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Melo RLF, Sales MB, de Castro Bizerra V, de Sousa Junior PG, Cavalcante ALG, Freire TM, Neto FS, Bilal M, Jesionowski T, Soares JM, Fechine PBA, Dos Santos JCS. Recent applications and future prospects of magnetic biocatalysts. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126709. [PMID: 37696372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic biocatalysts combine magnetic properties with the catalytic activity of enzymes, achieving easy recovery and reuse in biotechnological processes. Lipases immobilized by magnetic nanoparticles dominate. This review covers an advanced bibliometric analysis and an overview of the area, elucidating research advances. Using WoS, 34,949 publications were analyzed and refined to 450. The prominent journals, countries, institutions, and authors that published the most were identified. The most cited articles showed research hotspots. The analysis of the themes and keywords identified five clusters and showed that the main field of research is associated with obtaining biofuels derived from different types of sustainable vegetable oils. The overview of magnetic biocatalysts showed that these materials are also employed in biosensors, photothermal therapy, environmental remediation, and medical applications. The industry shows a significant interest, with the number of patents increasing. Future studies should focus on immobilizing new lipases in unique materials with magnetic profiles, aiming to improve the efficiency for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leandro Fernandes Melo
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 729, Fortaleza CEP 60440-554, CE, Brazil; Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Misael Bessa Sales
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Castro Bizerra
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gonçalves de Sousa Junior
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Tiago Melo Freire
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Simão Neto
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - João Maria Soares
- Departamento de Física, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Mossoró, Mossoró CEP 59610-090, RN, Brazil
| | - Pierre Basílio Almeida Fechine
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790-970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil.
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Guajardo N, Schrebler RA. Upstream and Downstream Bioprocessing in Enzyme Technology. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:38. [PMID: 38258049 PMCID: PMC10818583 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of biotransformation must integrate upstream and downstream processes. Upstream bioprocessing will influence downstream bioprocessing. It is essential to consider this because downstream processes can constitute the highest cost in bioprocessing. This review comprehensively overviews the most critical aspects of upstream and downstream bioprocessing in enzymatic biocatalysis. The main upstream processes discussed are enzyme production, enzyme immobilization methodologies, solvent selection, and statistical optimization methodologies. The main downstream processes reviewed in this work are biocatalyst recovery and product separation and purification. The correct selection and combination of upstream and downstream methodologies will allow the development of a sustainable and highly productive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Guajardo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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3
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Neto FS, Fernandes de Melo Neta MM, Sales MB, Silva de Oliveira FA, de Castro Bizerra V, Sanders Lopes AA, de Sousa Rios MA, Santos JCSD. Research Progress and Trends on Utilization of Lignocellulosic Residues as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization via Advanced Bibliometric Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092057. [PMID: 37177203 PMCID: PMC10181460 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomasses are used in several applications, such as energy production, materials, and biofuels. These applications result in increased consumption and waste generation of these materials. However, alternative uses are being developed to solve the problem of waste generated in the industry. Thus, research is carried out to ensure the use of these biomasses as enzymatic support. These surveys can be accompanied using the advanced bibliometric analysis tool that can help determine the biomasses used and other perspectives on the subject. With this, the present work aims to carry out an advanced bibliometric analysis approaching the main studies related to the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an enzymatic support. This study will be carried out by highlighting the main countries/regions that carry out productions, research areas that involve the theme, and future trends in these areas. It was observed that there is a cooperation between China, USA, and India, where China holds 28.07% of publications in this area, being the country with the greatest impact in the area. Finally, it is possible to define that the use of these new supports is a trend in the field of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Simão Neto
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza 60440-554, Brazil
| | | | - Misael Bessa Sales
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Francisco Arisson Silva de Oliveira
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Castro Bizerra
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Ada Amélia Sanders Lopes
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Alexsandra de Sousa Rios
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 714, Fortaleza 60440-554, Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza 60440-554, Brazil
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
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4
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Guajardo N. Immobilization of Lipases Using Poly(vinyl) Alcohol. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092021. [PMID: 37177168 PMCID: PMC10181104 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipases are very versatile enzymes because they catalyze various hydrolysis and synthesis reactions in a chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective manner. From a practical point of view, immobilization allows the recovery and stabilization of the biocatalyst for its application in different types of bioreactors. Among the various support options for immobilizing lipases is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which, when functionalized or combined with other materials, provides different characteristics and properties to the biocatalyst. This review analyzes the multiple possibilities that PVA offers as a material to immobilize lipases when combined with alginate, chitosan, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), incorporating magnetic properties together with the formation of fibers and microspheres. The articles analyzed in this review were selected using the Scopus database in a range of years from 1999 to 2023, finding a total of 42 articles. The need to expand knowledge in this area is due to the great versatility and scaling possibilities that PVA has as a support for lipase immobilization and its application in different bioreactor configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Guajardo
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940000, Chile
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Bellou MG, Patila M, Fotiadou R, Spyrou K, Yan F, Rudolf P, Gournis DP, Stamatis H. Tyrosinase Magnetic Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates: Biocatalytic Study in Deep Eutectic Solvent Aqueous Solutions. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040643. [PMID: 37189390 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of biocatalysis, the implementation of sustainable processes such as enzyme immobilization or employment of environmentally friendly solvents, like Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are of paramount importance. In this work, tyrosinase was extracted from fresh mushrooms and used in a carrier-free immobilization towards the preparation of both non-magnetic and magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). The prepared biocatalyst was characterized and the biocatalytic and structural traits of free tyrosinase and tyrosinase magnetic CLEAs (mCLEAs) were evaluated in numerous DES aqueous solutions. The results showed that the nature and the concentration of the DESs used as co-solvents significantly affected the catalytic activity and stability of tyrosinase, while the immobilization enhanced the activity of the enzyme in comparison with the non-immobilized enzyme up to 3.6-fold. The biocatalyst retained the 100% of its initial activity after storage at -20 °C for 1 year and the 90% of its activity after 5 repeated cycles. Tyrosinase mCLEAs were further applied in the homogeneous modification of chitosan with caffeic acid in the presence of DES. The biocatalyst demonstrated great ability in the functionalization of chitosan with caffeic acid in the presence of 10% v/v DES [Bet:Gly (1:3)], enhancing the antioxidant activity of the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto G Bellou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michaela Patila
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Renia Fotiadou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Ceramics and Composites Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Feng Yan
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios P Gournis
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Ceramics and Composites Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Sampaio CS, Angelotti JAF, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Hirata DB. Lipase immobilization via cross-linked enzyme aggregates: Problems and prospects - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:434-449. [PMID: 35752332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we have focused on the preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) from lipases, as these are among the most used enzyme in bioprocesses. This immobilization method is considered very attractive due to preparation simplicity, non-use of supports and the possibility of using crude enzyme extracts. CLEAs provide lipase stabilization under extreme temperature or pH conditions or in the presence of organic solvents, in addition to preventing enzyme leaching in aqueous medium. However, it presents some problems in the preparation and limitations in their use. The problems in preparation refer mainly to the crosslinking step, and may be solved using an aminated feeder. The problems in handling have been tackled designing magnetic-CLEAs or trapping the CLEAs in particles with better mechanical properties, the substrate diffusion problems has been reduced by producing more porous-CLEAs, etc. The enzyme co-immobilization using combi-CLEAs is also a new tendency. Therefore, this review explores the CLEAs methodology aimed at lipase immobilization and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Joelise A F Angelotti
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Department of Biocatalysis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of The External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Daniela B Hirata
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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Guajardo N, Domínguez de María P, Canales R. Integrating Biocatalysis with Viscous Deep Eutectic Solvents in Lab-On-A-Chip Microreactors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102674. [PMID: 35084121 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of deep eutectic solvents (DESs, ChCl/glycerol 1 : 2) with buffer (up to 15 % v/v) leads to solvent mixtures that exert viscosities below 25 mPa s-1 at 45 °C while keeping their non-aqueous nature. This enables the setup of efficient enzymatic esterifications, which can also be applied in different continuous systems. Following those premises, the use of microreactors in biocatalytic reactions was explored using (low-viscous) DES-buffer media, showing that reactions could be performed efficiently. Under non-optimized conditions, the microreactor devices led to specific productivities considerably higher than those observed in the batch reactor (14 vs. 0.24 mgproduct min-1 mgbiocat -1 ) at the same enzyme loadings and conversion of 6 % (to assure a fair comparison). Looking beyond, the combination of several microchannels (e. g., in scale-out fashion) with DES-water media may lead to powerful, sustainable, and efficient tools for industrial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Guajardo
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable Momentum SL, Av. Ansite 3, 4-6, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35011, Canary Is., Spain
| | - Roberto Canales
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
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Chauhan V, Kaushal D, Dhiman VK, Kanwar SS, Singh D, Dhiman VK, Pandey H. An Insight in Developing Carrier-Free Immobilized Enzymes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:794411. [PMID: 35309979 PMCID: PMC8924610 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.794411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes play vital roles in all organisms. The enzymatic process is progressively at its peak, mainly for producing biochemical products with a higher value. The immobilization of enzymes can sometimes tremendously improve the outcome of biocatalytic processes, making the product(s) relatively pure and economical. Carrier-free immobilized enzymes can increase the yield of the product and the stability of the enzyme in biocatalysis. Immobilized enzymes are easier to purify. Due to these varied advantages, researchers are tempted to explore carrier-free methods used for the immobilization of enzymes. In this review article, we have discussed various aspects of enzyme immobilization, approaches followed to design a process used for immobilization of an enzyme and the advantages and disadvantages of various common processes used for enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Diksha Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | | | - Shamsher Singh Kanwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
- *Correspondence: Shamsher Singh Kanwar,
| | - Devendra Singh
- B.N. College of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Dhiman
- Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
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Deng Y, Ouyang J, Liu H, Wang J, Zhu Y, Chen Z, Yang C, Li D, Ma K. An effective immobilization of β-glucosidases by partly cross-linking enzyme aggregates. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 52:1035-1043. [PMID: 35015605 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.2024848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization provides ideal operating conditions for enzymes stabilization and sustainable recycling. In this work, as a kind of clay material, montmorillonite (MTL) was chosen for immobilizing the β-glucosidase extracted from Agrocybe aegirit. The immobilized β-glucosidase via partly cross-linking enzyme aggregates (pCLEAs) formed by self-catalysis provided biocatalysts with satisfactory thermal and pH stability. Compared to the glutaraldehyde cross-linked, the immobilized β-glucosidase (β-G-pCLEAs@MTL) exhibited significantly higher immobilization efficiency (IE) and immobilization yield (IY), which were 80.6% and 76.9%, respectively. The β-G-pCLEAs@MTL also showed better stability and preferable reusability. And the activity of the β-G-pCLEAs@MTL remained 85.0% after 5 cycles and 74.7% after 10 cycles. Therefore, the method based on the pre- crosslinking to form pCLEAs and after-immobilization can effectively improve IY and IE. In addition, MTL seems to be a good alternative carrier to immobilize other enzymes for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Deng
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihui Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqian Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengli Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Dali Li
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Kefeng Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Blanco-Llamero C, García-García P, Señoráns FJ. Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates and Their Application in Enzymatic Pretreatment of Microalgae: Comparison Between CLEAs and Combi-CLEAs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:794672. [PMID: 34957082 PMCID: PMC8696024 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.794672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrier-free immobilization is a key process to develop efficient biocatalysts able to catalyze the cell wall degradation in microalgae where the traditional solid supports cannot penetrate. Thus, the insolubilization of commercial Celluclast®, Alcalase®, and Viscozyme® enzymes by carrier-free immobilization and their application in microalgae pretreatment was investigated. In this study, different precipitants at different ratios (ethanol, acetone, and polyethylene glycol 4000) were tested in the first part of the method, to establish the precipitation conditions. The screening of the best precipitant is needed as it depends on the nature of the enzyme. The best results were studied in terms of immobilization yield, thermal stability, and residual activity and were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, a novel strategy was intended including the three enzymes (combi-CLEAs) to catalyze the enzymatic degradation of Nannochloropsis gaditana microalgal cell wall in one pot. The carrier-free immobilized derivatives were 10 times more stable compared to soluble enzymes under the same. At the best conditions showed its usefulness in the pretreatment of microalgae combined with ultrasounds, facilitating the cell disruption and lipid recovery. The results obtained suggested the powerful application of these robust biocatalysts with great catalytic properties on novel and sustainable biomass such as microalgae to achieve cost-effective and green process to extract valuable bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco-Llamero
- Healthy Lipids Group, Departmental Section of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paz García-García
- Healthy Lipids Group, Departmental Section of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Señoráns
- Healthy Lipids Group, Departmental Section of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez DA, Alnoch RC, Tonetto GM, Krieger N, Ferreira ML. Immobilization and bioimprinting strategies to enhance the performance in organic medium of the metagenomic lipase LipC12. J Biotechnol 2021; 342:13-27. [PMID: 34634391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present work evaluates the immobilization of LipC12 on different supports in tandem with bioimprinting technique, in order to improve its activity and stability in organic medium. Oleic acid was selected as the bioimprinting molecule. The immobilized LipC12 was applied in the synthesis of pentyl oleate by esterification reaction and in the production of fatty acids, mono, and diglycerides via hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, in n-heptane reaction media. For all immobilized lipase preparations, an increase in the conversion of oleic acid to pentyl oleate was observed when immobilization in tandem with bioimprinting treatment was carried out versus immobilization without bioimprinting. The highest conversions were achieved using LipC12 immobilized on hydrophobic supports. The reuse potential of the immobilized preparations was evaluated. The preparations were used in eight successive cycles of esterification reactions and the best results were obtained for LipC12 immobilized on Immobead 150 and chitosan. The activity for the hydrolysis of soybean oil was improved by bioimprinting treatment only for LipC12 immobilized on commercial polypropylene and Accurel MP-1000. LipC12 immobilized on hydrophilic supports or on Immobead150 could be used to hydrolyze tricaprylin to obtain diglycerides with a high proportion of 1,2-diglycerides in reaction times as short as 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alberto Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Planta Piloto de Ingeniería, Química - PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina.
| | - Robson Carlos Alnoch
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paul, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Marta Tonetto
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Planta Piloto de Ingeniería, Química - PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Nadia Krieger
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19081 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - María Lujan Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Planta Piloto de Ingeniería, Química - PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
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Current Status and Future Perspectives of Supports and Protocols for Enzyme Immobilization. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The market for industrial enzymes has witnessed constant growth, which is currently around 7% a year, projected to reach $10.5 billion in 2024. Lipases are hydrolase enzymes naturally responsible for triglyceride hydrolysis. They are the most expansively used industrial biocatalysts, with wide application in a broad range of industries. However, these biocatalytic processes are usually limited by the low stability of the enzyme, the half-life time, and the processes required to solve these problems are complex and lack application feasibility at the industrial scale. Emerging technologies create new materials for enzyme carriers and sophisticate the well-known immobilization principles to produce more robust, eco-friendlier, and cheaper biocatalysts. Therefore, this review discusses the trending studies and industrial applications of the materials and protocols for lipase immobilization, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it summarizes the current challenges and potential alternatives for lipases at the industrial level.
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