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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Morais PLAG, Santos JR, Cavalcanti JRLP. The neurobiological effects of senescence on dopaminergic system: A comprehensive review. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102415. [PMID: 38521203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Over time, the body undergoes a natural, multifactorial, and ongoing process named senescence, which induces changes at the molecular, cellular, and micro-anatomical levels in many body systems. The brain, being a highly complex organ, is particularly affected by this process, potentially impairing its numerous functions. The brain relies on chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters to function properly, with dopamine being one of the most crucial. This catecholamine is responsible for a broad range of critical roles in the central nervous system, including movement, learning, cognition, motivation, emotion, reward, hormonal release, memory consolidation, visual performance, sexual drive, modulation of circadian rhythms, and brain development. In the present review, we thoroughly examine the impact of senescence on the dopaminergic system, with a primary focus on the classic delimitations of the dopaminergic nuclei from A8 to A17. We provide in-depth information about their anatomy and function, particularly addressing how senescence affects each of these nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Rocha
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Itabaiana, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Itabaiana, Brazil
| | - Karina M Paiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Paulo Leonardo A G Morais
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - José Ronaldo Santos
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Itabaiana, Brazil
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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Britto AM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Fonseca IAT, Araújo DP, Oliveira LC, Guzen FP, Morais PLAG, Cavalcanti JRLP. Basal ganglia for beginners: the basic concepts you need to know and their role in movement control. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1242929. [PMID: 37600831 PMCID: PMC10435282 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1242929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are a subcortical collection of interacting clusters of cell bodies, and are involved in reward, emotional, and motor circuits. Within all the brain processing necessary to carry out voluntary movement, the basal nuclei are fundamental, as they modulate the activity of the motor regions of the cortex. Despite being much studied, the motor circuit of the basal ganglia is still difficult to understand for many people at all, especially undergraduate and graduate students. This review article seeks to bring the functioning of this circuit with a simple and objective approach, exploring the functional anatomy, neurochemistry, neuronal pathways, related diseases, and interactions with other brain regions to coordinate voluntary movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José R. L. P. Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, Brazil
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Resende NR, Soares Filho PL, Peixoto PPA, Silva AM, Silva SF, Soares JG, do Nascimento ES, Cavalcante JC, Cavalcante JS, Costa MSMO. Nuclear organization and morphology of cholinergic neurons in the brain of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) (Wied, 1820). J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 94:63-74. [PMID: 30293055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct cytoarchitectonic studies and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemical analysis to delimit the cholinergic groups in the encephalon of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a crepuscular Caviidae rodent native to the Brazilian Northeast. Three young adult animals were anesthetized and transcardially perfused. The encephala were cut in the coronal plane using a cryostat. We obtained 6 series of 30-μm-thick sections. The sections from one series were subjected to Nissl staining. Those from another series were subjected to immunohistochemistry for the enzyme ChAT, which is used in acetylcholine synthesis, to visualize the different cholinergic neural centers of the rock cavy. The slides were analyzed using a light microscope and the results were documented by description and digital photomicrographs. ChAT-immunoreactive neurons were identified in the telencephalon (nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus and ventral globus pallidus, olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja, diagonal band of Broca nucleus, nucleus basalis, and medial septal nucleus), diencephalon (ventrolateral preoptic, hypothalamic ventrolateral, and medial habenular nuclei), and brainstem (parabigeminal, laterodorsal tegmental, and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei). These findings are discussed through both a functional and phylogenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Resende
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - P L Soares Filho
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - P P A Peixoto
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - A M Silva
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - S F Silva
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J G Soares
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - E S do Nascimento
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J C Cavalcante
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J S Cavalcante
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M S M O Costa
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Pattern of tyrosine hydroxylase expression during aging of mesolimbic pathway of the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 92:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Reis MEMD, Araújo LTFD, de Andrade WMG, Resende NDS, Lima RRMD, Nascimento ESD, Costa MSMDO, Cavalcante JC. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) brain I: The diencephalon. Brain Res 2018; 1685:60-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nuclear organisation of cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic and orexinergic neurons in two relatively large-brained rodent species-The springhare (Pedetes capensis) and Beecroft's scaly-tailed squirrel (Anomalurus beecrofti). J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 86:78-91. [PMID: 28916505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the nuclear organization of the cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic and orexinergic systems in the brains of the springhare and Beecroft's scaly-tailed squirrel following immunohistochemical labelling. We aimed to investigate any differences in the nuclear organization of these neural systems when compared to previous data on other species of rodents, as these two rodent species have relatively large brains - 1.2 to 1.4 times larger than would be expected for mammals of their body mass and 1.7-1.9 times larger than would be expected for rodents of their body mass. A series of coronal sections were taken through two brains of each species and immunohistochemically labelled with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and orexin-A. Generally, the nuclear complement of these systems revealed extensive similarities between both species and to previously studied rodents. While no differences were observed in the nuclear complement of the serotonergic and orexinergic systems, some differences were observed in the nuclear complement of the cholinergic and catecholaminergic systems. These include the presence of cholinergic neurons in the cerebral cortex and nucleus of the trapezoid body in the springhare; while the Beecroft's scaly-tailed squirrel exhibited cholinergic neurons in the pretectal area of the midbrain. For the catecholaminergic system it was observed that Beecroft's scaly-tailed squirrel possessed immunoreactive neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb. Despite these four differences, most not previously observed in rodents, the remaining complement of cholinergic and catecholaminergic nuclei were identical to that observed in other rodents, including the presence of the rodent specific catecholaminergic rostral dorsal midline medullary (C3) nucleus in the medulla oblongata. Thus, even with a significant increase in relative brain size, the overall complement of nuclei forming these systems shows minimal changes in complexity within a specific mammalian order.
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Medeiros HHA, Santana MAD, Leite MD, Aquino LAP, de Barros MAS, Galvão NT, Ladd FVL, Cavalcante JC, Costa MSMO, Cavalcante JS, Nascimento ES. The cytoarchitectonic and TH-immunohistochemical characterization of the dopamine cell groups in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field in a bat (Artibeus planirostris). Neurosci Res 2016; 112:37-46. [PMID: 27349153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) neurons of the retrorubral field (RRF - A8), the substantia nigra (SN - A9), and the ventral tegmental area (VTA - A10) have been implicated in motor regulation, reward, aversion, cognition, and several neuropsychiatric disorders. A series of studies have identified subdivisions of these cell groups in rodents, but these cell groups have not been well described in bats. An understanding of the motor system organization in bats would provide a context for comparing motor systems across rodent, primate, and bat phylogenies. The aim of this work was to determine whether typical subdivisions of RRF, SN, and VTA are present in Artibeus planirostris, a common frugivorous bat species found throughout South America. Coronal and sagittal sections of bat brain were subjected to Nissl staining and TH immunohistochemistry. The organizational pattern of the nuclei in A. planirostris showed a conspicuous tail in the SN, which has been not described in bats to date, and also contained a well-defined substantia nigra reticulata (SNR) not previously reported in microbats. This work provides for the first time a morphometric analysis of DA neurons in a microchiropteran species, enabling a comparative investigation of vertebrates. Our analysis revealed an apparent phylogenetic stability in these structures, although the SN tail might represent a functional specialization in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Henrique Alves Medeiros
- Department of Morphology/Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Dias Leite
- Department of Morphology/Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Luisa Alves Pereira Aquino
- Department of Morphology/Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Nayana Tânia Galvão
- Department of Morphology/Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vagner Lobo Ladd
- Department of Morphology/Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Judney Cley Cavalcante
- Department of Morphology/Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Jeferson Souza Cavalcante
- Department of Physiology/Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Expedito Silva Nascimento
- Department of Morphology/Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Cavalcanti JRLP, Pontes ALB, Fiuza FP, Silva KDA, Guzen FP, Lucena EES, Nascimento-Júnior ES, Cavalcante JC, Costa MSMO, Engelberth RCGJ, Cavalcante JS. Nuclear organization of the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): A cytoarchitectonic and TH-immunohistochemistry study. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 77:100-109. [PMID: 27292410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is widely known that the catecholamine group is formed by dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline. Its synthesis is regulated by the enzyme called tyrosine hydroxylase. 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine (DA) is a precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline synthesis and acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The three main nuclei, being the retrorubral field (A8 group), the substantia nigra pars compacta (A9 group) and the ventral tegmental area (A10 group), are arranged in the die-mesencephalic portion and are involved in three complex circuitries - the mesostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways. These pathways are involved in behavioral manifestations, motricity, learning, reward and also in pathological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to perform a morphological analysis of the A8, A9 and A10 groups in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus - a neotropical primate), whose morphological and functional characteristics support its suitability for use in biomedical research. Coronal sections of the marmoset brain were submitted to Nissl staining and TH-immunohistochemistry. The morphology of the neurons made it possible to subdivide the A10 group into seven distinct regions: interfascicular nucleus, raphe rostral linear nucleus and raphe caudal linear nucleus in the middle line; paranigral and parainterfascicular nucleus in the middle zone; the rostral portion of the ventral tegmental area nucleus and parabrachial pigmented nucleus located in the dorsolateral portion of the mesencephalic tegmentum. The A9 group was divided into four regions: substantia nigra compacta dorsal and ventral tiers; substantia nigra compacta lateral and medial clusters. No subdivisions were made for the A8 group. These results reveal that A8, A9 and A10 are phylogenetically stable across species. As such, further studies concerning such divisions are necessary in order to evaluate the occurrence of subdivisions that express DA in other primate species, with the aim of characterizing its functional relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R L P Cavalcanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Science Center, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - André L B Pontes
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Fiuza
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Kayo D A Silva
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fausto P Guzen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Science Center, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Eudes E S Lucena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Science Center, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Expedito S Nascimento-Júnior
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Judney C Cavalcante
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Miriam S M O Costa
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Rovena C G J Engelberth
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S Cavalcante
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Sanchez-Catalan MJ, Kaufling J, Georges F, Veinante P, Barrot M. The antero-posterior heterogeneity of the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2014; 282:198-216. [PMID: 25241061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a brain region processing salient sensory and emotional information, controlling motivated behaviors, natural or drug-related reward, reward-related learning, mood, and participating in their associated psychopathologies. Mostly studied for its dopamine neurons, the VTA also includes functionally important GABA and glutamate cell populations. Behavioral evidence supports the presence of functional differences between the anterior VTA (aVTA) and the posterior VTA (pVTA), which is the topic of this review. This antero-posterior heterogeneity concerns locomotor activity, conditioned place preference and intracranial self-administration, and can be seen in response to ethanol, acetaldehyde, salsolinol, opioids including morphine, cholinergic agonists including nicotine, cocaine, cannabinoids and after local manipulation of GABA and serotonin receptors. It has also been observed after viral-mediated manipulation of GluR1, phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) expression, with impact on reward and aversion-related responses, on anxiety and depression-related behaviors and on pain sensitivity. In this review, the substrates potentially underlying these aVTA/pVTA differences are discussed, including the VTA sub-nuclei and the heterogeneity in connectivity, cell types and molecular characteristics. We also review the role of the tail of the VTA (tVTA), or rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), which may also participate to the observed antero-posterior heterogeneity of the VTA. This region, partly located within the pVTA, is an inhibitory control center for dopamine activity. It controls VTA and substantia nigra dopamine cells, thus exerting a major influence on basal ganglia functions. This review highlights the need for a more comprehensive analysis of VTA heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sanchez-Catalan
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Kaufling
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Georges
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - P Veinante
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Barrot
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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