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Wahab A, Muhammad M, Ullah S, Abdi G, Shah GM, Zaman W, Ayaz A. Agriculture and environmental management through nanotechnology: Eco-friendly nanomaterial synthesis for soil-plant systems, food safety, and sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171862. [PMID: 38527538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Through the advancement of nanotechnology, agricultural and food systems are undergoing strategic enhancements, offering innovative solutions to complex problems. This scholarly essay thoroughly examines nanotechnological innovations and their implications within these critical industries. Traditional practices are undergoing radical transformation as nanomaterials emerge as novel agents in roles traditionally filled by fertilizers, pesticides, and biosensors. Micronutrient management and preservation techniques are further enhanced, indicating a shift towards more nutrient-dense and longevity-oriented food production. Nanoparticles (NPs), with their unique physicochemical properties, such as an extraordinary surface-to-volume ratio, find applications in healthcare, diagnostics, agriculture, and other fields. However, concerns about their potential overuse and bioaccumulation raise unanswered questions about their health effects. Molecule-to-molecule interactions and physicochemical dynamics create pathways through which nanoparticles cause toxicity. The combination of nanotechnology and environmental sustainability principles leads to the examination of green nanoparticle synthesis. The discourse extends to how nanomaterials penetrate biological systems, their applications, toxicological effects, and dissemination routes. Additionally, this examination delves into the ecological consequences of nanomaterial contamination in natural ecosystems. Employing robust risk assessment methodologies, including the risk allocation framework, is recommended to address potential dangers associated with nanotechnology integration. Establishing standardized, universally accepted guidelines for evaluating nanomaterial toxicity and protocols for nano-waste disposal is urged to ensure responsible stewardship of this transformative technology. In conclusion, the article summarizes global trends, persistent challenges, and emerging regulatory strategies shaping nanotechnology in agriculture and food science. Sustained, in-depth research is crucial to fully benefit from nanotechnology prospects for sustainable agriculture and food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Murad Muhammad
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830011, China
| | - Shahid Ullah
- Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Gholamreza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75169, Iran
| | | | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Asma Ayaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Warghane A, Saini R, Shri M, Andankar I, Ghosh DK, Chopade BA. Application of nanoparticles for management of plant viral pathogen: Current status and future prospects. Virology 2024; 592:109998. [PMID: 38301447 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Plant viruses are responsible for nearly 47 % of all crop losses brought by plant diseases, which have a considerable negative impact on agricultural output. Nanoparticles have the potential to greatly raise agricultural output due to their wonderful applications in the fields of highly sensitive biomolecular detection, disease diagnostics, antimicrobials, and therapeutic compounds. The application of nanotechnology in plant virology is known as nanophytovirology, and it involves biostimulation, drug transport, genetic manipulation, therapeutic agents, and induction of plant defenses. The inactivation and denaturation of capsid protein, nucleic acids (RNA or DNA), and other protein constituents are involved in the underlying mechanism. To determine the precise mechanism by which nanoparticles affect viral mobility, reproduction, encapsidation, and transmission, more research is however required. Nanoparticles can be used to precisely detect plant viruses using nanobiosensors or as biostimulants. The varieties of nanoparticles employed in plant virus control and their methods of virus suppression are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Warghane
- School of Applied Sciences and Technology (SAST), Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rashmi Saini
- Department of Zoology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Manju Shri
- School of Applied Sciences and Technology (SAST), Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Isha Andankar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Vishwakarma V, Ogunkunle CO, Rufai AB, Okunlola GO, Olatunji OA, Jimoh MA. Nanoengineered particles for sustainable crop production: potentials and challenges. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:163. [PMID: 37159590 PMCID: PMC10163185 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoengineered nanoparticles have a significant impact on the morphological, physiology, biochemical, cytogenetic, and reproductive yields of agricultural crops. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles like Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, Ti, Mg, Mn, Fe, Mo, etc. and ZnO, TiO2, CuO, SiO2, MgO, MnO, Fe2O3 or Fe3O4, etc. that found entry into agricultural land, alter the morphological, biochemical and physiological system of crop plants. And the impacts on these parameters vary based on the type of crop and nanoparticles, doses of nanoparticles and its exposure situation or duration, etc. These nanoparticles have application in agriculture as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanoremediator, nanobiosensor, nanoformulation, phytostress-mediator, etc. The challenges of engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles pertaining to soil pollution, phytotoxicity, and safety issue for food chains (human and animal safety) need to be understood in detail. This review provides a general overview of the applications of nanoparticles, their potentials and challenges in agriculture for sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Vishwakarma
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, 203201 India
| | - Clement Oluseye Ogunkunle
- Environmental Botany Unit, Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 240003 Nigeria
- Department of Plant Biology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
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Haris M, Hussain T, Mohamed HI, Khan A, Ansari MS, Tauseef A, Khan AA, Akhtar N. Nanotechnology - A new frontier of nano-farming in agricultural and food production and its development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159639. [PMID: 36283520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The potential of nanotechnology for the development of sustainable agriculture has been promising. The initiatives to meet the rising food needs of the rapidly growing world population are mainly powered by sustainable agriculture. Nanoparticles are used in agriculture due to their distinct physicochemical characteristics. The interaction of nanomaterials with soil components is strongly determined in terms of soil quality and plant growth. Numerous research has been carried out to investigate how nanoparticles affect the growth and development of plants. Nanotechnology has been applied to improve the quality and reduce post-harvest loss of agricultural products by extending their shelf life, particularly for fruits and vegetables. This review assesses the latest literature on nanotechnology, which is used as a nano-biofertilizer as seen in the agricultural field for high productivity and better growth of plants, an important source of balanced nutrition for the crop, seed germination, and quality enrichment. Additionally, post-harvest food processing and packaging can benefit greatly from the use of nanotechnology to cut down on food waste and contamination. It also critically discusses the mechanisms involved in nanoparticle absorption and translocation within the plants and the synthesis of green nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haris
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; Division. of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Heba I Mohamed
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amir Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Moh Sajid Ansari
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Atirah Tauseef
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Naseem Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Qassim 51418, Saudi Arabia
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Elbeshehy EKF, Hassan WM, Baeshen AA. Controlling Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) Infection in Pepper Seedlings by Use of Chemically Synthetic Silver Nanoparticles. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010139. [PMID: 36615333 PMCID: PMC9822145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the roles of different concentrations of chemical synthetic spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in protecting pepper seedlings of the Mecca region, which were naturally and artificially infected by the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). The virus shows many infection symptoms, including pepper leaf deformation with filiform leaves and severe mosaic symptoms. Our study focused on the antiviral activity of different concentrations of spherical nanoparticles in controlling PMMoV infecting pepper seedlings. PMMoV identification was confirmed via DAS-ELISA using the following antiserum: PMMoV, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), potato virus Y (PVY), and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The presence of PMMoV was confirmed using electron microscopy and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We evaluated the effects of exogenously applied different concentrations of AgNPs on CMV infection rate, infection severity, virus concentration, and the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid content, phenolic compounds, and protein components in virus-infected plant cells that were treated with three different concentration of nanoparticles (200, 300, and 400 µg/L) compared to the positive and negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam K. F. Elbeshehy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Wael M. Hassan
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Quwayiyah College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Riyadh 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej A. Baeshen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
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Aanish Ali M, Rehman N, Park TJ, Basit MA. Antiviral role of nanomaterials: a material scientist's perspective. RSC Adv 2022; 13:47-79. [PMID: 36605642 PMCID: PMC9769549 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present world continues to face unprecedented challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Collaboration between researchers of multiple disciplines is the need of the hour. There is a need to develop antiviral agents capable of inhibiting viruses and tailoring existing antiviral drugs for efficient delivery to prevent a surge in deaths caused by viruses globally. Biocompatible systems have been designed using nanotechnological principles which showed appreciable results against a wide range of viruses. Many nanoparticles can act as antiviral therapeutic agents if synthesized by the correct approach. Moreover, nanoparticles can act as carriers of antiviral drugs while overcoming their inherent drawbacks such as low solubility, poor bioavailability, uncontrolled release, and side effects. This review highlights the potential of nanomaterials in antiviral applications by discussing various studies and their results regarding antiviral potential of nanoparticles while also suggesting future directions to researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aanish Ali
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Nagina Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Allama Iqbal Road Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University Ansan 15588 Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Abdul Basit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
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Nanotechnology for Nanophytopathogens: From Detection to the Management of Plant Viruses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8688584. [PMID: 36225980 PMCID: PMC9550482 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8688584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses are the most destructive pathogens which cause devastating losses to crops due to their diversity in the genome, rapid evolution, mutation or recombination in the genome, and lack of management options. It is important to develop a reliable remedy to improve the management of plant viral diseases in economically important crops. Some reports show the efficiency of metal nanoparticles and engineered nanomaterials and their wide range of applications in nanoagriculture. Currently, there are reports for the use of nanoparticles as an antibacterial and antifungal agent in plants and animals too, but few reports as plant antiviral. “Nanophytovirology” has been emerged as a new branch that covers nanobased management approaches to deal with devastating plant viruses. Varied nanoparticles have specific physicochemical properties that help them to interact in various unique and useful ways with viruses and their vectors along with the host plants. To explore the antiviral role of nanoparticles and for the effective management of plant viruses, it is imperative to understand all minute details such as the concentration/dosage of nanoparticles, time of application, application interval, and their mechanism of action. This review focused on different aspects of metal nanoparticles and metal oxides such as their interaction with plant viruses to explore the antiviral role and the multidimensional perspective of nanotechnology in plant viral disease detection, treatment, and management.
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Kamel SM, Elgobashy SF, Omara RI, Derbalah AS, Abdelfatah M, El-Shaer A, Al-Askar AA, Abdelkhalek A, Abd-Elsalam KA, Essa T, Kamran M, Elsharkawy MM. Antifungal Activity of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles against Root Rot Disease in Cucumber. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:911. [PMID: 36135636 PMCID: PMC9505343 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles have recently garnered interest as potentially valuable substances for the management of plant diseases. Copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu2ONPs) were chemically fabricated to control root rot disease in cucumbers. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) were employed to characterize the produced nanoparticles. Moreover, the direct antifungal activity of Cu2ONPs against Fusarium solani under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions were also evaluated. In addition, the induction of host-plant resistance by Cu2ONPs was confirmed by the results of enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase) and gene expression (PR-1 and LOX-1). Finally, the effect of Cu2ONPs on the growth and productivity characteristics of the treated cucumber plants was investigated. The average particle size from all the peaks was found to be around 25.54 and 25.83 nm for 0.30 and 0.35 Cu2O, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, the study found that Cu2ONPs had a greater inhibitory effect on the growth of Fusarium solani than the untreated control. Cu2ONP treatment considerably reduced the disease incidence of the root rot pathogen in cucumber plants in both greenhouse and field environments. Defense enzyme activity and defense genes (PR1 and LOX1) transcription levels were higher in cucumber plants treated with Cu2ONPs and fungicide than in the untreated control. SEM analysis revealed irregularities, changes, twisting, and plasmolysis in the mycelia, as well as spore shrinking and collapsing in F. solani treated with Cu2ONPs, compared to the untreated control. The anatomical analysis revealed that cucumber plants treated with Cu2ONPs had thicker cell walls, root cortex, and mesophyll tissue (MT) than untreated plants. Cucumber growth and yield characteristics were greatly improved after treatment with Cu2ONPs and fungicide. To the best of our knowledge, employing Cu2ONPs to treat cucumber rot root disease is a novel strategy that has not yet been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M. Kamel
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Samah F. Elgobashy
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Reda I. Omara
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Aly S. Derbalah
- Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdelfatah
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Abdelhamed El-Shaer
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg ElArab City 21934, Egypt
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Tarek Essa
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
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Derbalah A, Abdelsalam I, Behiry SI, Abdelkhalek A, Abdelfatah M, Ismail S, Elsharkawy MM. Copper oxide nanostructures as a potential method for control of zucchini yellow mosaic virus in squash. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3587-3595. [PMID: 35598074 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) infects cucurbits and has been identified as a major limiting factor in their production. The purpose of this study was to create copper oxide nanostructures (CONS) to control ZYMV in squash plants. Protection of squash against ZYMV was assessed in terms of virus severity, ZYMV concentration, transcription of pathogenesis-related genes and growth enhancement of treated squash. RESULTS The findings revealed that squash plants treated with CONS had a significant reduction in disease severity when compared with untreated plants. In squash plants treated with CONS, defense genes associated with the salicylic acid signaling pathway were strongly expressed compared with untreated plants. The structural characteristics of CONS, such as their small size and appropriate shape, added to their excellent anti-ZYMV efficacy. CONS-treated squash plants show significantly improved growth traits compared with untreated plants. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, CONS may be a new strategy for the control of ZYMV in squash. This represents an unconventional solution to control this virus, particularly as no chemical pesticides can control viral diseases. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Derbalah
- Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Abdelsalam
- Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications SRTA-City, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Sherin Ismail
- Chemistry Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
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Tian H, He B, Yin Y, Liu L, Shi J, Hu L, Jiang G. Chemical Nature of Metals and Metal-Based Materials in Inactivation of Viruses. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2345. [PMID: 35889570 PMCID: PMC9323642 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to the enormous threat to human survival and development caused by the large number of viruses, it is necessary to strengthen the defense against and elimination of viruses. Metallic materials have been used against viruses for thousands of years due to their broad-spectrum antiviral properties, wide sources and excellent physicochemical properties; in particular, metal nanoparticles have advanced biomedical research. However, researchers in different fields hold dissimilar views on the antiviral mechanisms, which has slowed down the antiviral application of metal nanoparticles. As such, this review begins with an exhaustive compilation of previously published work on the antiviral capacity of metal nanoparticles and other materials. Afterwards, the discussion is centered on the antiviral mechanisms of metal nanoparticles at the biological and physicochemical levels. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the strong reducibility of metal nanoparticles may be the main reason for their efficient inactivation of viruses. We hope that this review will benefit the promotion of metal nanoparticles in the antiviral field and expedite the construction of a barrier between humans and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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11
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Dutta P, Kumari A, Mahanta M, Biswas KK, Dudkiewicz A, Thakuria D, Abdelrhim AS, Singh SB, Muthukrishnan G, Sabarinathan KG, Mandal MK, Mazumdar N. Advances in Nanotechnology as a Potential Alternative for Plant Viral Disease Management. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:935193. [PMID: 35847105 PMCID: PMC9279558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.935193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses cause enormous losses in agricultural production accounting for about 47% of the total overall crop losses caused by plant pathogens. More than 50% of the emerging plant diseases are reported to be caused by viruses, which are inevitable or unmanageable. Therefore, it is essential to devise novel and effective management strategies to combat the losses caused by the plant virus in economically important crops. Nanotechnology presents a new tendency against the increasing challenges in the diagnosis and management of plant viruses as well as plant health. The application of nanotechnology in plant virology, known as nanophytovirology, includes disease diagnostics, drug delivery, genetic transformation, therapeutants, plant defense induction, and bio-stimulation; however, it is still in the nascent stage. The unique physicochemical properties of particles in the nanoscale allow greater interaction and it may knock out the virus particles. Thus, it opens up a novel arena for the management of plant viral diseases. The main objective of this review is to focus on the mounting collection of tools and techniques involved in the viral disease diagnosis and management and to elucidate their mode of action along with toxicological concerns.
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12
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Farooq T, Adeel M, He Z, Umar M, Shakoor N, da Silva W, Elmer W, White JC, Rui Y. Nanotechnology and Plant Viruses: An Emerging Disease Management Approach for Resistant Pathogens. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6030-6037. [PMID: 33761237 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytoviruses are highly destructive plant pathogens, causing significant agricultural losses due to their genomic diversity, rapid, and dynamic evolution, and the general inadequacy of management options. Although an increasing number of studies are being published demonstrating the efficacy of engineered nanomaterials to treat a range of plant pathogens, very little work has been done with phytoviruses. Herein, we describe the emerging field of "Nanophytovirology" as a potential management approach to combat plant viral diseases. Because of their special physiochemical properties, nanoparticles (NPs) can interact with viruses, their vectors, and the host plants in a variety of specific and useful ways. We specifically describe the potential mechanisms underlying NPs-plant-virus interactions and explore the antiviral role of NPs. We discuss the limited literature, as well as the challenges and research gaps that are instrumental to the successful development of a nanotechnology-based, multidisciplinary approach for timely detection, treatment, and prevention of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Farooq
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zifu He
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia
| | - Noman Shakoor
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Washington da Silva
- The NSF Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Wade Elmer
- The NSF Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Jason C White
- The NSF Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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13
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Sofy AR, Sofy MR, Hmed AA, Dawoud RA, Alnaggar AEAM, Soliman AM, El-Dougdoug NK. Ameliorating the Adverse Effects of Tomato mosaic tobamovirus Infecting Tomato Plants in Egypt by Boosting Immunity in Tomato Plants Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Molecules 2021; 26:1337. [PMID: 33801530 PMCID: PMC7958966 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is one of the economically damageable Tobamovirus infecting the tomato in Egypt that has caused significant losses. It is therefore of great interest to trigger systemic resistance to ToMV. In this endeavor, we aimed to explore the capacity of ZnO-NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) to trigger tomato plant resistance against ToMV. Effects of ZnO-NPs on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth indices and antioxidant defense system activity under ToMV stress were investigated. Noticeably that treatment with ZnO-NPs showed remarkably increased growth indices, photosynthetic attributes, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants compared to the challenge control. Interestingly, oxidative damage caused by ToMV was reduced by reducing malondialdehyde, H2O2, and O2 levels. Overall, ZnO-NPs offer a safe and economic antiviral agent against ToMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R. Sofy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud R. Sofy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Hmed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Rehab A. Dawoud
- Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt; (R.A.D.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abd El-Aleem M. Alnaggar
- Agriculture Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Soliman
- Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt; (R.A.D.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural & Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha K. El-Dougdoug
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
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14
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Sofy AR, Sofy MR, Hmed AA, Dawoud RA, Refaey EE, Mohamed HI, El-Dougdoug NK. Molecular Characterization of the Alfalfa mosaic virus Infecting Solanum melongena in Egypt and the Control of Its Deleterious Effects with Melatonin and Salicylic Acid. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030459. [PMID: 33670990 PMCID: PMC7997183 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the spring of 2019, distinct virus-like symptoms were observed in the Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate in Egypt in naturally infected eggplants. Leaves of affected plants showed interveinal leaf chlorosis, net yellow, chlorotic sectors, mottling, blisters, vein enation, necrotic intervention, and narrowing symptoms. The Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was suspected of to be involved in this disease. Forty plant samples from symptomatic eggplants and 10 leaf samples with no symptoms were collected. The samples were tested by double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) using AMV-IgG. Six of the 40 symptomatic leaf samples tested positive for AMV, while, DAS-ELISA found no AMV in the 10 leaf samples without symptoms. The AMV Egyptian isolate (AMV-Eggplant-EG) was biologically isolated from the six positive samples tested by DAS-ELISA and from the similar local lesions induced on Chenopodium amaranticolor and then re-inoculated in healthy Solanum melongena as a source of AMV-Eggplant-EG and confirmed by DAS-ELISA. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay with a pair of primers specific for coat protein (CP) encoding RNA 3 of AMV yielded an amplicon of 666 bp from infected plants of Solanum melongena with AMV-Eggplant-EG. The amplified PCR product was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the AMV-Eggplant-EG sequence revealed 666 nucleotides (nt) of the complete CP gene (translating 221 amino acid (aa) residues). Analysis of phylogeny for nt and deduced aa sequences of the CP gene using the maximum parsimony method clustered AMV-Eggplant-EG in the lineage of Egyptian isolates (shark-EG, mans-EG, CP2-EG, and FRE-EG) with a high bootstrap value of 88% and 92%, respectively. In addition to molecular studies, melatonin (MTL) and salicylic acid (SA) (100 μM) were used to increase the resistance of eggplant to AMV- infection. Foliar spray with MLT and SA caused a significant increase in the morphological criteria (shoot, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, and leaf biomass), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, antioxidant enzymes, and gene expression of some enzymes compared to the infected plants. On the other hand, treatment with MLT and SA reduced the oxidative damage caused by AMV through the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and malondialdehyde. In conclusion, MLT and SA are eco-friendly compounds and can be used as antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R. Sofy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.A.H.); (E.E.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.S.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Mahmoud R. Sofy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.A.H.); (E.E.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.S.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Ahmed A. Hmed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.A.H.); (E.E.R.)
| | - Rehab A. Dawoud
- Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab E. Refaey
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.A.H.); (E.E.R.)
| | - Heba I. Mohamed
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Noha K. El-Dougdoug
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
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15
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Rajabather J, Albaqami MD, Lohedan HA, Arunachalam P, Thirunavukkarasu K, Appaturi JN. Preparation, characterization, and morphology insight of ZnO nanodisk–TiO
2
‐coated SWCNT thin film composites for catalytic sensor application. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JothiRamalingam Rajabather
- Chemistry Department, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Surfactant Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Munirah D. Albaqami
- Chemistry Department, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad A. Lohedan
- Surfactant Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kandasamy Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of chemistry Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, India Chennai 600062 India
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16
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Jazie AA, Albaaji AJ, Abed SA. A review on recent trends of antiviral nanoparticles and airborne filters: special insight on COVID-19 virus. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:1811-1824. [PMID: 34178182 PMCID: PMC8211456 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic in the last 4 months stimulates the international scientific community to search for vaccine of antiviral agents suitable for in activating the virus inside and outside the human body. More than 4 million people globally are infected by the virus and about 300,000 dead cases until this moment. The ventilation and airborne filters are also investigated aiming to develop an efficient antiviral filtration technology. Human secretion of the infected person as nasal or saliva droplets goes as airborne and distributes the virus everywhere around the person. N95 and N98 filters are the must use filters for capturing particles of sizes around 300 nm. The average size of the novel corona virus (COVID-19) is 100 nm and there is no standard or special filter suitable for this virus. The nanoparticle-coated airborne filter is a suitable technique in this regard. While the efficiency of this type of filters still needs to be enhanced, new developed nanofiber filters are proposed. Most recently, the charged nanofiber filters of sizes below 100 nm are developed and provide an efficient viral filtration and inactivation. The efficiency of filter must be kept at accepted level without increasing the pressure drop. The present review outlines the most efficient antiviral nanoparticles including the recent functional nanoparticles. The filtration theory, filtration modeling, filter testing, and different types of filter with special concentration on the charged nanofiber filter were discussed. The charged nanofiber filter able to capture novel corona virus (COVID-19) with 94% efficiency and a pressure drop less than 20 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Jazie
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering College, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Amar J. Albaaji
- Materials Engineering Department, Engineering College, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Suhad A. Abed
- Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
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17
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Maksimov IV, Sorokan AV, Shein MY, Khairullin RM. Biological Methods of Plant Protection against Viruses: Problems and Prospects. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Jamalipour Soufi G, Iravani S. Nanomaterials against pathogenic viruses: greener and sustainable approaches. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2020.1852252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Chen L, Liang J. An overview of functional nanoparticles as novel emerging antiviral therapeutic agents. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110924. [PMID: 32409074 PMCID: PMC7195146 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research on highly effective antiviral drugs is essential for preventing the spread of infections and reducing losses. Recently, many functional nanoparticles have been shown to possess remarkable antiviral ability, such as quantum dots, gold and silver nanoparticles, nanoclusters, carbon dots, graphene oxide, silicon materials, polymers and dendrimers. Despite their difference in antiviral mechanism and inhibition efficacy, these functional nanoparticles-based structures have unique features as potential antiviral candidates. In this topical review, we highlight the antiviral efficacy and mechanism of these nanoparticles. Specifically, we introduce various methods for analyzing the viricidal activity of functional nanoparticles and the latest advances in antiviral functional nanoparticles. Furthermore, we systematically describe the advantages and disadvantages of these functional nanoparticles in viricidal applications. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of antiviral nanostructures. This topic review covers 132 papers and will enrich our knowledge about the antiviral efficacy and mechanism of various functional nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jiangong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Improving Regulation of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Stress-Related Gene Stimulation in Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-Infected Cucumber Plants Treated with Glycine Betaine, Chitosan and Combination. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102341. [PMID: 32429524 PMCID: PMC7288169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) is a deadly plant virus that results in crop-yield losses with serious economic consequences. In recent years, environmentally friendly components have been developed to manage crop diseases as alternatives to chemical pesticides, including the use of natural compounds such as glycine betaine (GB) and chitosan (CHT), either alone or in combination. In the present study, the leaves of the cucumber plants were foliar-sprayed with GB and CHT—either alone or in combination—to evaluate their ability to induce resistance against CMV. The results showed a significant reduction in disease severity and CMV accumulation in plants treated with GB and CHT, either alone or in combination, compared to untreated plants (challenge control). In every treatment, growth indices, leaf chlorophylls content, phytohormones (i.e., indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid), endogenous osmoprotectants (i.e., proline, soluble sugars and glycine betaine), non-enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., ascorbic acid, glutathione and phenols) and enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, lipoxygenase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase) of virus-infected plants were significantly increased. On the other hand, malondialdehyde and abscisic acid contents have been significantly reduced. Based on a gene expression study, all treated plants exhibited increased expression levels of some regulatory defense genes such as PR1 and PAL1. In conclusion, the combination of GB and CHT is the most effective treatment in alleviated virus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the induction of systemic resistance against CMV by using GB.
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