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Savarimuthu Selvan C, Rengan R, Malecki JG. One-Pot Sustainable Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrimidines via Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Annulation of Alcohols Using Pincer Ni(II)-NNS Catalysts. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39087691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
We report an efficient and sustainable synthesis of highly substituted pyrimidines promoted by nickel(II)-NNS pincer-type complexes via acceptorless dehydrogenative annulations of readily available alcohols, malononitrile, and guanidine/benzamidine salt under eco-friendly conditions for the first time. Different sets of Ni(II) complexes (C1-C3) encapsulated in NNS pincer-type thiosemicarbazone ligands have been synthesized and authenticated by analytical and spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-resolution mass spectrometry) techniques. The solid state three-dimensional structure of a representative complex (C2) has been determined with the aid of single crystal XRD analysis and confirms a square planar architecture around the nickel ion. Further, the well-defined Ni(II) complexes have been employed as efficient catalysts for the fabrication of a wide range of 4-aminopyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives (33 examples) from readily available alcohols with suitable coupling partners such as malononitrile and guanidine/benzamidine under eco-friendly conditions. The current catalytic approach affords maximum yields up to 95% utilizing 3 mol % catalyst loading and water/hydrogen as the only byproduct. A feasible catalytic pathway has been proposed based on the different control experiment reactions, which clearly indicate that the coupling reaction proceeds via aldehyde and benzylidenemalononitrile intermediates. The practicability of the current protocol has been demonstrated by the large-scale synthesis of one of the products, 4-amino-2,6-diphenylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, and a short synthesis of a cytosine antifungal analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Savarimuthu Selvan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Malecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice 40-006, Poland
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Maikhuri VK, Mathur D, Chaudhary A, Kumar R, Parmar VS, Singh BK. Transition-Metal Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrimidines: Recent Advances, Mechanism, Scope and Future Perspectives. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:4. [PMID: 38296918 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Pyrimidine is a pharmacologically important moiety that exhibits diverse biological activities. This review reflects the growing significance of transition metal-catalyzed reactions for the synthesis of pyrimidines (with no discussion being made on the transition metal-catalyzed functionalization of pyrimidines). The effect of different catalysts on the selectivity/yields of pyrimidines and catalyst recyclability (wherever applicable) are described, together with attempts to illustrate the role of the catalyst through mechanisms. Although several methods have been researched for synthesizing this privileged scaffold, there has been a considerable push to expand transition metal-catalyzed, sustainable, efficient and selective synthetic strategies leading to pyrimidines. The aim of the authors with this update (2017-2023) is to drive the designing of new transition metal-mediated protocols for pyrimidine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin K Maikhuri
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Divya Mathur
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Ankita Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S College, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Nanoscience Program, CUNY Graduate Center and Department of Chemistry, City College & Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Brajendra K Singh
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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Tang J, He J, Zhao SY, Liu W. Manganese-Catalyzed Chemoselective Coupling of Secondary Alcohols, Primary Alcohols and Methanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215882. [PMID: 36847452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a manganese-catalyzed three-component coupling of secondary alcohols, primary alcohols and methanol for the synthesis of β,β-methylated/alkylated secondary alcohols. Using our method, a series of 1-arylethanol, benzyl alcohol derivatives, and methanol undergo sequential coupling efficiently to construct assembled alcohols with high chemoselectivity in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds via methylation of a benzylated secondary alcohol intermediate to generate the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jingxi He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Sheng-Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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Glasovac Z, Barešić L, Margetić D. A DFT Investigation of the Reactivity of Guanidinium Salts in Tandem aza-Michael Addition/Intramolecular Cyclization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052218. [PMID: 36903463 PMCID: PMC10005421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A proposed mechanism of the reaction of guanidinium chlorides with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in a tandem aza-Michael addition reaction/intramolecular cyclization was investigated by DFT M06-2X and B3LYP computational approaches. The energies of the products were compared against the G3, M08-HX, M11, and wB97xD data or experimentally obtained product ratios. The structural diversity of the products was interpreted by the concurrent formation of different tautomers formed in situ upon deprotonation with a 2-chlorofumarate anion. A comparison of relative energies of the characteristic stationary points along the examined reaction paths indicated that the initial nucleophilic addition is energetically the most demanding process. The overall reaction is strongly exergonic, as predicted by both methods, which is primarily due to methanol elimination during the intramolecular cyclization step producing cyclic amide structures. Formation of a five-membered ring upon intramolecular cyclization is highly favored for the acyclic guanidine, while optimal product structure for the cyclic guanidines is based on a 1,5,7-triaza [4.3.0]-bicyclononane skeleton. Relative stabilities of the possible products calculated by the employed DFT methods were compared against the experimental product ratio. The best agreement was obtained for the M08-HX approach while the B3LYP approach provided somewhat better results than the M06-2X and M11 methods.
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Catalyzed Methods to Synthesize Pyrimidine and Related Heterocyclic Compounds. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers articles published in the period from 2010 to mid-2022 on synthetic advances in the formation of pyrimidine and related heterocyclic compounds. Special emphasis has been given to the different types of cycloadditions, taking into account the number of their components and leading to the formation of the pyrimidine ring. Due to the large number of publications on the Biginelli reaction and related reactions, this will be dealt with in a separate review in the near future.
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Sau A, Panja D, Dey S, Kundu R, Kundu S. Selective reductive α-methylation of chalcone derivatives using methanol. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Borthakur I, Srivastava S, Kumari S, Kundu S. Tandem synthesis of N-methylated tertiary amines via three-component coupling of carbonyl compounds, amines, and methanol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9822-9825. [PMID: 35975637 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An Ir-catalyzed tandem synthesis of various N-methylated tertiary amines from three-component coupling of carbonyl compounds, amines, and methanol following reductive amination/N-methylation is reported for the first time. A wide array of substrates with tolerance of different functional groups was demonstrated. The protocol was extended to the synthesis of N-methyl containing pharmaceutically important drug molecules. A probable catalytic cycle was proposed based on various control experiments and different analytical techniques such as NMR, IR and ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Borthakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Saloni Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Sabuj Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
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Ganguli K, Belkova N, Kundu S. Cyclometalated (NNC)Ru(II) complex catalyzed β-methylation of alcohols using methanol. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4354-4365. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03967a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indolyl fragment containing phenanthroline based new ligands and their corresponding Ru(II) complexes were synthesized and fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Catalytic activity of these newly synthesized cyclometalated (NNC)Ru(II) complexes...
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