Pilates method in personal autonomy, static balance and quality of life of elderly females

Effects of Pilates exercises on postural balance and reduced risk of falls in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

and Purpose: Pilates exercises have been recommended to improve postural balance and reduce the risk of falls in older adults. However, the certainty of these recommendations remains unclear. In this sense, our objective was to update the literature and verify the effects of Pilates on postural balance and the risk of falls in this population.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, and PEDro, on April 17, 2023. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE system. Meta-analysis calculations were performed by standardized mean difference (SMD).

RESULTS

A total of 39 studies, involving 1770 participants, were included in the systematic review. Only 14 studies exhibited satisfactory methodological quality. Evidence with very low to moderate certainty showed that Pilates was significantly superior to control groups on indicators of dynamic postural balance (SMD = 1.60 to 0.72), static postural balance (SMD = 0.37 to 0.25), and general state of balance (SMD = 0.76), but not to reduce the number and fear of falls. Furthermore, Pilates was comparable to other forms of exercise for these outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Pilates can be recommended to enhance static and dynamic postural balance in older adults, but not to reduce the number of falls or the fear of falling. Given that no outcomes showed high certainty of evidence, future studies may alter these findings.

Effects of Pilates exercises on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To verify the effects of Pilates exercises on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS, SportDiscus, Scielo, and PEDro. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that intervened with Pilates and had HRQoL as an outcome were eligible. The methodological quality of each RCT was assessed using the PEDro scale and the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE system. Meta-analyses were conducted by standardized mean difference (SMD).

RESULTS

Initially, 760 records were located. After screening, 11 RCTs were included in the systematic review. Five studies presented low risk of bias (PEDro score ≥ 6). Evidence of very low to moderate certainty demonstrated significant effects in favor of Pilates exercises vs control groups for five of the nine HRQoL domains analyzed: bodily pain (SMD = 0.96), physical functioning (SMD = 0.85), social functioning (SMD = 0.45), role physical (SMD = 0.79), and role emotional (SMD = 0.61). Subgroup analyzes demonstrated that Pilates had a positive impact on more domains whens administered for ≥ 48 sessions (eight domains) vs < 48 sessions (three domains); and when administered on equipment (seven domains) vs mat (three domains).

CONCLUSION

Pilates exercises, in general, allowed significant effects to improve HRQoL in postmenopausal women, especially when performed on equipment and when administered for at least 48 sessions. However, no analysis showed high certainty of evidence, and more RCTs of high methodological quality are needed to confirm these findings.

The effects of clinical pilates training on disease-specific indices, core stability, and balance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effects of clinical Pilates training on disease-specific indices, core stability, and balance in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients.

METHODS

AS patients were randomly assigned to either the Pilates group (PG) or control group (CG). The PG participated in Pilates training 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Patients in the CG were instructed to follow a home exercise program for 8 weeks. Assessments were performed before and after the interventions. BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, and the AS Quality of Life (ASqOL) questionnaire were used were used to evaluate disease activity, functionality spinal mobility and quality of life respectively. Static core endurance was assessed with trunk flexor, extensor endurance, and lateral bridge tests, while dynamic core endurance was assessed using modified sit-up test. Balance was evaluated with bilateral and unilateral stance static postural stability (PS), bilateral stance dynamic PS and limits of stability (LOS) tests using the Biodex Balance System.

RESULTS

Twenty-one patients in the PG and 21 patients in the CG completed the study. PG showed statistically significant improvements in BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, and ASQoL scores, all core endurance tests, and dynamic PS and LOS results. The CG demonstrated significant improvement only in flexor endurance and LOS results. Post-intervention BASDAI, BASMI, and all core endurance tests were significantly better in the PG than in the CG (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Pilates training has positive effects on disease activity and functional capacity, spinal mobility, core endurance, balance, and quality of life in AS patients.

CLINICALTRIALS

GOV IDENTIFIER

NCT04292028.

Yoga implications for preventing accidental falls in older adults: a systematic review

Abstract Introduction: Studies have shown the importance of healthy habits in older adults, emphasizing physical activity or mobility for a better quality of life and to delay physical degeneration in this population. Yoga is one of several exercises recommended for therapeutic purposes to reduce the risk of falls, a common occurrence in this age group. Objective: To synthesize the existing evidence regarding the effects of yoga on quality of life and physical-functional capacity and its contribution to fall prevention in older people. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in August 2020 on the Medline/Pubmed, LILACS, SCOPUS, Web of Science and PEDro databases, with no restrictions for language or year of publication. In line with the eligibility criteria, randomized or quasi-randomized clinical trials were included. Results: A total of 1,190 articles were found, 18 of which were included for data collection. The average sample size was between 16 and 120 participants, consisting of older individuals of both sexes ranging in age from 62 to 85 years. Conclusion: Regular yoga practice has a beneficial effect on the quality of life and physical-functional capacity of older adults, thereby contributing to fall prevention. However, evidence is still limited and further studies are suggested to better elucidate the scope of the effects of yoga as a therapeutic resource.

Effects of pilates on physical-functional performance, quality of life and mood in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review the effects of pilates on physical-functional aspects and quality of life of older adults.

METHODS

We included randomized clinical trials whose participants were older adults, whose intervention was pilates exercises and that used a control group for comparison. The primary outcomes were balance, muscle strength, quality of life. Secondary outcomes were mood, autonomy, and flexibility. The searches were performed in the electronic databases Pubmed, Web of Science, LILACS, Cochrane Library and EMBASE, using terms from MeSH: Aged, elderly, Pilates-Based Exercises, Pilates Training, Pilates, Mat Pilates, Equipment-based Pilates, and synonyms, in May 2020. The meta-analysis, when possible, was performed using the mean and standard deviation values of the groups after the intervention period using the random effects model.

RESULTS

The search rendered 1639 studies, of which 28 articles corresponding to 24 ECRs (897 individuals) were included, most of the studies involved a female population. A meta-analysis was performed only in the balance variable, through the Berg Scale (three RCTs), where there were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups (2.06-95% CI: 1.31, 5.44, I²: 91%), and it was evaluated by the TUG (six RCTs), which showed a reduction of 0.92 seconds in the protocol execution (95% CI: 1.67, -0.17, I²: 62%).

CONCLUSION

This review demonstrate that the practice of pilates by older adults may have positive effects on some of the outcomes evaluated, these results should be interpreted with caution (methodological heterogeneity and a part present high risk of bias).

Effects of Pilates Training on Physiological and Psychological Health Parameters in Healthy Older Adults and in Older Adults With Clinical Conditions Over 55 Years: A Meta-Analytical Review

This meta-analytical review aimed at comparing the impact of Pilates interventions (PIs) on physiological and psychological health parameters in healthy older adults and older adults with a clinical condition aged 55 years and older. The literature search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus). Randomized controlled trials that aimed at improving physiological and psychological health parameters in adults aged 55 years and older using Pilates as an intervention were screened for eligibility. The included data was extracted and assigned based on participants' health condition (clinical vs. non-clinical), as well as the respective control condition used in the study [inactive (IC) vs. active control group (AC)]. Statistical analyses were computed using a random-effects inverse-variance model. Fifty-one studies with a total of 2,485 participants (mean age: 66.5 ± 4.9 years) were included. Moderate effects (SMD: 0.55; 0.68) were found for physiological health parameters (muscle strength, balance, endurance, flexibility, gait, and physical functioning) in both experimental (clinical and non-clinical) conditions when compared to ICs (p < 0.003; p = 0.0001), and small to moderate effects (SMD: 0.27; 0.50) when compared to ACs (p = 0.04; p = 0.01). Moderate to large effects (SMD: 0.62; 0.83) were documented for psychological health parameters (quality of life, depression, sleep quality, fear of falling, pain, and health perception) in both conditions when compared to ICs (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). PIs induce small to large effects in physiological and psychological health parameters in older adults, regardless of their health condition. The substantial heterogeneity within the included studies complicated standardized comparison of the training modalities between the two target groups. Nonetheless, Pilates seems to be a safe, adaptable, and promising exercise approach for a heterogenous population of older adults.

Participant experiences of eight weeks of supervised or home-based Pilates among people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative analysis

PURPOSE

An exploratory qualitative study investigating participants' experiences of a feasibility study of supervised and home-based Pilates.

METHODS

All 10 females who participated in an eight-week supervised (n = 4) or home-based Pilates (n = 6) program were invited and agreed to be interviewed. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and researcher observations of participant experiences. Data were analysed using codebook thematic analysis framework.

RESULTS

Two domain summaries emerged: (1) the suitability of home-based Pilates in particular for this population. Participants indicated that supervised and home-based Pilates was a safe, intensity-appropriate, and implementable exercise method to improve mental health outcomes among persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and (2) the benefits experienced by PwMS while participating in Pilates. Home-based Pilates reduced both exercise participation and accessibility barriers commonly experienced by PwMS. Furthermore, PwMS reported improvements in mental health outcomes following Pilates, in both exercise environments.

CONCLUSIONS

PwMS reported experiencing improved mood following regular Pilates training and indicated that home-based in particular reduced barriers regularly experienced by this population. Results support Pilates as a feasible exercise modality providing potential mood improvements among PwMS. Future appropriately powered home-based randomised controlled trials to further explore the effects of Pilates training on mental health among PwMS with minimal-to-mild mobility disability are warranted.Implications for RehabilitationParticipants in this study described the mental health benefits experienced from engaging in Pilates, a non-traditional exercise modality.Home-based Pilates overcame participatory and accessibility barriers to exercise among people with multiple sclerosis (MS).Participants valued that Pilates was low intensity and did not exacerbate fatigue.Home-based Pilates is a feasible exercise method for people with MS with minimal-to-mild mobility disability.

Pilates improves physical performance and decreases risk of falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Falls are the leading cause of injury-related deaths in older adults. Physical exercise is a suitable strategy to reduce the risk of falls, but there is little research on the effectiveness of specific exercise modalities.

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the effectiveness of Pilates compared to habitual or non-exercise on physical performance and the risk of falls in older adults.

DATA SOURCES

Five databases were searched through April 15, 2021.

STUDY SELECTION

Randomized controlled trial in people aged ≥60 years.

OUTCOMES

balance, strength, flexibility, functionality, and risk of falls.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Pooled standardized mean differences were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses based on Pilates' modality, the existence of a detailed exercise protocol, supervision by a certified instructor, and overall risk of bias were performed.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analyses. The meta-analyses indicated a moderate effect of Pilates on balance (ES=0.36; 95% CI=0.21 to 0.50), strength (ES=0.63; 95% CI=0.44 to 0.81), flexibility (ES=0.41; 95% CI=0.16 to 0.67), and functionality (ES=0.51; 95% CI=0.32 to 0.72) as well as a large effect on the risk of falls (ES=0.90; 95% CI=0.41 to 1.38) in older adults when compared with control groups. The level of certainty of the findings was low for balance, flexibility, and functionality and moderate for strength and falls.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS

Pilates may promote the autonomy of older people in their daily living activities. Systematic Review Registration Number PROSPERO CRD42018116452.

The impact of an 8-week Pilates-based physical training program on functional mobility: data from a septuagenarian group

Study aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a Pilates-based training program on functional mobility and strength in community-dwelling adults over 70 years old.

Material and methods: Twenty community-dwelling elderly subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to control (C = 10) or Pilates training (PT = 10) groups for 8 weeks (2 times/week). Anthropometric, strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, functional mobility, and static and dynamic balance parameters were assessed before and after the intervention.

Results: The PT group had higher values of lower limb strength (p = 0.013 d = 0.56) and 6-minute walking test distance (p = 0.04; d = 0.45) than the C group. The PT group also had differences in one leg stance duration and decrease in the Timed Up and Go test. We also observed a positive correlation between muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.01, r = 0.62), cardiorespiratory fitness and one leg stance, eyes closed, right and left leg (p = 0.04, r = 0.45; p = 0.05, r = 0.45, respectively).

Conclusions: Eight weeks of Pilates-based physical training induced improvements in skeletal muscle strength and functional mobility of community-dwelling septuagenarians.

Pilates Method Training: Functional and Blood Glucose Responses of Older Women With Type 2 Diabetes

Melo, KCB, Araújo, FdS, Cordeiro Júnior, CCM, de Andrade, KTP, and Moreira, SR. Pilates method training: Functional and blood glucose responses of older women with type 2 diabetes. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1001-1007, 2020-The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of the Pilates method on the functional capacity (FC) and glycemic control of older women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Twenty-two women with T2D were randomized into control (CONTROL: 67.5 ± 6.3 years; 154.7 ± 6.1 cm; 73.5 ± 6.1 kg) and Pilates (PILATES: 65.5 ± 5.5 years; 155.0 ± 4.5 cm; 66.2 ± 5.4 kg) groups, which held sessions of 60 minutes at a frequency of 3 times per week during 12 weeks. Blood glucose was measured before and after sessions in PILATES, as well as in moments of pre, rest, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of the PILATES and CONTROL interventions. The glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level before and after 12 weeks of the intervention was evaluated. The general index of the FC (GIFC) was obtained through a battery of tests for older patients with T2D. Analysis of variance detected differences in the GIFC for PILATES vs. CONTROL, respectively, in 4 weeks (30.3 ± 4.6 vs. 34.8 ± 4.9 seconds; p < 0.05), 8 weeks (29.2 ± 4.5 vs. 34.6 ± 4.9 seconds; p < 0.05), and 12 weeks (27.2 ± 4.0 vs. 35.3 ± 4.6 seconds; p < 0.05). PILATES presented a difference in postprandial glycemia pre- vs. 4 and 12 weeks (246.1 ± 58.5 vs. 219.9 ± 59.9 and 207.6 ± 49.1 mg·dl, respectively; p < 0.05), as well as in HbA1c pre- vs. 12 weeks (7.8 ± 1.0 vs. 6.7 ± 0.6%, respectively; p < 0.05). Differences in postprandial glycemia (p < 0.05) were found in PILATES before vs. after sessions, respectively, of 1st-12th (217.1 ± 49.1 vs. 157.9 ± 55.7 mg·dl), 13th-24th (204.5 ± 44.7 vs. 146.3 ± 44.5 mg·dl), and 25th-36th (214.3 ± 40.4 vs. 152.7 ± 52.0 mg·dl). A correlation between postprandial glycemia and GIFC after 12 weeks was detected (r = 0.37; p = 0.04). It is concluded that 12 weeks of the Pilates method induces improvement and relationship in the FC and glycemic control in older women with T2D.

Acute effects of Pilates on mood states among young adult males

BACKGROUND

Evidence supports positive effects of acute exercise on mood states. Non-traditional exercise modalities, including Pilates, remain understudied, particularly among males. This study examined mood state responses to a single Pilates bout among young adult males, and explored if responses differed according to analogue Generalized Anxiety Disorder (AGAD) or depression status, or physical activity level.

METHODS

Eighty-seven young adult males completed 30-min of mat-based Pilates. Outcomes included state anxiety, worry, feelings of tension, depressed mood, anger, energy and fatigue, and total mood disturbance (TMD). Paired samples t-tests compared pre- and post-session means within the group; magnitude of change was quantified with standardized mean differences. Two condition X two time repeated measures ANOVA examined outcome differences according to AGAD and depression status, and physical activity level.

RESULTS

Acute Pilates significantly reduced state anxiety, feelings of fatigue, and TMD, and significantly increased feelings of energy (allp ≤ 0.007). Small-to-moderate effect sizes were found for state anxiety, feelings of energy and fatigue, and TMD (all d = 0.22-0.51). Pilates resulted in significant improvements in state anxiety, feelings of fatigue and energy, and TMD among participants with AGAD (n = 28) (all d = 0.10-0.32, p < 0.007) and depressed (n=41) participants (all d = 0.01-0.19, p < 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS

Notwithstanding potential limitations, including the absence of a control group and a lack of follow-up beyond immediate effects, this is the first report to support potential positive mood state responses to an acute bout of Pilates among young adult males. Findings varied based on analogue GAD and depression statuses, and physical activity level.

Pilates Method Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cardiorespiratory fitness has been postulated as an independent predictor of several chronic diseases. We aimed to estimate the effect of Pilates on improving cardiorespiratory fitness and to explore whether this effect could be modified by a participant's health condition or by baseline VO2 max levels. We searched databases from inception to September 2019. Data were pooled using a random effects model. The Cochrane risk of bias (RoB 2.0) tool and the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies were performed. The primary outcome was cardiorespiratory fitness measured by VO2 max. The search identified 527 potential studies of which 10 studies were included in the systematic review and 9 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that Pilates increased VO2 max, with an effect size (ES) = 0.57 (95% CI: 0.15-1; I2 = 63.5%, p = 0.018) for the Pilates group vs. the control and ES = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.26-0.76; I2 = 67%, p = 0.002) for Pilates pre-post effect. The estimates of the pooled ES were similar in both sensitivity and subgroup analyses; however, random-effects meta-regressions based on baseline VO2 max were significant. Pilates improves cardiorespiratory fitness regardless of the population's health status. Therefore, it may be an efficacious alternative for both the healthy population and patients suffering from specific disorders to achieve evidenced-based results from cardiorespiratory and neuromotor exercises.

The effects of Pilates and yoga participant's on engagement in functional movement and individual health level

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Pilates and yoga participating in their functional movement and individual health level. Ninety volunteers were randomly divided into three groups and evenly recruited female and male participants in each group through a reliable organization. Their age group was between the 30s and 40s. They were informed the research process and assigned to the consent form. Pilates group (n=30), yoga group (n=30), and control group (n=30) were assigned to fulfill short form of Rand 36-item health survey (SF-36) survey form based on self-administration method and were scored functional movement screen (FMS) test before the intervention. Pilates and yoga group were carried out certain exercise program 1-hr duration 3 times per week for 8 weeks. And control group did not perform any exercise during experimental period. After completion of the 8-week Pilates and yoga program, they recorded SF-36 and were scored FMS score for posttest in same way. When we compared the differences between pre- and posttreatment scores, we found that there was statistically significant difference among three groups on FMS (F [2,89]=15.56, P<0.001) and there was significant change in favor of Pilates group groups (F [2,89]=52.36, P<0.001) on SF-36. To conclude, Pilates group was more effective for improving functional movement and individual health level to assess quality of life than yoga group and control group.

Short-Term and Medium-Term Impact of Retirement on Sport Activity, Self-Reported Health, and Social Activity of Women and Men in Poland

Background. The aim of this study was to assess how retirement affects the short-term (up to 2 years after retirement) and medium-term (2-4 years) sport/exercise activity (S/EA) of Poles. To gain a broader context for interpretation, the effect of retirement on self-rated health status, attitudes, social activity, and sexual life was analysed. Methods. A quasiexperiment utilizing data from the longitudinal study Social Diagnosis and radius-matching method was conducted. Retiring men and women were matched with similar, nonretiring ones to make comparisons of differences in S/EA and other outcomes interpretable in terms of causality. Results. Retirement does not have a significant effect in the short term on S/EA of men (p=.440) and women (p=.340). The satisfaction of men with their health status in this period was improved (p=.007), although they more often declared health problems that impaired their everyday functioning (p=.045). Women rarely reported serious health problems (p=.024). In the medium perspective, retirement had the effect on reducing S/EA in men (p=.012) and various dimensions of their social life. Although men tend to worry more often about their health (p<0.001), they are less likely to suffer from problems with moving (p=.001) and fatigue (p=.013). Despite the fact that women are more often satisfied with their health (p=.027), they also more often complain about heart or chest pain (p=.010), body pain (p=.009), and fatigue (p=.007). Conclusion. It is necessary to prepare employees for retirement much earlier than in the preretirement age. In addition to raising awareness of the effect of S/EA functions, it is necessary to monitor the physical activity of employees and to use appropriate programmes for (1) maintaining motivation among employees who are physically active before they retire and (2) raising awareness and encouraging physical activity in employees who are physically passive.

EFFECT OF PILATES METHOD ON PHYSICAL FITNESS RELATED TO HEALTH IN THE ELDERLY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

ABSTRACT The objective of this review was to analyze the evidence of Pilates in physical fitness related to health in the elderly. The article indexing databases (Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, Scielo, Lilacs, and Cochrane) were reviewed along with the Pilates, elderly and aging descriptors. A total of 41 studies with a randomized experimental and quasi-experimental design met the inclusion criteria. The selection of the studies was carried out by two researchers and the quality of the articles was assessed using the PEDro scale. Interventions ranged from 4-24 weeks with 1-3 sessions/week, and balance was the most investigated variable. The studies included in this review indicate that Pilates improves health status in the elderly, promoting gains in balance, muscle strength, flexibility, functional autonomy, muscular endurance, body composition and aerobic endurance. Despite these findings, some variables need to be further investigated. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review.

Pilates in noncommunicable diseases: A systematic review of its effects

OBJECTIVES

Chronic cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes are the four major groups of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the main cause of mortality worldwide. Pilates has been described as an effective intervention to promote healthy behaviors and physical activity in people with chronic diseases. However, the evidence of its effects in NCDs have not been systematized. We investigated the effects of Pilates in the four major groups of NCDs.

DESIGN

A systematic review was performed. Searches were conducted on Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Studies were rated with the quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. As a meta-analysis was not possible to conduct, a best-evidence synthesis was used.

RESULTS

Twelve studies, mostly of moderate quality, were included with 491 participants (78.6% females; age range 13-70 years old) with breast cancer (n = 3), diabetes (n = 3), chronic stroke (2 years post stroke) (n = 2), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 1), cystic fibrosis (n = 1), heart failure (n = 1) and arterial hypertension (n = 1). The best-evidence synthesis revealed strong evidence for improving exercise tolerance; moderate evidence for improving symptoms, muscle strength and health-related quality of life and limited or conflicting evidence on vital signs, metabolic parameters, body composition, respiratory function, functional status, balance, flexibility and social support.

CONCLUSIONS

Pilates should be considered for patients with NCDs, as it improves exercise tolerance. Future studies with robust methodologies are still needed to clarify its effectiveness on outcomes with moderate, limited or conflicting evidence and to establish the most suitable intervention protocol.

Influence of a Pilates exercise program on the quality of life of sedentary elderly people: A randomized clinical trial

This study evaluated the influence of a Pilates exercise program on the quality of life (QOL) of sedentary elderly women. Twenty-four elderly women (aged 64.8 ± 3 years) participated in this study. Participants were divided into two groups: a Pilates Group (PG) and a Control Group (CG). The women in the PG performed 30-min sessions of Pilates (on the ground and using appliances) twice a week over six months. To evaluate the QOL, the SF-36 survey was used. The PG achieved significant improvements in 7 out of 8 domains in the survey: functional capacity (p = 0.00), physical aspects (p = 0.03), pain (p = 0.00), general health condition (p = 0.04), vitality (p = 0.02), social aspects (p = 0.03) and mental health (p = 0.05). Our results showed that implementation of a Pilates program can improve QOL of sedentary elderly women.

EFFECTS OF A MULTICOMPONENT EXERCISE PROGRAM ON THE FUNCTIONAL FITNESS IN ELDERLY WOMEN

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aging is inevitable and irreversible, but with the advancement of technology, life expectancy is increasing every year, bringing proposals for various interventions to improve the quality of life. One such intervention is physical exercise programs. Objectives: To investigate the impact of multicomponent training in circuits on functional autonomy parameters in elderly women. Methods: Elderly were recruited and distributed in two groups: trained (N = 16) and non-trained (N = 15). Those in the trained group performed 75-minute training sessions twice a week over a 56-week period. The resistance training included upper and lower limbs with a relative intensity of 70% of 1RM, exercises using body weight, stretching and specific tasks for agility, performed in a circuit form and totaling three passages. Participants underwent functional autonomy (FA) assessment by the protocol of the Latin American Developmental Group for Maturity, the 6-minute walk test (T6M), and the sit-and-reach (SR) test. Results: The trained group had a significant decrease in body weight (p=0.02) and body mass index (p=0.015). Significant improvements (p=0,009) were also observed in FA, SR, and T6M after the intervention Compared with the untrained group, the trained group also obtained significant differences in all functional parameters analyzed. Conclusion: A long-term multicomponent training program conducted on a circuit and applied twice a week was enough to improve multiple components of the functional autonomy of elderly women. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic studies - Investigating the effect of a patient characteristic on the outcome of disease.

Influence of pilates training on the quality of life of chronic stroke patients

[Purpose] This study was to observe the influence of Pilates training on the quality of life in chronic stoke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Forty chronic stroke patients participated in this study. They were divided into same number of experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). EG participated in a 60-min Pilates training program, twice a week for 12 weeks, while the CG did not participate in any exercise-related activities for the duration and participating in general occupational therapy without any exercise-related activities. Then the MMSE-K was performed before and after Pilates training to observe the influence of Pilates training on the quality of life in chronic stroke patients. [Results] Statistically significant improvement in the physical, social, and psychological domains was found in EG after the training. No statistically significant difference was found in all three quality of life domains for the CG. EG experienced a statistically significant improvement in all quality of life domains compared with that of CG. [Conclusion] Therefore, participation in Pilates training was found to effectively improve the quality of life in stroke patients. Pilates training involves low and intermediate intensity resistance and repetition that match the patient’s physical ability and can be a remedial exercise program that can improve physical ability and influence quality of life.

Effect of Different Types of Physical Activity on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Physical activity is associated with greater independence in old age. However, little is known about the effect of physical activity level and activity type on activities of daily living (ADL). This review systematically analyzed the effects of physical activity level and activity type on ADL in older adults (mean age, 60+). Electronic search methods (up to March 2015) identified 47 relevant, randomized controlled trials. Random effects meta-analyses revealed significant, beneficial effects of physical activity on ADL physical performance (SMD = 0.72, 95% CI [0.45, 1.00];p < .01), with the largest effects found for moderate physical activity levels, and for activity types with high levels of mental (e.g., memory, attention), physical (e.g., coordination, balance) and social (e.g., social interaction) demands. Inconsistent effects were observed on self-reported ADL measures. Interventions that include moderate physical activity levels with high mental, physical, and social demands may produce the greatest benefits on ADL physical performance.

Pilates Reformer exercises for fall risk reduction in older adults: A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of Pilates exercises using a Reformer on measures of fall risk, balance and mobility, self-efficacy, and active range of motion in adults age 65 and over at risk for falls compared to a control group.

DESIGN

Randomized Controlled Trial.

METHODS

Fifty-five subjects (27 Pilates intervention, 28 control; 38 females, 17 males; mean age 77.6 years, range 65-95) were randomly assigned to either a Pilates Reformer intervention group or a control group (no intervention). Subjects in the intervention group attended a Pilates Reformer exercise program in a group format once a week over a 10-week period. The primary outcome measures were the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) composite scores on the NeuroCom^® system, Timed Up-and-Go (TUG), and Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale. The secondary outcome measures were the Adaptation Test (ADT), straight leg raise (SLR), hip extension, and ankle dorsiflexion active range of motion (AROM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and 10 Meter Walk Test (10MWT).

RESULTS

There was a significant interaction between group and time on the TUG, BBS, 10MWT, and SLR, hip extension, and ankle dorsiflexion AROM measurements. Over time, subjects in the Pilates intervention group improved their scores significantly on all mentioned measures, whereas subjects in the control group did not (P ≤ 0.05). Significantly improved AROM was found between groups following the Pilates intervention for hip extension, left SLR, and right ankle dorsiflexion.

CONCLUSION

Pilates Reformer exercises performed once per week for 10 weeks resulted in reduced fall risk and significant improvements in static and dynamic balance, functional mobility, balance self-efficacy, and lower extremity AROM in adults age 65 and older at risk for falling, whereas the control group did not significantly improve in any measures. Pilates Reformer exercises are more effective compared to no exercise intervention at improving hip and ankle AROM.

Immediate effects of Pilates based therapeutic exercise on postural control of young individuals with non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

Low back pain affects the person's ability to keep balance, especially in challenging conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the immediate effects of Pilates exercises on postural sway and dynamic balance of young individuals with non-specific low back pain.

DESIGN

Controlled laboratory design.

SETTINGS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Forty-six participants with non-specific low back pain were randomized to a Pilates (n=23, 10 males; age: 21.8±3.2years) and a control group (n=23, 9 males; age: 22.8±3.6years). Postural sway was assessed with a force platform and dynamic balance with the Star Excursion Balance Test, before and after the intervention or rest period. To assess postural sway, participants stood still on an unstable surface set on the force plate for 90s, with eyes closed.

INTERVENTION

The intervention lasted 20min and consisted on four Pilates exercises: single leg stretch (level 1), pelvic press (level 1), swimming (level 1) and kneeling opposite arm and leg reach.

RESULTS

At baseline, no differences were found between groups. The Pilates group improved in all the postural sway values (area of CoP: 11.5±3.4 to 9.7±2.7cm², p=0.002 and CoP velocity: 2.8±0.6 to 2.3±0.5cm/s, p<0.001) and in the Star Excursion Balance Test. Control group only improved in CoP velocity, however, this improvement was significantly inferior compared to the Pilates group.

CONCLUSIONS

Pilates exercises immediately improved postural sway and dynamic balance in young adults with non-specific low back pain.

The effect of laughter therapy on the quality of life of nursing home residents

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effect of Laughter therapy on the quality of life of nursing home residents.

BACKGROUND

By improving the quality of life of residents living in nursing homes and allowing them to have a healthier existence, their lives can be extended. Therefore, interventions impacting the quality of life of older adults are of critical importance.

DESIGN

Quasi-experimental design.

METHOD

The study was conducted between 2 March - 25 May 2015. The experimental group was composed of 32 nursing home residents from one nursing home, while the control group consisted of 33 nursing home residents from another nursing home in the capital city of Turkey. Laughter therapy was applied with nursing home residents of the experimental group two days per week (21 sessions in total). A socio-demographic form and the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used for data collection.

RESULTS

After the laughter therapy intervention, general and subscales (physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional and spiritual health) quality-of-life scores of residents in the experimental group significantly increased in comparison with the pretest.

CONCLUSION

Laughter therapy improved the quality of life of nursing home residents. Therefore, nursing home management should integrate laughter therapy into health care and laughter therapy should be provided as a routine nursing intervention.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

The results indicated that the laughter therapy programme had a positive effect on the quality of life of nursing home residents. Nurses can use laughter therapy as an intervention to improve quality of life of nursing home residents.

Effects of modified Pilates on variability of inter-joint coordination during walking in the elderly

[Purpose] This study aimed to examine the effects of an 8-week modified Pilates program on the variability of inter-joint coordination in the elderly during walking. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty elderly participants with no recent history of orthopedic abnormalities (age, 67.9 ± 2.7 years; height, 163.7 ± 8.9 cm; weight, 67.1 ± 11.6 kg) were recruited for this study and randomly allocated to a modified Pilates exercise group or a control group. Three-dimensional motion analysis was performed on both groups to evaluate the effects of the Pilates exercise. [Results] There was no significant difference in the joint variability of the ankle, knee, and hip joints between the groups, both before training and after training. However, there was a significant increase in the hip-knee deviation phase value in the exercise group after the program was completed, and this increase was also significant when compared with that in the control group. [Conclusion] This study has demonstrated that an 8-week modified Pilates exercise program can have a positive impact on the gait of elderly participants, potentially by enhancing neuromuscular adjustment, which may have positive implications for reducing their fall risk.

The Pilates method in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review

Abstract Introduction: Joseph Pilates created an authentic method of physical and mental conditioning, which he called Contrology and defined as the complete coordination of body, mind and spirit. Recent studies indicate that the Pilates Method is a useful tool in rehabilitation can improve overall health, sports performance and help in the prevention and attenuation of injuries and disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent and costly conditions that develop gradually, presenting a chronic course and often remain untreated. Objective: This study aimed to identify the effects of the Pilates Method in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders through a systematic review. Methods: An active search was performed in the PubMed, PEDro, Scielo and Bireme databases. A total of 24 studies were pre-selected and their methodological quality was evaluated based on the PEDro scale. Of these, 14 fulfilled the selection criteria. Results: The studies analyzed indicate that Pilates can be effective both for the treatment of conditions such as scoliosis, back pain, ankylosing spondylitis and breast cancer, and for preventing injuries in adults, elderly people and athletes. Conclusion: The high methodological variability requires that these studies be viewed with caution. It indicates the need for the performance of new studies with high methodological quality and standardization of evaluation instruments.

The effects of the Pilates method in the elderly: a systematic review

Several studies show the benefits of including muscle strength and aerobic physical activity in the routine of elderly people. Among the various possibilities of physical activity, the Pilates method has become a popular modality in recent years, through a system of exercises enabling to work the whole body and that corrects posture and realigns the muscles, developing the body stability needed for a healthier life. The aim of this study was to review the current evidence on the effects of the practice of the Pilates method in the elderly. A systematic literature review was conducted in the following electronic databases: Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs/Bireme, Scopus, Pedro and Isi of Knowledge, from descriptors pilates, elderly, old adults, aging. In the selection of studies the following inclusion criteria were used: original articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish languages. All selection and evaluation processes of the articles were performed by peers and the quality was verified by the Downs and Black scale. Twenty-one studies were included. The year of publication ranged from 2003 to 2014 and the size of the sample varied from 8 to 311 elderly subjects, aged at least 60 years old. The intervention period was from 4 weeks to 12 months of Pilates exercise practice. It was concluded that despite the studies pointing to physical and motor benefits of the Pilates method in the elderly, we cannot state whether or not the method is effective, in view of the poor methodological quality of the studies included in this review.

The Effects of Pilates on the Elderly: An Integrative Review

Abstract Introduction: Pilates is considered a form of exercise that aims to improve flexibility, resistance, strength, balance and coordination. As a result, many elderly people have tried the method seeking to improve or maintain their health. Objective: The present study aimed to review the effects of Pilates on the elderly. Methods: An integrative review was carried out that studied elderly persons undergoing an intervention based on the Pilates method, combined or not with other techniques. The guiding question considered existing studies in literature that evaluated the effects of Pilates on the elderly. Searches of the MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) electronic databases were conducted in May 2014. Results: Of a total of 445 studies found, 17 articles were included. Several variables were analyzed, with balance and the risk of falling described most frequently. Conclusions: The most studied variables were balance and the risk of falling and there was consensus among the studies regarding the improvement that Pilates caused in these variables. There was also agreement about increased flexibility, but controversy continues to surround the other effects reported in literature, or the data is isolated and therefore inconclusive. Among the studies found, most were experimental, and there were only two randomized controlled trials. The performance of more clinical trials featuring high quality methodological approaches addressing the theme is recommended, so that systematic reviews with meta-analysis may be performed, ensuring greater reliability of the results suggested in this study.