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Shehata M, Zaki M, Fekry AM. New Au/chitosan nanocomposite modified carbon paste sensor for voltammetric detection of nicotine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20432. [PMID: 37993635 PMCID: PMC10665326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A profoundly touchy voltammetric sensor for detection of nicotine (NIC) in urine and tobacco specimens has been developed in light of the boosted electrochemical response of NIC at gold and chitosan nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode (ACMCPE). Material characterization techniques Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM & EDX) were utilized to describe the ACMCPE surface material. The impedance spectroscopy technique (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were employed to explore the electrochemical sensing of NIC at ACMCPE. The created sensor exhibits an exceptional electrochemical sensitivity to NIC in a universal Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution with a pH range of 2.0 to 8.0. The sensor shows a linear response over NIC concentration ranges of 4.0-320.0 µM, with the detection limit (LOD) of 7.6 µM. The prepared sensor has been shown to be exceptionally viable in detecting NIC with amazing selectivity and reproducibility. We suggest it as a trustworthy and useful electrochemical sensor for NIC location.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shehata
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - M Zaki
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Amany M Fekry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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Ishii H, Leung GNW, Yamashita S, Nagata SI, Kushiro A, Sakai S, Toju K, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kusano K, Kijima-Suda I. Comprehensive metabolic study of nicotine in equine plasma and urine using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of unique biomarkers for doping control. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1190:123100. [PMID: 35032890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is classified as a stimulant, and its use is banned in horse racing and equestrian sports by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities and the Fédération Équestre Internationale, respectively. Because nicotine is a major alkaloid of tobacco leaves, there is a potential risk that doping control samples may be contaminated by tobacco cigarettes or smoke during sample collection. In order to differentiate the genuine doping and sample contamination with tobacco leaves, it is necessary to monitor unique metabolites as biomarkers for nicotine administration and intake. However, little is known about the metabolic fate of nicotine in horses. This is the first report of comprehensive metabolism study of nicotine in horses. Using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, we identified a total of 17 metabolites, including one novel horse-specific metabolite (i.e., 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-N-methylbutanamide), in post-administration urine samples after nasoesophageal administration of nicotine to three thoroughbred mares; eight of these compounds were confirmed based on reference standards. Among these metabolites, N-hydroxymethylnorcotinine was the major urinary metabolite in equine, but it could only be tentatively identified by mass spectral interpretation due to the lack of reference material. In addition, we developed simultaneous quantification methods for the eight target analytes in plasma and urine, and applied them to post-administration samples to establish elimination profiles of nicotine and its metabolites. The quantification results revealed that trans-3'-hydroxycotinine could be quantified for the longest period in both plasma (72 h post-administration) and urine (96 h post-administration). Therefore, this metabolite is the most appropriate monitoring target for nicotine exposure for the purpose of doping control due to its long detection times and the availability of its reference material. Further, we identified trans-3'-hydroxycotinine as a unique biomarker allowing differentiation between nicotine administration and sample contamination with tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Asuka Kushiro
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, 2500-2, Oaza-Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Kota Toju
- Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, 2500-2, Oaza-Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawasaki
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Race Horse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, JRA, 1028, Misono, Ritto, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
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Hashemi SH, Naruie N. Application of Response Surface Methodology for Pipette-Tip Micro Solid-Phase Extraction of Nicotine from Cigarette, Seawater and Human Plasma by a Novel Carbon Nanotube/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite Sorbent Following its Determination by Spectrophotometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821050117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Li X, Liu F, Wang H, He F, Yang R, Zhao M. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Detection of Nine Alkaloids in Tobacco and Tobacco Products by QuEChERS Sample Preparation. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:849-854. [PMID: 30930354 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One method based on QuEChERS sample preparation is presented in this study, which leads to simultaneously detect nine alkaloids in tobacco and tobacco products. Nicotine, nornicotine, myosmine, N-methyl anabasine, β-nicotyrine, anabasine, anatabine, isonicotenine and cotinine can all be found in fresh tobacco leaves, cigars, Virginia-type and blended-type cigarettes. The samples were purified via a certain proportion of adsorbents consisting of anhydrous magnesium sulfate, PSA and carbon after extracting, then centrifuged and filtered before analyzing by GC-MS. The matrix effects were all among 88 - 105%. The limit of detection of all were within the range of 0.0065 - 0.1509 μg/g and limit of quantification were among 0.0217 - 0.5031 μg/g. The recovery rates were higher than 89%. This is the first time that the QuEChERS sample preparation method has been applied for tobacco alkaloids, where more varieties of alkaloids could be quantified regarding sensitivity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- College of Tobacco Science/National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Center, Henan Agricultural University
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Tobacco Science/National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Center, Henan Agricultural University
| | - Huifang Wang
- College of Tobacco Science/National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Center, Henan Agricultural University
| | - Fan He
- College of Tobacco Science/National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Center, Henan Agricultural University
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Tobacco Science/National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Center, Henan Agricultural University
| | - Mingqin Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science/National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Center, Henan Agricultural University
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McMahon LR. Green tobacco sickness: mecamylamine, varenicline, and nicotine vaccine as clinical research tools and potential therapeutics. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:189-195. [PMID: 30650314 PMCID: PMC6786486 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1570844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Green tobacco sickness occurs from transdermal absorption of chemicals from freshly harvested, green tobacco leaves. Signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, and abdominal cramps. Prevalence has shifted from the United States and Europe to China, India, and Brazil. Worldwide 8 million individuals are afflicted, including women and children. Areas covered: Mecamylamine (Inversine®, Vecamyl®), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, should be tested as a remedy for green tobacco sickness. Mecamylamine is approved as an oral tablet for the treatment of hypertension, is safe, and is off-patent. Mecamylamine attenuates many of the effects of nicotine and tobacco including seizures, thereby supporting its use as an effective pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence. Varenicline (Chantix®) and cytisine (Tabex®) are low efficacy (i.e. intrinsic activity) nAChR agonists, are used as smoking cessation aids, and are viable options to test as remedies against green tobacco sickness. Nicotine immunization strategies may provide further options for future testing. Expert commentary: Efforts to demonstrate reversal and/or prevention of green tobacco sickness by mecamylamine will underscore the importance of nicotine in this illness and highlight a new medication for effective treatment of tobacco poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance R McMahon
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Wu F, Yang S, Wang L, Wei W, Ding CF. Simultaneous enrichment and analysis of tobacco alkaloids by microextraction coupled with mass spectrometry using a poly (N-isopropyl-acrylamide-co-divinyl-benzene-co-N, N'-methylene diacrylamide) monolithic column. Talanta 2019; 198:118-127. [PMID: 30876539 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we realized the simultaneous online detection of six tobacco alkaloids (TAs) by in-tube solid-phase microextraction (In-tube SPME) coupled with mass spectrometry by a rapid, sensitive, and matrix effect-free method requiring no chromatographic separation and only minimal sample pre-treatment. A poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-divinylbenzene-co-N, N'-methylenediacrylamide) [Poly (NIPAAm-co-DVB-co-MBAA)] monolithic column was designed according to the chemical structures of selected TAs and used as an extraction medium engaging in hydrophobic, π-π, and hydrogen bonding interactions with analytes, allowing them to be effectively extracted. A number of important parameters were systematically optimized to achieve maximal extraction efficiency. The ion intensity of the TAs signals obtained by in-tube SPME-MS were higher than the direct MS mode by about 400 folds with the signal-to-noise ratio improved by 2-7 folds. The detection limits of the six TAs were determined as 1.99-4.06 ng g-1, with good linearity with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99 obtained under optimal extraction conditions. Besides, TA recoveries in cigarette tobacco spiked at three concentration levels were in the range of 76.4-100.2%, and the corresponding RSDs (n = 5) were obtained as 4.32-7.16%. The extraction performance of the poly (NIPAAm-co-DVB-co-MBAA) monolithic column was well reproducible, with intra- or inter-day precision RSDs determined not to exceed 7.38%. Finally, no marked matrix effects were observed when the developed method was applied to the analysis of both high-abundance and trace-level TAs in practical samples, and the above technique was therefore concluded to be well suited for the detection of TAs in cigarette tobacco or other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shutong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wanghui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Park SJ, Lim HS, Lee K, Yoo SJ. Green Tobacco Sickness Among Tobacco Harvesters in a Korean Village. Saf Health Work 2018; 9:71-74. [PMID: 30363073 PMCID: PMC6111128 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Green tobacco sickness (GTS), an occupational disease in tobacco harvesters, is a form of acute nicotine intoxication by nicotine absorption through the skin from the wet green tobacco plant. We carried out a questionnaire survey and measured cotinine concentration, the metabolic product of nicotine, to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of GTS in Korean tobacco harvesters. Methods We measured cotinine concentrations, and administered a questionnaire survey to tobacco harvesters in Cheongsong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. We repeatedly measured urine cotinine concentration five times with a questionnaire survey. Results Cotinine concentration at dawn was significantly higher than that at other times; it was significantly lower during the nonharvesting period than during the harvesting period. However, little change in cotinine concentration was detected in the daytime during the harvesting period. Study participants included 20 men and 20 women. The prevalence of GTS was 37.5% and was significantly higher in women than in men (55.0% vs. 20.0%, p < 0.01). GTS incidence according to number of workdays was 3.4 occurrences/100 person days. Conclusion In this study, nicotine exposure and metabolism were experimentally determined from the time of cotinine exposure, and biological monitoring was performed in each season. In the future, this information may be valuable for medical decision-making in GTS prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jun Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sul Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ju Yoo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
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Polyaniline/graphene oxide nanocomposite as a sorbent for extraction and determination of nicotine using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–flame ionization detector. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shokry E, de Oliveira AE, Avelino MAG, de Deus MM, Pereira NZ, Filho NRA. Earwax: an innovative tool for assessment of tobacco use or exposure. A pilot study in young adults. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Fabrication of gold nanoparticle-coated paper and its use as a sensitive substrate for quantitative SERS analysis. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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You G, Rhee J, Park Y, Park S. Determination of Nicotine, Cotinine and Trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine using LC/MS/MS in Forensic Samples of a Nicotine Fatal Case by Oral Ingestion of e-cigarette Liquid. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1149-1154. [PMID: 27238766 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is a potent neurotoxin alkaloid and is used in e-cigarette liquid. The LC/MS/MS method was linear over 0.01-1.0 mg/L (r2 = 0.992-0.995). Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.001 mg/L (S/N = 3) and 0.003 (S/N = 10). The inaccuracy and imprecision were <13.2%. The recoveries were >99.3%. A 39-year-old dentist was found dead lying on the floor under the couch in his dental clinic. The concentration of nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (heart blood/peripheral blood) was analyzed as follows: 87.2/85.2 mg/L (ratio 1.0), 1.4/1.1 mg/L (ratio 1.3), and 0.012/0.0089 mg/L (ratio 1.3), respectively. The concentration of nicotine was determined to be 6734.8 mg/kg in gastric contents and 7262.0 mg/L in remaining e-liquid. Only, high concentration of nicotine was detected in the gastric contents as well as the two pieces of evidence collected from the death scene. This fatal case resulted from oral ingestion of e-cigarette liquid. It is estimated that at least 714 mg of nicotine was orally ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundong You
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
| | - Jongsook Rhee
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
| | - Yuran Park
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
| | - Sunhye Park
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
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Lu C, Li H, Xu M, Wang S, Li G, Zhong W, Qin S. Preparation of nicotine-imprinted monolith by in-situ surface imprinting onto internal hole surface of macroporous silica for selective enrichment and separation of nicotine in environmental water sample. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2015.1041977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Martins MCG, Maia PP, Bergamin Boralli V, Figueiredo EC, Martins I. Determination of Cotinine in Urine by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid Phase and Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.979359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mahpishanian S, Sereshti H. Graphene oxide-based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for separation and preconcentration of nicotine from biological and environmental water samples followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Talanta 2014; 130:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Stočes M, Švancara I. Electrochemical Behavior of Nicotine at Unmodified Carbon Paste Electrode and Its Determination in a Set of Refilling Liquids for Electronic Cigarettes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Paillat L, Périchet C, Lavoine S, Meierhenrich U, Fernandez X. Validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the determination of nicotine in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) extracts. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.25.2012.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Narkowicz S, Polkowska Ż, Namieśnik J. Analysis of Markers of Exposure to Constituents of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.629948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Dahab AA, Smith NW. Determination of trace amount of enantiomeric impurity in therapeutic nicotine derivative using capillary electrophoresis with new imaging technology detection. J Sep Sci 2011; 35:66-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Malafatti L, Maia PP, Martins MCG, Siqueira MEPBD, Martins I. Single gas chromatography method with nitrogen phosphorus detector for urinary cotinine determination in passive and active smokers. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502010000400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is a major addictive compound in cigarettes and is rapidly and extensively metabolized to several metabolites in humans, including urinary cotinine, considered a biomarker due to its high concentration compared to other metabolites. The aim of this study was to develop a single method for determination of urinary cotinine, in active and passive smokers, by gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Urine (5.0 mL) was extracted with 1.0 mL of sodium hydroxide 5 mol L-1, 5.0 mL of chloroform, and lidocaine used as the internal standard. Injection volume was 1 μL in GC-NPD. Limit of quantification was 10 ng mL-1. Linearity was evaluated in the ranges 10-1000 ng mL-1 and 500-6000 ng mL-1, with determination coefficients of 0.9986 and 0.9952, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay standard relative deviations were lower than 14.2 %, while inaccuracy (bias) was less than +11.9%. The efficiency of extraction was greater than 88.5%. Ruggedness was verified, according to Youden's test. Means of cotinine concentrations observed were 2,980 ng mL-1 for active smokers and 132 ng mL-1, for passive smokers. The results revealed that satisfactory chromatographic separation between the analyte and interferents was obtained with a ZB-1 column. This method is reliable, precise, linear and presented ruggedness in the range evaluated. The results suggest that it can be applied in routine analysis for passive and active smokers, since it is able to quantify a wide range of cotinine concentrations in urine.
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Kardani F, Daneshfar A, Sahrai R. Determination of nicotine, anabasine, and cotinine in urine and saliva samples using single-drop microextraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2857-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Simultaneous determination of six alkaloids in blood and urine using a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1319-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gao S, Liao L, Xiao X, Zhao Z, Du N, Du J. Determination of nicotine in tobacco with second-order spectra data of charge-transfer complex in ethanol-water binary solvents processed by parallel factor analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 75:1540-5. [PMID: 20227332 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of nicotine in mixtures without pre-separation has been proposed. Nicotine could react with 2,4-dinitrophenol through a charge-transfer reaction to form a colored complex. The second-order data from the visible absorption spectra of the complex in a series of ethanol-water binary solvents with various water volume fractions could be expressed as the combination of two bilinear data matrices. With the bilinear model, the second-order spectra data of mixtures containing nicotine and other interferents could be analysed by using second-order calibration algorithms, and the determination of nicotine in the mixtures could be achieved. The algorithm used here was parallel factor analysis. The method has been successfully used to determine nicotine in tobacco samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Changsheng Road, Hunan 421001, China
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Petersen GO, Leite CE, Chatkin JM, Thiesen FV. Cotinine as a biomarker of tobacco exposure: development of a HPLC method and comparison of matrices. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:516-21. [PMID: 20155742 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco dependence reaches one-third of the world population, and is the second leading cause of death around the world. Cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine, is the most appropriate parameter to evaluate tobacco exposure and smoking status due to its higher stability and half-life when compared to nicotine. The procedure involves liquid-liquid extraction, separation on a RP column (Zorbax XDB C(8)), isocratic pump (0.5 mL/min of water-methanol-sodium acetate (0.1 M)-ACN (50:15:25:10, v/v/v/v), 1.0 mL of citric acid (0.034 M) and 5.0 mL of triethylamine for each liter) and HPLC-UV detection (261 nm). The analytical procedure proved to be sensitive, selective, precise, accurate and linear (r>0.99) in the range of 5-500.0 ng/mL for cotinine. 2-Phenylimidazole was used as the internal standard. The LOD was 0.18 ng/mL and the LOQ was 5.0 ng/mL. All samples from smoking volunteers were collected simultaneously to establish a comparison between serum, plasma, and urine. The urinary cotinine levels were normalized by the creatinine and urine density. A significant correlation was found (p<0.01) between all matrices. Results indicate that the urine normalization by creatinine or density is unnecessary. This method is considered reliable for determining cotinine in serum and plasma of smokers and in environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
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Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Simultaneous and sensitive measurement of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3537-42. [PMID: 19748838 PMCID: PMC2763023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human plasma was developed and fully validated. Potential endogenous and exogenous interferences were extensively evaluated and limits of quantification were determined by decreasing analyte concentration. Analytical ranges were 1-500 ng/mL for nicotine and cotinine, 5-500 ng/mL for trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine. Mean intra- and inter-assay analytical recoveries were between 101.9 and 116.8%, and intra- and inter-assay imprecision were less than 11% RSD for all analytes: parameters were evaluated at three different concentrations across the linear range of the assay. Extraction efficiency was > or = 70% for all analytes. This validated method is useful for the determination of nicotine and metabolites in human plasma to support research on the role of nicotine biomarkers on neuronal systems mediating cognitive and affective processes and to differentiate active, passive and environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Figueiredo EC, de Oliveira DM, de Siqueira MEPB, Arruda MAZ. On-line molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for the selective spectrophotometric determination of nicotine in the urine of smokers. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 635:102-7. [PMID: 19200485 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work describes an on-line molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method for spectrophotometric determination of nicotine in urine samples of smokers. This method is based on manganese (VII) to manganese (VI) reduction in an alkaline medium, promoted by nicotine. Two wash solutions (1:4 (v/v) acetonitrile:sodium hydroxide--pH 11.4, and nitric acid--pH 2.5) were employed to circumvent interferences. Aqueous solutions containing nicotine plus different possible concomitants (cotinine, anabasine, norcotinine and caffeine) were tested individually. The analytical calibration curve was prepared in urine samples collected from non-smokers and spiked with nicotine standard from 1.1 to 60 micromol L(-1) (r(2)>0.998). The limit of quantification and the analytical frequency were 1.1 micromol L(-1) and 11 h(-1), respectively. The precision, evaluated using 3, 10 and 30 micromol L(-1) nicotine in urine, was 10, 10 and 4% (intra-day precision) and 12, 13 and 5% (inter-day precision), respectively. Accuracy was checked through high performance liquid chromatography and the results did not present significant differences at the 95% confidence level according to the Student's t-test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Costa Figueiredo
- Group of Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization-GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 6154, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Pietsch J, Günther J, Henle T, Dreßler J. Simultaneous determination of thirteen plant alkaloids in a human specimen by SPE and HPLC. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2410-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Welerowicz T, Śliwka K, Buszewski B. HPLC Analysis of Cotinine in Urine After SPE with a Cholesterol-Modified Adsorbent. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Man CN, Gam LH, Ismail S, Lajis R, Awang R. Simple, rapid and sensitive assay method for simultaneous quantification of urinary nicotine and cotinine using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 844:322-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jablonski JE, Schlesser JE, Mariappagoudar P. HPLC-UV method for nicotine, strychnine, and aconitine in dairy products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:7460-5. [PMID: 17002408 DOI: 10.1021/jf061115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The toxic nitrogen alkaloids nicotine, strychnine, and aconitine were quantitated in whole milk, skim milk, and cream using solid-phase extraction cleanup and HPLC-UV with dual wavelength detection. Samples were extracted in McIlvaine's buffer with EDTA and then partitioned with aqueous acetonitrile and hexane. The aqueous phase was concentrated and passed through an OASIS HLB column. The column was eluted with methylene chloride/ammonium hydroxide, 1 mL/1 microL, v/v. The eluent was acidified with hydrochloric acid and evaporated. The sample was diluted for HPLC with acetonitrile/phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Chromatography was performed on an Xterra RP-18 column using a gradient of acetonitrile and ammonium bicarbonate buffer at pH 9.8. Nicotine and strychnine were monitored at 260 nm; aconitine was monitored at 232 nm. Calibration curves were generated from external standards in the range 0.2-10 microg/mL using 1/x weighting. Mean recoveries in whole milk spiked between 0.1 and 10 ppm were the following: nicotine 89.2%, strychnine 75.7%, and aconitine 85.1%. Mean recoveries in skim milk spiked between 0.1 and 10 ppm were the following: nicotine 72.1%, strychnine 78.2%, and aconitine 82.9%. Mean recoveries in cream spiked between 0.2 and 20 ppm were the following: nicotine 87.9%, strychnine 76.9%, and aconitine 82.0%. Relative standard deviations of recovery were less than 20% in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Jablonski
- US Food and Drug Administration, CFSAN, 6502 South Archer, Summit-Argo, Illinois 60501, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize current knowledge about the health and social consequences of tobacco production and to outline research needed to better understand these effects. DATA SOURCES The literature documenting the effects of tobacco production is scattered, and not always published in peer-reviewed sources. We undertook a systematic search using (1) a literature file based on over a decade of research on the health effects of tobacco work, (2) searches of computerized data bases (Medline, Science Citation Index, Agricola), (3) a review of new sources cited in literature uncovered through data base searches, and (4) professional contacts with others working on the effects of tobacco production. DATA SYNTHESIS The health effects of tobacco production include nicotine poisoning (green tobacco sickness), pesticide exposure, respiratory effects, musculoskeletal and other injuries. Most research has focused on nicotine poisoning. Social effects of tobacco production include social disruption for communities in which tobacco production is declining (unemployment, economic loss), and for communities in which tobacco production is being introduced (loss of local food production and local autonomy). CONCLUSIONS Research is needed on the effects of tobacco work on the health of women and children through exposure to nicotine and pesticides, the effects of chronic nicotine exposure on all tobacco workers, the neurotoxic effects of pesticide exposure and its relationship with mental health, and the effects of growing tobacco on using tobacco. Greater effort is needed to document the social disruption in communities that are economically dependent on tobacco production, particularly those in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1084, USA.
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Yang J, Hu Y, Cai JB, Zhu XL, Su QD. A new molecularly imprinted polymer for selective extraction of cotinine from urine samples by solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:761-8. [PMID: 16385415 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cotinine, the main metabolite of nicotine in human body, is widely used as a biomarker for assessment of direct or passive exposure to tobacco smoke. A method for molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) of cotinine from human urine has been investigated. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with good selectivity and affinity for cotinine was synthesized using cotinine as the template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker. The imprinted polymer was evaluated for use as a SPE sorbent, in tests with aqueous standards, by comparing recovery data obtained using the imprinted form of the polymer and a non-imprinted form (NIP). Extraction from the aqueous solutions resulted in more than 80% recovery. A range of linearity for cotinine between 0.05 and 5 microg mL-1 was obtained by loading 1 mL blank urine samples spiked with cotinine at different concentrations in acetate buffer of pH 9.0, and by using double basic washing and acidic elution. The intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) was below 7% and inter-day CV was below 10%. This investigation has provided a reliable MISPE-HPLC method for determination of cotinine in human urine from both active smokers and passive smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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Song L, Davis W, Abrams SM, Hemiup J, Latif Kazim A, Michael Cummings K, Mahoney MC. Sensitive and rapid method for the determination of urinary cotinine in non-smokers: an application for studies assessing exposures to second hand smoke (SHS). Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Finch JW, Toerne KA, Schram KH, Denton MB. Evaluation of a hydrogen laser vacuum ultraviolet source for photoionization mass spectrometry of pharmaceuticals. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:15-22. [PMID: 15573417 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A photoionization hydrogen laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer system (H2-TOFMS) has been evaluated for the rapid analysis of drugs of abuse and pharmaceutical agents extracted from prescription tablets and spiked urine samples. The spectra obtained using the H2-TOFMS showed primarily intact molecular ions (M+*) after introduction by a heated probe and irradiation with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons from the laser. Samples analyzed by this technique required only a simple solid-phase extraction step; no chromatographic separation or derivatization was necessary to identify the drugs of abuse or pharmaceutical agents.
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2004; 15:331-338. [PMID: 15508839 DOI: 10.1002/pca.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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