, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Biopharma, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
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24
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A PSE perspective for the efficient production of monoclonal antibodies: integration of process, cell, and product design aspects. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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26
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Gomez N, Lull J, Yang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wieczorek A, Harrahy J, Pritchard M, Cano DM, Shearer M, Goudar C. Improving product quality and productivity of bispecific molecules through the application of continuous perfusion principles. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2973. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gomez
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Thousand Oaks California
| | - Jonathan Lull
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Thousand Oaks California
| | - Xiaorui Yang
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Thousand Oaks California
| | - Yan Wang
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Xin Zhang
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Thousand Oaks California
| | | | - John Harrahy
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Mike Pritchard
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Thousand Oaks California
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