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Sasibhushana RB, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Srikumar BN. Anxiety-, and depression-like behavior following short-term finasteride administration is associated with impaired synaptic plasticity and cognitive behavior in male rats. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 174:304-318. [PMID: 38685188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Finasteride, a 5α-Reductase inhibitor, is used to treat male pattern baldness and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Several clinical studies show that chronic finasteride treatment induces persistent depression, suicidal thoughts and cognitive impairment and these symptoms are persistent even after its withdrawal. Previous results from our lab showed that repeated administration of finasteride for six days induces depression-like behavior. However, whether short-term finasteride administration induces anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment and alters synaptic plasticity are not known, which formed the basis of this study. Finasteride was administered to 2-2.5 months old male Wistar rats for six days and subjected to behavioral evaluation, biochemical estimation and synaptic plasticity assessment. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated in the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), light/dark test (LDT), and novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT), and learning and memory using novel object recognition test (NORT) and novel object location test (NOLT) and depression-like behavior in the sucrose preference test (SPT). Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 was evaluated using slice field potential recordings. Plasma corticosterone levels were estimated using ELISA. Finasteride administration induced anxiety-like behavior in the EPM, OFT, LDT and NSFT, and depression-like behavior in the SPT. Further, finasteride induced hippocampal dependent spatial learning and memory impairment in the NOLT. In addition, finasteride decreased basal synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. A trend of increased plasma corticosterone levels was observed following repeated finasteride administration. These results indicate the potential role of corticosterone and synaptic plasticity in finasteride-induced effects and further studies will pave way for the development of novel neurosteroid-based therapeutics in neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Sasibhushana
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - B S Shankaranarayana Rao
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Bettadapura N Srikumar
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
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Stratilov V, Potapova S, Safarova D, Tyulkova E, Vetrovoy O. Prenatal Hypoxia Triggers a Glucocorticoid-Associated Depressive-like Phenotype in Adult Rats, Accompanied by Reduced Anxiety in Response to Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5902. [PMID: 38892090 PMCID: PMC11172361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal hypoxia and maternal stress frequently culminate in neuropsychiatric afflictions in life. To replicate this condition, we employed a model of prenatal severe hypoxia (PSH) during days 14-16 of rat gestation. Subsequently, both control and PSH rats at 3 months old were subjected to episodes of inescapable stress to induce learned helplessness (LH). The results of the open field test revealed an inclination towards depressive-like behavior in PSH rats. Following LH episodes, control (but not PSH) rats displayed significant anxiety. LH induced an increase in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels in extrahypothalamic brain structures, with enhanced nuclear translocation in the hippocampus (HPC) observed both in control and PSH rats. However, only control rats showed an increase in GR nuclear translocation in the amygdala (AMG). The decreased GR levels in the HPC of PSH rats correlated with elevated levels of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) compared with the controls. However, LH resulted in a reduction of the CRH levels in PSH rats, aligning them with those of control rats, without affecting the latter. This study presents evidence that PSH leads to depressive-like behavior in rats, associated with alterations in the glucocorticoid system. Notably, these impairments also contribute to increased resistance to severe stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Stratilov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova Emb. 6, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sofiya Potapova
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova Emb. 6, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Diana Safarova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7–9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Tyulkova
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova Emb. 6, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg Vetrovoy
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova Emb. 6, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Fessel J. Supplementary Pharmacotherapy for the Behavioral Abnormalities Caused by Stressors in Humans, Focused on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041680. [PMID: 36836215 PMCID: PMC9967886 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Used as a supplement to psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy that addresses all of the known metabolic and genetic contributions to the pathogenesis of psychiatric conditions caused by stressors would require an inordinate number of drugs. Far simpler is to address the abnormalities caused by those metabolic and genetic changes in the cell types of the brain that mediate the behavioral abnormality. Relevant data regarding the changed brain cell types are described in this article and are derived from subjects with the paradigmatic behavioral abnormality of PTSD and from subjects with traumatic brain injury or chronic traumatic encephalopathy. If this analysis is correct, then therapy is required that benefits all of the affected brain cell types; those are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, synapses and neurons, endothelial cells, and microglia (the pro-inflammatory (M1) subtype requires switching to the anti-inflammatory (M2) subtype). Combinations are advocated using several drugs, erythropoietin, fluoxetine, lithium, and pioglitazone, that benefit all of the five cell types, and that should be used to form a two-drug combination, suggested as pioglitazone with either fluoxetine or lithium. Clemastine, fingolimod, and memantine benefit four of the cell types, and one chosen from those could be added to the two-drug combination to form a three-drug combination. Using low doses of chosen drugs will limit both toxicity and drug-drug interactions. A clinical trial is required to validate both the advocated concept and the choice of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, 2069 Filbert Street, San Francisco, CA 94123, USA
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Chakraborty S, Tripathi SJ, Raju TR, Shankaranarayana Rao BS. Brain stimulation rewarding experience attenuates neonatal clomipramine-induced adulthood anxiety by reversal of pathological changes in the amygdala. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:110000. [PMID: 32512130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with enhanced anxiety and reduced reward processing leading to impaired cognitive flexibility. These pathological changes during depression are accompanied by dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its impaired regulation by the amygdala. Notably, the electrical stimulation of brain reward areas produces an antidepressant effect in both MDD patients and animal models of depression. However, the effects of chronic electrical self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus - medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) on depression-associated anxiety and accompanying changes in plasma corticosterone levels, structural, and neurochemical alterations in the amygdala are unknown. Here, we used the neonatal clomipramine (CLI) model of depression. During adulthood, neonatal CLI and vehicle administered rats were subjected to bilateral electrode implantation at LH-MFB and trained to receive intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) for 14 days. Rats were then tested for anhedonic and anxiety-like behaviors, followed by estimation of plasma corticosterone levels, assessment of amygdalar volumes and neuronal/glial numbers, levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the amygdala. We found that chronic ICSS of LH-MFB reverses CLI-induced anhedonia and anxiety. Interestingly, amelioration of CLI-induced enhanced anhedonia and anxiety in ICSS rats was associated with partial reversal of enhanced plasma corticosterone levels, hypertrophy of basolateral amygdala (BLA), and altered noradrenaline (NA) metabolism in the amygdalar complex. We suggest that beneficial effects of ICSS on CLI-induced anxiety at least in part mediated by the restoration of amygdalar and HPA axis functioning. Our results support the hypothesis that brain stimulation rewarding experience might be evolved as a therapeutic strategy for reversal of amygdalar dysfunction in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwarna Chakraborty
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Sunil Jamuna Tripathi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - T R Raju
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - B S Shankaranarayana Rao
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India.
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Tripathi SJ, Chakraborty S, Rao BSS. Remediation of chronic immobilization stress-induced negative affective behaviors and altered metabolism of monoamines in the prefrontal cortex by inactivation of basolateral amygdala. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104858. [PMID: 33010391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic stress precipitates depression and anxiety. Stress-induced responses are differentially regulated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA). For instance, repeated stress leads to hypertrophy of BLA, resulting in the emergence of affective symptoms. Chronic stress-induced changes in the metabolism of monoamines are central in the manifestation of affective symptoms. Interestingly, BLA via its reciprocal connections modulates prefrontal cortical monoaminergic responses to acute stress. However, the effects of BLA inactivation on chronic stress-induced affective behaviors and monoaminergic changes in the PFC are relatively unknown. Thus, we hypothesized that inactivation of BLA might prevent chronic immobilization stress (CIS)-induced depressive-, anxiety-like behaviors, and associated monoaminergic alterations in the prelimbic (PrL) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) subregions of PFC. We used two different BLA silencing strategies, namely ibotenic acid lesion and reversible temporary inactivation using lidocaine. We found that CIS precipitates depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. Further, CIS-induced negative affective behaviors were associated with decreased levels of 5-HT, DA, and NE, and increased 5-HIAA/5-HT, DOPAC + HVA/DA, and MHPG/NE ratio in the PrL and ACC, suggesting enhanced metabolism. Interestingly, BLA lesion prior to CIS blocked the emergence of depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. Moreover, the lesion of BLA prior to CIS was sufficient to prevent alterations in levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the PrL and ACC. Thereafter, we evaluated whether the effects of BLA lesion could be mirrored by temporary inactivation of BLA, specifically during stress. Remarkably, temporary inactivation of BLA during stress recapitulated the effects of lesion. Our results have implications for understanding the role of BLA in chronic stress-induced metabolic alterations in prefrontal cortical monoaminergic systems, and associated mood and anxiety disorders. The current study supports the hypothesis that combating amygdalar hyperactivity might be a viable strategy for the management of stress and associated affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Jamuna Tripathi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Suwarna Chakraborty
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - B S Shankaranarayana Rao
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India.
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Chakraborty S, Tripathi SJ, Raju TR, Shankaranarayana Rao BS. Mechanisms underlying remediation of depression-associated anxiety by chronic N-acetyl cysteine treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2967-2981. [PMID: 32572589 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anxiety is one of the most comorbid conditions with major depressive disorder (MDD). Depression-associated anxiety often stems from the dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its altered regulation by the amygdala. Furthermore, MDD is associated with altered glutamatergic processing leading to anxiety and impaired regulation of the HPA axis. Recent studies have demonstrated that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a pleiotropic drug, exerts antidepressant-like effect by modulation of hippocampal functions, periterminal release of glutamate, and/or redox systems. However, the effects of NAC on depression-associated anxiety, HPA axis hyperactivity, and amygdalar dysfunctions are relatively unknown. OBJECTIVES Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of NAC on neonatal clomipramine (CLI)-induced adulthood anxiety and accompanying changes in plasma corticosterone levels, amygdalar volumes, neuronal/glial densities, levels of monoamines, and their metabolites in the amygdalar complex. RESULTS We found that chronic treatment with NAC reverses CLI-induced anhedonia and enhanced anxiety. Interestingly, attenuation of CLI-associated anxiety in NAC-treated rats were accompanied by a reversal of adrenal and spleen hypertrophy, and normalization of enhanced plasma corticosterone levels, indicating improved HPA axis functioning. Furthermore, NAC treatment was sufficient to reverse volumetric hypertrophy of basolateral amygdala (BLA), and altered noradrenaline (NA) metabolism in the amygdalar complex. The effects of NAC in the reversal of CLI-induced impairments were similar to that of fluoxetine (FLX). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that beneficial effects of NAC on antidepressive- and antianxiety-like behaviors are at least in part mediated via restoration of amygdalar and HPA axis functioning. Our results support the hypothesis that NAC might be evolved as a therapeutic strategy for reversal of amygdalar dysfunction in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwarna Chakraborty
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - Sunil Jamuna Tripathi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - T R Raju
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India
| | - B S Shankaranarayana Rao
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560 029, India.
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7
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Chakraborty S, Tripathi SJ, Srikumar B, Raju T, Shankaranarayana Rao B. N-acetyl cysteine ameliorates depression-induced cognitive deficits by restoring the volumes of hippocampal subfields and associated neurochemical changes. Neurochem Int 2020; 132:104605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhou XT, Bao WD, Liu D, Zhu LQ. Targeting the Neuronal Activity of Prefrontal Cortex: New Directions for the Therapy of Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:332-346. [PMID: 31686631 PMCID: PMC7327942 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191101124017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the prevalent psychiatric illnesses with a comprehensive performance such as low self-esteem, lack of motivation, anhedonia, poor appetite, low energy, and uncomfortableness without a specific cause. So far, the cause of depression is not very clear, but it is certain that many aspects of biological psychological and social environment are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Recently, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been indicated to be a pivotal brain region in the pathogenesis of depression. And increasing evidence showed that the abnormal activity of the PFC neurons is linked with depressive symptoms. Unveiling the molecular and cellular, as well as the circuit properties of the PFC neurons will help to find out how abnormalities in PFC neuronal activity are associated with depressive disorders. In addition, concerning many antidepressant drugs, in this review, we concluded the effect of several antidepressants on PFC neuronal activity to better understand its association with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China; Tel: 862783692625; Fax: 862783692608; E-mail:
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Zhang LL, Yang ZY, Fan G, Ren JN, Yin KJ, Pan SY. Antidepressant-like Effect of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Main Component Limonene on Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13817-13828. [PMID: 30905156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the antidepressant-like effects of navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] essential oil (OEO) and its main components using the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model mice and explored its possible mechanisms. The results indicated that OEO inhalation significantly ameliorated the depression-like behaviors of CUMS mice with decreased body weight, sucrose preference, curiosity, and mobility as well as shortened immobile time and attenuated dyslipidemia. Limonene was the most abundant compound in the sniffing OEO environment and mice brain after sniffing, and it was not metabolized immediately in the brain. In addition, limonene inhalation significantly restored CUMS-induced depressive behavior, hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the decrease of monoamine neurotransmitter levels, with downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor expression in the hippocampus. Thus, the study indicates that the improvements in neuroendocrine, neurotrophic, and monoaminergic systems are related to the antidepressant effects of limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , 1 Shizishan Street , Hongshan District, Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , 1 Shizishan Street , Hongshan District, Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , 1 Shizishan Street , Hongshan District, Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Nan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , 1 Shizishan Street , Hongshan District, Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Jing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , 1 Shizishan Street , Hongshan District, Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , 1 Shizishan Street , Hongshan District, Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
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Chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience ameliorates depression-induced cognitive deficits and restores aberrant plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:752-766. [PMID: 30765272 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease which often coexists with cognitive deficits. Depression-induced cognitive deficits are known to be associated with aberrant reward processing, neurochemical and structural alterations. Recent studies have shown that chronic electrical stimulation of brain reward areas induces a robust antidepressant effect. However, the effects of repeated electrical self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus - medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) on depression-induced cognitive deficits and associated neurochemical and structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of chronic rewarding self-stimulation of LH-MFB in neonatal clomipramine (CLI) model of depression. During adulthood, neonatal CLI and saline administered rats were implanted with bilateral electrodes stereotaxically in the LH-MFB and trained to receive intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) for 14 days. The rats were tested for depressive-like behaviors, learning and memory followed by estimation of PFC volumes, levels of monoamines and its metabolites in the PFC. RESULTS We found that chronic ICSS of LH-MFB reverses CLI-induced behavioral despair and anhedonia. Interestingly, self-stimulation normalizes the impaired novel object and location recognition memory in CLI rats. The amelioration of learning impairments in CLI rats was associated with the reversal of volume loss and restoration of monoamine metabolism in the PFC. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that repeated intracranial self-stimulation of LH-MFB ameliorates CLI-induced learning deficits, reverses altered monoamine metabolism and the atrophy of PFC. Our results support the hypothesis that chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience might be evolved as a potential treatment strategy for reversal of learning deficits in depression and associated disorders.
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Hodges TE, Louth EL, Bailey CDC, McCormick CM. Adolescent social instability stress alters markers of synaptic plasticity and dendritic structure in the medial amygdala and lateral septum in male rats. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:643-659. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Inactivation of Basolateral Amygdala Prevents Stress-Induced Astroglial Loss in the Prefrontal Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:350-366. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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