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Vermeulen M, Gandhi A, Van Den Eede F, Raes F, Krans J. Event centrality in social anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Memory 2024; 32:528-539. [PMID: 38662790 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2341706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Event centrality is defined by the extent to which a memory of an event has become central to an individual's identity and life story. Previous research predominantly focused on the link between event centrality and trauma-related symptomatology. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the perception of (adverse) events as central to one's self is not exclusive to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Other disorders where adverse events are linked to the onset of symptoms might also be related to event centrality. This study examined the relevance of event centrality for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) separately. Moreover, we examined which cognitive and emotion regulation variables (i.e., trait anxiety, rumination, worry, intrusions and avoidance, and posttraumatic cognitions) mediated these relationships. No significant correlation was found between event centrality and social anxiety. However, a significant positive correlation was found between event centrality and depression. In a combined group, this relation was mediated by all cognitive and emotion regulation variables except for worry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Vermeulen
- Behavior, Health, and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amarendra Gandhi
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre (L-BioStat), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Den Eede
- Department of Psychiatry, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- Behavior, Health, and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Krans
- Behavior, Health, and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Pro Persona Overwaal Centre for Anxiety, OCD, and PTSD, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Haehner P, Würtz F, Kritzler S, Kunna M, Luhmann M, Woud ML. The relationship between the perception of major life events and depression: A systematic scoping review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:145-157. [PMID: 38190863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major life events can lead to depression in adulthood. However, as predicted by several depression theories, not only the mere occurrence of major life events but also the way people perceive them determines the onset of a depression. METHODS Based on a systematic literature search, we identified 276 studies (Ntotal = 89,600) that examined the relationship between the perception of major life events and depression. We provide an overview of how this relationship has been examined. Furthermore, we meta-analytically integrated 420 effect sizes (172 studies) on the association between the perception of major life events and depression. RESULTS Most studies relied on college student samples, were cross-sectional, and were conducted in the United States. A more negative perception of events was significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms (r = 0.28). This association was robust across several design and sample characteristics. Furthermore, the perception of major life events and depression were also longitudinally associated with each other (event perception predicting later depressive symptoms: r = 0.26; depressive symptoms predicting later event perception: r = 0.17). LIMITATIONS Longitudinal research on the relationship between depression and the perception of major life events was relatively rare impairing definite conclusions on whether the perception of life events can predict changes in depressive symptoms over time. CONCLUSION The perception of major life events is related to depression. However, further longitudinal research considering a range of different perceived event characteristics and using non-Western heterogeneous samples is needed to better understand their relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Haehner
- Psychological Methods Lab, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Individual Differences Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Felix Würtz
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Kritzler
- Psychological Methods Lab, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Marius Kunna
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Maike Luhmann
- Psychological Methods Lab, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcella L Woud
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Georg-Elias-Mueller-Institute of Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
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Zimprich D, Pociūnaitė J, Wolf T. A multilevel factor analysis of the short form of the Centrality of Event Scale. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1268283. [PMID: 38250114 PMCID: PMC10797104 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1268283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Centrality of Event Scale (CES) has frequently been used to measure the degree to which positive and negative life events are perceived central to a person's identity and life story; and previous research suggests that individuals rate their most positive memory as more central compared to their most negative one. When comparing the centrality of two (or more) memories within individuals, one needs to ensure that the CES (or its short form) is equally valid for different types of events (i.e., positive and negative) as well as on different levels of analyses (i.e., on the between-person and the within-person level), pointing to the issue of measurement invariance. Methods Three-hundred sixty-five adults (18-89 years of age) reported up to ten positive and up to ten negative autobiographical memories. For each memory reported, participants completed the seven-item short form of the CES, which measures three different components of centrality: Events can form a central component of identity (two items), a turning point in the life story (three items), and a reference point for everyday inferences (two items). Results Based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we found a two-factor structure (Self-Perception and Life-Course) to fit the data best at both levels of analyses and for both positive and negative events. Strict measurement invariance could be applied for positive and negative events at between-person level and at within-person level. The two factors, which measure the impact of an event on either a person's self-perception or their (future) life course, were rated higher for positive compared to negative memories. This difference, however, was stronger for the self-perception factor. Discussion The present study provides a first examination of the factorial structure of the CES short form on two levels (within and between persons) as well as for two types of life events (positive and negative). Whereas, a unidimensional scale might be sufficient to measure the centrality of stressful or traumatic life events, a more fine-graded measure seems better suited to understand the different roles of positive and negative life events for a person's identity and life story.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zimprich
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Pociunaite (Pociūnaitė) J, Zimprich D, Wolf T. Centrality of Positive and Negative Autobiographical Memories Across Adult Lifespan. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Zimprich
- Department of Developmental Psychology Ulm University, Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 47 Ulm Germany
| | - Tabea Wolf
- Department of Developmental Psychology Ulm University, Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 47 Ulm Germany
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Vermeulen M, Smits D, Claes L, Gandhi A, Raes F, Krans J. The Dutch 20 Item Centrality of Event Scale. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Event centrality is defined as the extent to which a memory of a traumatic event forms a reference point for people’s identity and attribution of meaning to other experiences in their life. Event centrality is typically measured with the Centrality of Event Scale (CES; Berntsen & Rubin, 2006 ). The present study’s first aim was to investigate the underlying factor structure and construct validity of the Dutch 20-item CES (CES-20) in undergraduates ( N = 1,091). The second aim was to test whether the CES-20 could prospectively predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms four months later. The data supported a one-factor structure of the CES with a high internal consistency (α = .95), which is not in line with the theoretical model of event centrality but aligns with previous empirical research. Furthermore, high construct validity was evidenced by positive and significant relations between the CES and PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, DSM-5 trauma A criterion, and the number of experienced negative life events. Event centrality was not a significant predictor of PTSD symptoms four months later when controlling for PTSD symptoms at time 1, which questions the prospective relation between event centrality and later PTSD symptoms for those events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Smits
- Behavior, Health and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Odisee, University of Applied Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Claes
- Behavior, Health and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amarendra Gandhi
- L-BioStat, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Knowledge Center, SD Worx, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- Behavior, Health and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Krans
- Behavior, Health and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Pro Persona Overwaal Centre for Anxiety, OCD and PTSD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Conen L, Johanßen H, Ülsmann D, Ertle A, Schulte S, Fydrich T, Schulte-Herbrüggen O. Validierung der deutschen Übersetzung der Centrality of Event Scale (CES-G). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1026/1616-3443/a000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Eine wachsende Zahl von Forschungsarbeiten weist auf die Bedeutung der wahrgenommenen Zentralität eines traumatischen Ereignisses in der eigenen Lebensgeschichte für das Verständnis von Symptomen der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) hin. Zur Untersuchung dieser Beziehung exisitert bislang noch kein Messinstrument, das die Ereigniszentralität auf Deutsch erfasst. Fragestellung: Um die Forschung auf diesem Gebiet im deutschsprachigen Raum zu ermöglichen, wird die Centrality of Event Scale (CES; Berntsen & Rubin, 2006 ) in einer deutschen Übersetzung (CES-G) vorgestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer psychometrischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Methode: Zur psychometrischen Auswertung wurde die CES-G 322 Student_innen sowie 115 ambulanten Patient_innen mit ausgeprägter PTBS-Symptomatik vorgelegt. Ergebnisse: Die CES-G zeigt eine hervorragende interne Konsistenz, substanzielle Korrelationen mit Maßen von PTBS Symptomen, allgemeiner Psychopathologie, Depressivität und maladaptiven kognitiven Prozessen sowie eine kriterienbezogene Validität bezüglich PTBS Symptomen in einer klinischen Stichprobe. Schlussfolgerungen: Die deutsche Übersetzung der CES ist ein verlässliches und valides Messinstrument für Ereigniszentralität.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Conen
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Helen Johanßen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, gemeinsame Einrichtung der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin und der Freien Universität Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Dominik Ülsmann
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatische Medizin, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Andrea Ertle
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Sarah Schulte
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Fydrich
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Olaf Schulte-Herbrüggen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatische Medizin, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Deutschland
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Cheng Y, Thorpe L, Kabir R, Lim HJ. Latent class growth modeling of depression and anxiety in older adults: an 8-year follow-up of a population-based study. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:550. [PMID: 34645416 PMCID: PMC8515663 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are common mental health conditions in the older adult population. Understanding the trajectories of these will help implement treatments and interventions. AIMS This study aims to identify depression and anxiety trajectories in older adults, evaluate the interrelationship of these conditions, and recognize trajectory-predicting characteristics. METHODS Group-based dual trajectory modeling (GBDTM) was applied to the data of 3983 individuals, aged 65 years or older who participated in the Korean Health Panel Study between 2008 and 2015. Logistic regression was used to identify the association between characteristics and trajectory groups. RESULTS Four trajectory groups from GBDTM were identified within both depression and anxiety outcomes. Depression outcome fell into "low-flat (87.0%)", "low-to-middle (8.8%)", "low-to-high (1.3%)" and "high-stable (2.8%)" trajectory groups. Anxiety outcome fell into "low-flat (92.5%)", "low-to-middle (4.7%)", "high-to-low (2.2%)" and "high-curve (0.6%)" trajectory groups. Interrelationships between depression and anxiety were identified. Members of the high-stable depression group were more likely to have "high-to-low" or "high-curved" anxiety trajectories. Female sex, the presence of more than three chronic diseases, and being engaged in income-generating activity were significant predictors for depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Dual trajectory analysis of depression and anxiety in older adults shows that when one condition is present, the probability of the other is increased. Sex, having more than three chronic diseases, and not being involved in income-generating activity might increase risks for both depression and anxiety. Health policy decision-makers may use our findings to develop strategies for preventing both depression and anxiety in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Cheng
- Collaborative Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Lilian Thorpe
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N2Z4, Canada
| | - Rasel Kabir
- Collaborative Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Hyun Ja Lim
- Collaborative Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. .,Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N2Z4, Canada.
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Vermeulen M, Smits D, Boelen PA, Claes L, Raes F, Krans J. The Dutch Version of the Centrality of Event Scale (CES). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Event centrality is defined as the extent to which the memory of a traumatic event forms a reference point for personal identity and the attribution of meaning to other experiences in a person’s life. The current study investigated the psychometric properties of the Dutch translation of the Centrality of Event Scale (CES; Berntsen & Rubin, 2006 ) and its relation with symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, exposure to traumatic events as defined by DSM-5 trauma criterion A, and negative life events in a student sample ( N = 967). An underlying structure of one factor was found. This factor structure was replicated in two additional independent samples. High internal consistency was found for a 6-item CES. CES scores were positively related to symptoms of PTSD and depression, to the DSM-5 trauma criterion A, and the number of negative life events. The CES made a unique contribution to the explained variance in PTSD symptoms when controlling for depression. However, CES scores were unrelated to depression when controlling for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that event centrality might be more typically related to PTSD, and less to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Smits
- Behavior, Health and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Odisee, University of Applied Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul A. Boelen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
- Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Claes
- Behavior, Health and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- Behavior, Health and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Krans
- Behavior, Health and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
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The prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2019; 253:193-202. [PMID: 31054444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrusive memories have typically been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but some studies have suggested they can also occur in depression-alone. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression and to explore methodological and other factors that may moderate this prevalence. METHOD The databases PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MedLine, PubMed, CINAHL and Embase were searched for relevant articles, published up to and including July 2016. Studies measuring point prevalence of intrusive memories in adults aged 18 years or above with depression were included and assessed for quality. Meta-analysis was completed under a random effects model. RESULTS Seven studies measuring point prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depression were included. The overall pooled prevalence estimate calculated was 76.0% (95% CI 59.4-89.4%), reducing to 66.0% (95% CI 51.0-79.5%) when restricted to intrusive memories experienced within the week prior to assessment. Heterogeneity was high. Between-groups analyses indicated that adults with depression are as likely to experience intrusive memories as adults with PTSD, and more likely to experience intrusive memories than healthy controls (risk ratio of 2.94, 95% CI 1.53-5.67). LIMITATIONS The strength of conclusions is limited by the small number of studies included. Consideration of the relationship between depression, intrusive memories and trauma exposure is required. CONCLUSIONS Intrusive memories are experienced by a large majority of adults with depression and may therefore be an important target for cognitive intervention. Larger scale measurement of clinical outcome is needed with identification of individual factors predicting treatment response.
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Centrality of Event and Mental Health Outcomes in Child and Adolescent Natural Disaster Survivors. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 21:E61. [PMID: 30477589 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2018.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The experience of trauma could be considered a central event in one's life, such that it could be a core component of one's identity and life story. Indeed, trauma memories are well-remembered, vivid, intense, and easily accessible (Berntsen & Rubin, 2006). The present study investigated the mediating role of sensory-based trauma memory quality in the relationship between centrality of event and mental health outcomes among child and adolescent survivors of a natural disaster (N = 225) in its immediate aftermath. Results of mediation analyses revealed that centrality of trauma event is related to symptoms of acute stress disorder and depression through sensory-based trauma memory quality (indirect effect 95% C.I. [.06, .11] and [.04, .10], respectively). These findings support the contention that centrality of event is associated to heightened accessibility and vividness of sensory-based trauma memory quality, which in turn is related to an increase in trauma-related symptoms in the immediate aftermath of a natural disaster, where the reminders of trauma are particularly salient in the survivors' environment and daily activities.
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Gehrt TB, Berntsen D, Hoyle RH, Rubin DC. Psychological and clinical correlates of the Centrality of Event Scale: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65:57-80. [PMID: 30138786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Centrality of Event Scale (CES) was introduced to examine the extent to which a traumatic or stressful event is perceived as central to an individual's identity and life story, and how this relates to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. In addition, the CES has been examined in relation to a range of other conditions and dispositions. We present a systematic review of the correlates of the CES. Results from 92 publications resulted in 25 measurement categories in the six theoretical domains of trauma, negative affect and distress, autobiographical memory, personality, positive affect, and gender. The mean weighted correlations of the 25 measurement categories ranged from -.17 to .55, with standard errors from .01 to .02, allowing us to distinguish empirically among effects. Consistent with the theoretical motivation for the CES and predictions predating the review, the CES correlated positively with a range of measures, correlating most highly with measures related to trauma, PTSD, grief, and autobiographical memory. The findings show that the CES probes aspects of autobiographical memory of broad relevance to clinical disorders, and with specific implications for theories of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine B Gehrt
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Rick H Hoyle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, United States
| | - David C Rubin
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, United States
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Del Palacio-Gonzalez A, Berntsen D. Emotion Regulation of Events Central to Identity and Their Relationship With Concurrent and Prospective Depressive Symptoms. Behav Ther 2018; 49:604-616. [PMID: 29937261 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dispositional emotion regulation is related to the severity and maintenance of depressive symptoms. However, whether emotion regulation specific to an event highly central for an individual's identity is predictive of depressive symptoms has not been examined. Nonclinical participants (N = 220) reported the extent to which they employed a selection of emotion regulation strategies when recalling low- and high-centrality events. Dispositional emotion regulation and depressive symptoms were also assessed. A 7-week follow-up was conducted. High-centrality events were associated with more emotion regulation efforts. Greater brooding and expressive suppression in relation to high-centrality memories predicted concurrent depressive symptoms after controlling for event valence and dispostional emotion regulation. Effects were absent for low-centrality memories. Emotion regulation in response to high-centrality memories did not predict depressive symptoms at follow-up beyond baseline depressive symptoms. Overall, the findings showed that maladaptive emotion regulation in response to memories of high-centrality events is important for explaining depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University
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Changes in perceived centrality of anxious events following cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder and panic disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 59:150-156. [PMID: 29425950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to explore the association between reductions in symptoms of psychopathology and perceived centrality of negative autobiographical memories in participants with social anxiety disorder (SAD) or panic disorder (PD). METHODS Thirty-nine individuals with SAD or PD recalled and rated four negative autobiographical memories before and after ten sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) over a three-month period. Twenty-eight healthy controls did the same before and after a three-month period. RESULTS As hypothesized, results showed a decrease in perceived centrality following CBT. This decrease in perceived centrality was larger, although at the trend level, for individuals who experienced reliable change on disorder-specific symptoms. LIMITATIONS The correlational nature of the study prevents establishing the causal relationship between changes in perceived centrality and psychopathology, and future studies should explore such mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The present study adds to the emerging body of literature, investigating changes in centrality of event following psychotherapy.
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Galán S, Castarlenas E, Racine M, Sánchez-Rodríguez E, Tomé-Pires C, Jensen MP, Miró J. Factor Structure, Internal Consistency and Criterion Validity of the Full-form and Short-form Versions of the Centrality of Events Scale in Young People. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Galán
- Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Catalonia Spain
| | - Elena Castarlenas
- Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Catalonia Spain
| | - Mélanie Racine
- Lawson Health Research Institute; London Canada
- Beryl & Richard Ivey Rheumatology Day Programs, St. Joseph's Health Care; London Canada
- Clinical and Neurological Sciences Department, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London ON Canada
| | - Elisabet Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Catalonia Spain
| | - Catarina Tomé-Pires
- Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Catalonia Spain
| | - Mark P. Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle USA
| | - Jordi Miró
- Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Catalonia Spain
- Chair in Pediatric Pain Universitat Rovira i Virgili-Fudación Grünenthal; Tarragona Catalonia Spain
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15
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Ashbaugh AR, Marinos J, Bujaki B. The impact of depression and PTSD symptom severity on trauma memory. Memory 2017; 26:106-116. [PMID: 28566056 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1334801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression frequently co-occur following a traumatic event. Differences in the processing of autobiographical memory have been observed in both disorders in the form of overgeneralised memories and negative intrusive memories. The current study examined how symptoms of PTSD and depression influence the phenomenological characteristics of trauma memories. Undergraduate students who had experienced a traumatic event (n = 696) completed questionnaires online including measures of PTSD and depressive symptom severity. They rated their trauma memory on several phenomenological characteristics using the Memory Experiences Questionnaire [Sutin, A. R., & Robins, R. W. (2007). Phenomenology of autobiographical memories: The memory experiences questionnaire. Memory.]. Moderated multiple regression was used to examine how PTSD and depressive symptom severity related to each phenomenological characteristic. Symptoms of PTSD and depression were related separately and uniquely to the phenomenological characteristics of the trauma memory. PTSD severity predicted trauma memories that were more negative, contained higher sensory detail, and were more vivid. In contrast, depressive symptom severity predicted trauma memories that were less accessible and less coherent. These findings suggest that depressive and PTSD symptomatology affect traumatic memory differently and support a distinction between these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Marinos
- a School of Psychology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Brad Bujaki
- a School of Psychology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
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16
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da Silva TLG, Donat JC, Lorenzonni PL, de Souza LK, Gauer G, Kristensen CH. Event centrality in trauma and PTSD: relations between event relevance and posttraumatic symptoms. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41155-016-0015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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17
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Blix I, Birkeland MS, Solberg Ø, Hansen MB, Heir T. The Launching and Ensnaring Effects of Construing a Traumatic Event as Central to One's Identity and Life Story. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Blix
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, NCVTSS; Oslo Norway
| | | | - Øivind Solberg
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, NCVTSS; Oslo Norway
| | | | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, NCVTSS; Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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18
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Sotgiu I. How Do We Remember Happy Life Events? A Comparison Between Eudaimonic and Hedonic Autobiographical Memories. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 150:685-703. [PMID: 27043474 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2016.1162764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Rathbone CJ, Steel C. Autobiographical memory distributions for negative self-images: memories are organised around negative as well as positive aspects of identity. Memory 2014; 23:473-86. [PMID: 24730721 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.906621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between developmental experiences, and an individual's emerging beliefs about themselves and the world, is central to many forms of psychotherapy. People suffering from a variety of mental health problems have been shown to use negative memories when defining the self; however, little is known about how these negative memories might be organised and relate to negative self-images. In two online studies with middle-aged (N = 18; study 1) and young (N = 56; study 2) adults, we found that participants' negative self-images (e.g., I am a failure) were associated with sets of autobiographical memories that formed clustered distributions around times of self-formation, in much the same pattern as for positive self-images (e.g., I am talented). This novel result shows that highly organised sets of salient memories may be responsible for perpetuating negative beliefs about the self. Implications for therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J Rathbone
- a Department of Psychology , Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
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20
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Berntsen D, Rubin DC. Involuntary Memories and Dissociative Amnesia: Assessing Key Assumptions in PTSD Research. Clin Psychol Sci 2014; 2:174-186. [PMID: 25309832 PMCID: PMC4189812 DOI: 10.1177/2167702613496241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memories of trauma victims are often described as disturbed in two ways. First, the trauma is frequently re-experienced in the form of involuntary, intrusive recollections. Second, the trauma is difficult to recall voluntarily (strategically); important parts may be totally or partially inaccessible-a feature known as dissociative amnesia. These characteristics are often mentioned by PTSD researchers and are included as PTSD symptoms in the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). In contrast, we show that both involuntary and voluntary recall are enhanced by emotional stress during encoding. We also show that the PTSD symptom in the diagnosis addressing dissociative amnesia, trouble remembering important aspects of the trauma is less well correlated with the remaining PTSD symptoms than the conceptual reversal of having trouble forgetting important aspects of the trauma. Our findings contradict key assumptions that have shaped PTSD research over the last 40 years.
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21
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Rubin DC, Boals A, Hoyle RH. Narrative centrality and negative affectivity: independent and interactive contributors to stress reactions. J Exp Psychol Gen 2013; 143:1159-70. [PMID: 24294867 DOI: 10.1037/a0035140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reactions to stressful negative events have long been studied using approaches based on either the narrative interpretation of the event or the traits of the individual. Here, we integrate these 2 approaches by using individual-differences measures of both the narrative interpretation of the stressful event as central to one's life and the personality characteristic of negative affectivity. We show that they each have independent contributions to stress reactions and that high levels on both produce greater than additive effects. The effects on posttraumatic stress symptoms are substantial for both undergraduates (Study 1, n = 2,296; Study 3, n = 488) and veterans (Study 2, n = 104), with mean levels for participants low on both measures near floor on posttraumatic stress symptoms and those high on both measures scoring at or above diagnostic thresholds. Study 3 included 3 measures of narrative centrality and 3 of negative affectivity to demonstrate that the effects were not limited to a single measure. In Study 4 (n = 987), measures associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress correlated substantially with either measures of narrative centrality or measures of negative affectivity. The concepts of narrative centrality and negative affectivity and the results are consistent with findings from clinical populations using similar measures and with current approaches to therapy. In broad nonclinical populations, such as those used here, the results suggest that we might be able to substantially increase our ability to account for the severity of stress response by including both concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rubin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, and Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University
| | - Adriel Boals
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas
| | - Rick H Hoyle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
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22
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Fernández-Fernández V, Márquez-González M, Losada-Baltar A, García PE, Romero-Moreno R. [Design and validation of the scales for the assessment of the psychological impact of past life events: the role of ruminative thought and personal growth]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2013; 48:161-170. [PMID: 23743356 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Older people's emotional distress is often related to rumination processes focused on past vital events occurred during their lives. The specific coping strategies displayed to face those events may contribute to explain older adults' current well-being: they can perceive that they have obtained personal growth after those events and/or they can show a tendency to have intrusive thoughts about those events. This paper describes the development and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Scales for the Assessment of the Psychological Impact of Past Life Events (SAPIPLE): the past life events-occurrence scale (LE-O), ruminative thought scale (LE-R) and personal growth scale (LE-PG). MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants were 393 community dwelling elderly (mean age=71.5 years old; SD=6.9). In addition to the SAPIPLE scales, depressive symptomatology, anxiety, psychological well-being, life satisfaction, physical function and vitality have been assessed. RESULTS The inter-rater agreement's analysis suggests the presence of two factors in the LE-O: positive and negative vital events. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) supported this two-dimensional structure for both the LE-R and the LE-PG. Good internal consistency indexes have been obtained for each scale and subscale, as well as good criterion and concurrent validity indexes. CONCLUSIONS Both ruminative thoughts about past life events and personal growth following those events are related to older adults' current well-being. The SAPIPLE presents good psychometric properties that justify its use for elderly people.
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23
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Banks MV, Salmon K. Reasoning about the self in positive and negative ways: Relationship to psychological functioning in young adulthood. Memory 2013; 21:10-26. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2012.707213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Matos M, Pinto-Gouveia J, Duarte C. Above and beyond emotional valence: The unique contribution of central and traumatic shame memories to psychopathology vulnerability. Memory 2012; 20:461-77. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2012.680962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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25
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Boelen PA. A prospective examination of the association between the centrality of a loss and post-loss psychopathology. J Affect Disord 2012; 137:117-24. [PMID: 22240087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that the extent to which a negative event has become central to one's everyday inferences, life-story, and identity is associated with the severity of psychopathology experienced following this event. The current study aimed to extend this prior research by examining the prospective linkage between the centrality of a loss-event and post-loss psychopathology. METHODS To this end, 176 individuals, bereaved within the past year, completed the Centrality of Event Scale (CES) with their loss as the anchor event, together with measures of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD), depression, and bereavement-related Posttraumatic Stress-Disorder (PTSD) and complementary questionnaires. One hundred participants again completed symptom-measures one year later. RESULTS Findings showed that (a) the centrality of a loss was associated with concurrent symptom-levels of PGD, depression, and PTSD; (b) the centrality of a loss predicted PGD-severity, depression-severity, and PTSD-severity one year later, after controlling for baseline symptom-levels; (c) these cross-sectional and prospective linkages remained significant when controlling for relevant demographic and loss-related variables, as well as for indices of neuroticism, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance and persistent closeness to the lost person. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the under-representation of men and the reliance on self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS The current findings provide evidence that the centrality of a negative event is a prospective predictor of post-event psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Boelen
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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