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Nascimento NS, Torres-Obreque KM, Oliveira CA, Rabelo J, Baby AR, Long PF, Young AR, Rangel-Yagui CDO. Enzymes for dermatological use. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15008. [PMID: 38284197 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Skin is the ultimate barrier between body and environment and prevents water loss and penetration of pathogens and toxins. Internal and external stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), can damage skin integrity and lead to disorders. Therefore, skin health and skin ageing are important concerns and increased research from cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors aims to improve skin conditions and provide new anti-ageing treatments. Biomolecules, compared to low molecular weight drugs and cosmetic ingredients, can offer high levels of specificity. Topically applied enzymes have been investigated to treat the adverse effects of sunlight, pollution and other external agents. Enzymes, with a diverse range of targets, present potential for dermatological use such as antioxidant enzymes, proteases and repairing enzymes. In this review, we discuss enzymes for dermatological applications and the challenges associated in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Santos Nascimento
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin Mariana Torres-Obreque
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Areias Oliveira
- Laboratory of Analytical Validation and Development, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jheniffer Rabelo
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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Gogliettino M, Cocca E, Apone F, Del Prete S, Balestrieri M, Mirino S, Arciello S, Palmieri G. A new versatile peroxidase with extremophilic traits over-produced in MicroTom cell cultures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15338. [PMID: 37714949 PMCID: PMC10504257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxidases are widespread key antioxidant enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of electron donor substrates in parallel with the decomposition of H2O2. In this work, a novel tomato peroxidase, named SAAP2, was isolated from MicroTom cell cultures, purified, and characterised. The enzyme was identified with 64% sequence coverage as the leprx21 gene product (suberization-associated anionic peroxidase 2-like) from Solanum lycopersicum, 334 amino acids long. Compared to other plant peroxidases, SAAP2 was more active at elevated temperatures, with the optimal temperature and pH at 90 °C and 5.0, respectively. Furthermore, the enzyme retained more than 80% of its maximal activity over the range of 70-80 °C and the presence of NaCl (1.0-4.5 M). It also exhibited broad pH versatility (65% relative activity over the pH range 2.0-7.0), acid-tolerance (80% residual activity after 22 h at pH 2.0-7.0), high thermostability (50% residual activity after 2 h at 80 °C) and proteolytic resistance. SAAP2 exhibited exceptional resistance under thermo-acidic conditions compared to the horseradish peroxidase benchmark, suggesting that it may find potential applications as a supplement or anti-pollution agent in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gogliettino
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ennio Cocca
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Apone
- Novamont SpA, loc. La Fagianeria Snc, Piana di Monte Verna, Caserta, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Balestrieri
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Sara Mirino
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gianna Palmieri
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Antioxidant defense of Deinococcus radiodurans: how does it contribute to extreme radiation resistance? Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1803-1829. [PMID: 37498212 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2241895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremely radioresistant bacterium characterized by D10 of 10 kGy, and able to grow luxuriantly under chronic ionizing radiation of 60 Gy/h. The aim of this article is to review the antioxidant system of D. radiodurans and its possible role in the unusual resistance of this bacterium to ionizing radiation. CONCLUSIONS The unusual radiation resistance of D. radiodurans has apparently evolved as a side effect of the adaptation of this extremophile to other damaging environmental factors, especially desiccation. The antioxidant proteins and low-molecular antioxidants (especially low-molecular weight Mn2+ complexes and carotenoids, in particular, deinoxanthin), as well as protein and non-protein regulators, are important for the antioxidant defense of this species. Antioxidant protection of proteins from radiation inactivation enables the repair of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Jung Y, Cui HS, Joo SY, Lee EK, Seo CH, Cho YS. Sex differences in the skin microbiome of burn scars. Wound Repair Regen 2023; 31:547-558. [PMID: 37129034 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences are observed in various spectrums of skin diseases, and there are differences in wound healing rate. Herein, sex differences were identified for the newly healed skin microbiome of burn patients. Fifty-two skin samples (26 normal skin, 26 burn scars) were collected from 26 burn patients (12 male, 14 female) and microbiota analysis was performed. The correlation between skin microbiota and biomechanical properties of burn scars was also investigated. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between male and female patients. Considering the biomechanical properties of burn scars and normal skin around it performed before sample collection, the mean erythema level of men's normal skin was significantly higher than that of women, whereas the mean levels of melanin, transepidermal water loss and skin hydration showed no significant sex differences. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly higher in females than that in males. Alpha diversity showed no significant differences between normal skin and burn scars in the male group. However, the scar was significantly higher than that of normal skin in the female group. Microbial network analysis revealed that the male group had more complex microbial network than the female group. Additionally, in the male group, the edge density and clustering coefficient were higher in burn scars when compared to normal skin, than the female group. There were sex differences in the results of microbiome of normal skin and burn scars. Some of the altered microbiota have been correlated with the biomechanical properties of burn scars. In conclusion, sex difference in the burn scar microbiome was confirmed. These results suggest that burn treatment strategies should vary with sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongyun Jung
- Burn Institute, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Song Cui
- Burn Institute, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Joo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Burn Institute, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong Hoon Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liu D, Li L, Zhang Q, Yu H. Effect of Dietary Manganese on the Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Antioxidant Capacity in the Post-Larval Coho Salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081310. [PMID: 37106872 PMCID: PMC10135060 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, post-larval coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (initial weight 0.37 ± 0.03 g) were fed with 6 experimental diets with increasing manganese (Mn) content (2.4, 8.5, 14.8, 19.8, 24.6, and 33.7 mg kg-1) for 12 weeks. Our results indicated that the feed conversion rate (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), crude protein, moisture, crude lipid, ash, whole-body Mn, and vertebral Mn were affected by the elevation of Mn content in the diet. The activities of hepatic GSH-PX, Mn-SOD, and CAT were enhanced with increasing Mn content in the diet and reached the highest value at 19.8 mg kg-1 Mn. However, the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2·-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced with increasing Mn content in the diet. In addition, the activity of hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was increased with the elevation of dietary Mn content and reached a peak value at 14.8 mg kg-1 Mn. The activity of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and the content of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) were increased following the elevation of Mn content from 2.4 to 19.8 mg kg-1 in the diet. The results indicated that the appropriate dietary Mn supplementation improved the feeding efficiency, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of coho salmon. The dietary Mn requirement for post-larval coho salmon was 17.35 mg kg-1 and 19.75 mg kg-1 based on the SGR and FCR, respectively. An optimal dietary level of Mn enhances hepatic lipid metabolism, and the signaling pathway of PI3K/AKT/mTOR may be involved in regulating the activity of enzymes related to lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwu Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Lingyao Li
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Science and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Hairui Yu
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
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The radioresistant and survival mechanisms of Deinococcus radiodurans. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
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Recombinant Expression of Archaeal Superoxide Dismutases in Plant Cell Cultures: A Sustainable Solution with Potential Application in the Food Industry. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091731. [PMID: 36139805 PMCID: PMC9495943 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a fundamental antioxidant enzyme that neutralises superoxide ions, one of the main reactive oxygen species (ROS). Extremophile organisms possess enzymes that offer high stability and catalytic performances under a wide range of conditions, thus representing an exceptional source of biocatalysts useful for industrial processes. In this study, SODs from the thermo-halophilic Aeropyrum pernix (SODAp) and the thermo-acidophilic Saccharolobus solfataricus (SODSs) were heterologously expressed in transgenic tomato cell cultures. Cell extracts enriched with SODAp and SODSs showed a remarkable resistance to salt and low pHs, respectively, together with optimal activity at high temperatures. Moreover, the treatment of tuna fillets with SODAp-extracts induced an extension of the shelf-life of this product without resorting to the use of illicit substances. The results suggested that the recombinant plant extracts enriched with the extremozymes could find potential applications as dietary supplements in the nutrition sector or as additives in the food preservation area, representing a more natural and appealing alternative to chemical preservatives for the market.
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Chee PL, Sugiarto S, Yu Y, Tan YC, Ye E, Kai D, Loh XJ. Antioxidative and Anti‐UV Lignin Carrier for Peptide Delivery. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lin Chee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) A*STAR 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08‐03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Sigit Sugiarto
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) A*STAR 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08‐03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) A*STAR 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08‐03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Ying Chuan Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) A*STAR 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08‐03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) A*STAR 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08‐03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) A*STAR 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08‐03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) A*STAR 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08‐03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Singapore
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Zhang Z, Liu G, Chen Y, Xue W, Ji Q, Xu Q, Zhang H, Fan G, Huang H, Jiang L, Chen J. Comparison of different sequencing strategies for assembling chromosome-level genomes of extremophiles with variable GC content. iScience 2021; 24:102219. [PMID: 33748707 PMCID: PMC7961107 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, six bacterial isolates with variable GC, including Escherichia coli as mesophilic reference strain, were selected to compare hybrid assembly strategies based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) of short reads, single-tube long-fragment reads (stLFR) sequencing, and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing platforms. We obtained the complete genomes using the hybrid assembler Unicycler based on the NGS and ONT reads; others were de novo assembled using NGS, stLFR, and ONT reads by using different strategies. The contiguity, accuracy, completeness, sequencing costs, and DNA material requirements of the investigated strategies were compared systematically. Although all sequencing data could be assembled into accurate whole-genome sequences, the stLFR sequencing data yield a scaffold with more contiguity with more completeness of gene function than NGS sequencing assemblies. Our research provides a low-cost chromosome-level genome assembly strategy for large-scale sequencing of extremophile genomes with different GC contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China
| | - Guilin Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Weizhen Xue
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Qianyue Ji
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Qiwu Xu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - He Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Guleria S, Jain R, Singh D, Kumar S. A thermostable Fe/Mn SOD of Geobacillus sp. PCH100 isolated from glacial soil of Indian trans-Himalaya exhibits activity in the presence of common inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:576-585. [PMID: 33676984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases are the enzymes involved in dismutation of superoxide radicals into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The present work reports a thermostable Fe/Mn SOD of Geobacillus sp. strain PCH100 (GsSOD) isolated from glacial soil. Purified recombinant GsSOD is a dimeric protein of ~57 kDa that exhibited highest activity at a temperature of 10 °C and pH of 7.8. Maximum enzyme velocity and Michaelis constant of the GsSOD were 1098.90 units/mg and 0.62 μM, respectively. At 80 °C, thermal inactivation rate constant and half-life of GsSOD were 3.33 × 10-3 min-1 and 208 min, respectively. Interestingly, GsSOD tolerated a temperature of 100 °C and 130 °C up to 15 min and 5 min, respectively. Circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed thermostable nature of GsSOD. Apoenzyme of GsSOD regained enzymatic activity in the presence of Fe2+ and Mn2+ as metal ion cofactors. GsSOD was stable under varying concentrations of chemicals, namely ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, potassium cyanide, hydrogen peroxide, chloroform-ethanol, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate, Tween-20, Triton X-100, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride. The enzyme exhibited >70% activity in presence of 10 mM metal ions. Owing to its thermostable nature and resistance to chemical inhibitors, GsSOD is a potential enzyme for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Guleria
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dharam Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Brockmann M, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Gentil M, Heusinger A, Müller E, Marschang RE, Pees M. Challenges in microbiological identification of aerobic bacteria isolated from the skin of reptiles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240085. [PMID: 33075077 PMCID: PMC7571677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial pathogens are often involved in dermatitis in reptiles. Exact identification of reptile-specific but otherwise uncommon bacterial species may be challenging. However, identification is crucial to evaluate the importance of the detected bacterial species. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the number of aerobic bacterial isolates cultured from skin-derived samples of reptiles which were not reliably identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and to determine their identity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Routine bacterial diagnostics were performed on 235 skin samples, and 417 bacterial isolates were analysed by MALDI-TOF MS. The isolates were grouped into categories based on their first score: category I (≥ 2.00), category II (≥ 1.70 and < 2.00), and category III (< 1.70). Isolates from category III were further investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the following criteria were applied: query cover 100%, e-value rounded to 0.0 and sequence identity (%) > 98.00% for genus identification, and > 99.00% for species identification. RESULTS The majority of bacterial isolates were in category I (85.1%) or category II (8.4%). In category III (6.5%) results achieved at first by MALDI-TOF MS corresponded to the results of the molecular analysis in 8.0% of isolates at the species level and in 24.0% at the genus level. Bacterial isolates classified as category III were heterogenic in genus (e.g. Chryseobacterium, Devriesea, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Uruburuella), and some have only been described in reptiles so far. CONCLUSIONS Most of the aerobic bacterial isolates cultured from reptile skin achieved high scores by MALDI-TOF MS. However, in the majority of category III isolates MALDI-TOF MS results were different from those of the molecular analysis. This strengthens the need to carefully examine low-scored results for plausibility and to be familiar with the occurrence and morphology of relevant reptile-specific bacterial species (e.g. Devriesea agamarum) as well as with the limits of the database used.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacteria, Aerobic/chemistry
- Bacteria, Aerobic/genetics
- Bacteria, Aerobic/isolation & purification
- Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics
- Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Gram-Negative Bacteria/metabolism
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Reptiles/microbiology
- Skin/microbiology
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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