1
|
Liu S, Chen X, Zhao T, Yu J, Chen P, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhao M, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhang M. Identification of PgRg1-3 Gene for Ginsenoside Rg1 Biosynthesis as Revealed by Combining Genome-Wide Association Study and Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis of Jilin Ginseng Core Collection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1784. [PMID: 38999623 PMCID: PMC11244481 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng, an important medicinal plant, is characterized by its main active component, ginsenosides. Among more than 40 ginsenosides, Rg1 is one of the ginsenosides used for measuring the quality of ginseng. Therefore, the identification and characterization of genes for Rg1 biosynthesis are important to elucidate the molecular basis of Rg1 biosynthesis. In this study, we utilized 39,327 SNPs and the corresponding Rg1 content from 344 core ginseng cultivars from Jilin Province. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) combining weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), SNP-Rg1 content association analysis, and gene co-expression network analysis; three candidate Rg1 genes (PgRg1-1, PgRg1-2, and PgRg1-3) and one crucial candidate gene (PgRg1-3) were identified. Functional validation of PgRg1-3 was performed using methyl jasmonate (MeJA) regulation and RNAi, confirming that this gene regulates Rg1 biosynthesis. The spatial-temporal expression patterns of the PgRg1-3 gene and known key enzyme genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis differ. Furthermore, variations in their networks have a significant impact on Rg1 biosynthesis. This study established an accurate and efficient method for identifying candidate genes, cloned a novel gene controlling Rg1 biosynthesis, and identified 73 SNPs significantly associated with Rg1 content. This provides genetic resources and effective tools for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of Rg1 biosynthesis and molecular breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sizhang Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiaxia Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Tianqi Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jinghui Yu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Meiping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng X, Li X, Liao B, Xu J, Hu L. Improved performance of proteomic characterization for Panax ginseng by strong cation exchange extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463692. [PMID: 36549145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a precious and ancient medicinal plant. The completion of its genome sequencing has laid the foundation for the study of proteome and peptidome. However, the high abundance of secondary metabolites in ginseng reduces the identification efficiency of proteins and peptides in mass spectrometry. In this report, strong cation exchange pretreatment was carried out to eliminate the interference of impurities. Based on the charge separation of proteolytic peptides and metabolites, the sensitivity of mass spectrometry detection was greatly improved. After pretreatment, 2322 and 2685 proteins were identified from the root and stem leaf extract. Further, the ginseng peptidome was analyzed based on this optimized strategy, where 970 and 653 endogenous peptides were identified from root and stem leaf extract, respectively. Functional analysis of proteins and endogenous peptides provided valuable information on the biological activities, metabolic processes, and ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways of ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Cheng
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baosheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hou Z, Song F, Xing J, Zheng Z, Liu S, Liu Z. Comprehensive fecal metabolomics and gut microbiota for the evaluation of the mechanism of Panax Ginseng in the treatment of Qi-deficiency liver cancer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115222. [PMID: 35341933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qi deficiency liver cancer (QDLC) is an important part of liver cancer research in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In the course of its treatment, Panax ginseng is often selected as the main Chinese herbal medicine, and its function has special significance in the tumor treatment of Qi deficiency constitution. However, its mechanism is not clear. AIM OF THE STUDY The research tried to evaluate the mechanism of Panax ginseng in the treatment of QDLC through fecal metabonomics and gut microbiota on the basis of previous pharmacodynamic evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, biomarkers and related metabolic pathways were screened and identified by metabonomics and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Then, 16S rRNA sequencing technique was used to investigate the composition, β diversity and key differences of gut microbiota. Finally, the relationship among phenotypes, gut microbiota and fecal metabolites was comprehensively analyzed by spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS 31 pharmacodynamic potential biomarkers and 20 synergistic potential biomarkers of effective parts of Panax ginseng on QDLC were screened and identified by fecal metabonomics. And then, 6 major metabolic pathways were searched, including bile acid biosynthesis, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism. In the study of gut microbiota, at the genus level, 25 species of bacteria with significant differences of effective parts on QDLC and 23 species of bacteria with significant differences of synergistic action of ginsenosides and polysaccharides were screened. In addition, Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was a complex potential relationship among phenotype, gut microbiota and fecal metabolites during the development of QDLC and Panax ginseng intervention, which was mainly reflected in the close potential relationship between bacteria and fecal metabolites such as bile acids, unsaturated fatty acids and indole compounds. CONCLUSION Through the changes of fecal endogenous metabolites and intestinal bacteria, the mechanism of Panax ginseng on QDLC were preliminarily clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zong Hou
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Junpeng Xing
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China; State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Optimization of Protein Isolation and Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis in Four Different Tissues of Korean Ginseng. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071409. [PMID: 34371612 PMCID: PMC8309323 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Korean ginseng is one of the most valuable medicinal plants worldwide. However, our understanding of ginseng proteomics is largely limited due to difficulties in the extraction and resolution of ginseng proteins because of the presence of natural contaminants such as polysaccharides, phenols, and glycosides. Here, we compared four different protein extraction methods, namely, TCA/acetone, TCA/acetone-MeOH/chloroform, phenol-TCA/acetone, and phenol-MeOH/chloroform methods. The TCA/acetone-MeOH/chloroform method displayed the highest extraction efficiency, and thus it was used for the comparative proteome profiling of leaf, root, shoot, and fruit by a label-free quantitative proteomics approach. This approach led to the identification of 2604 significantly modulated proteins among four tissues. We could pinpoint differential pathways and proteins associated with ginsenoside biosynthesis, including the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), and oxidoreductases (CYP450s). The current study reports an efficient and reproducible method for the isolation of proteins from a wide range of ginseng tissues and provides a detailed organ-based proteome map and a more comprehensive view of enzymatic alterations in ginsenoside biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yin X, Hu H, Shen X, Li X, Pei J, Xu J. Ginseng Omics for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:570-578. [PMID: 32767915 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200807113723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng, also known as the king of herbs, has been regarded as an important traditional medicine for several millennia. Ginsenosides, a group of triterpenoid saponins, have been characterized as bioactive compounds of ginseng. The complexity of ginsenosides hindered ginseng research and development both in cultivation and clinical research. Therefore, deciphering the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway has been a focus of interest for researchers worldwide. The new emergence of biological research tools consisting of omics and bioinformatic tools or computational biology tools are the research trend in the new century. Ginseng is one of the main subjects analyzed using these new quantification tools, including tools of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. Here, we review the current progress of ginseng omics research and provide results for the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. Organization and expression of the entire pathway, including the upstream MVA pathway, the cyclization of ginsenoside precursors, and the glycosylation process, are illustrated. Regulatory gene families such as transcriptional factors and transporters are also discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Yin
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Haoyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institution of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institution of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 13000, China
| | - Jin Pei
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institution of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Protocol Optimization of Proteomic Analysis of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of ginseng have been mainly attributed to its triterpenoids, called ginsenosides. Recent genome sequencing of the Panax ginseng has paved the way for in-depth proteomic studies of this medicinal plant. The current study was conducted to deepen the proteomic information on the root proteome of Korean ginseng. Proteomic workflow was optimized by testing two different strategies, characterized by the phenol extraction procedure, the presence or the absence of SDS-PAGE fractionation step, and nano-scale liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) analysis. The results highlighted an evident improvement of proteome extraction by the combination of phenol extraction with SDS-PAGE before the nLC-MS/MS analysis. In addition, a dramatic impact of the steaming process (the treatment to produce red ginseng from ginseng) on protein properties was observed. Overall, the analyses of Korean ginseng permitted the characterization of a total of 2412 proteins. A large number of identified proteins belonged to the functional categories of protein and carbon/energy metabolism (22.4% and 14.6%, respectively). The primary and secondary metabolisms are major metabolic pathways, which emerged from the proteomic analysis. In addition, a large number of proteins known to play an important role in response to (a)biotic stresses were also identified. The current proteomic study not only confirmed the previous transcriptomic and proteomic reports but also extended proteomic information, including the main metabolic pathways involved in Korean ginseng.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Q, Bai Y, Liu D, Zhao N, Gao H, Zhang X. Quinetides: diverse posttranslational modified peptides of ribonuclease-like storage protein from Panax quinquefolius as markers for differentiating ginseng species. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:680-689. [PMID: 32913397 PMCID: PMC7471211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peptides have diverse and important physiological roles in plants and are ideal markers for species identification. It is unclear whether there are specific peptides in Panax quinquefolius L. (PQ). The aims of this study were to identify Quinetides, a series of diverse posttranslational modified native peptides of the ribonuclease-like storage protein (ginseng major protein), from PQ to explore novel peptide markers and develop a new method to distinguish PQ from Panax ginseng. Methods We used different fragmentation modes in the LTQ Orbitrap analysis to identify the enriched Quinetide targets of PQ, and we discovered Quinetide markers of PQ and P. ginseng using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. These "peptide markers" were validated by simultaneously monitoring Rf and F11 as standard ginsenosides. Results We discovered 100 Quinetides of PQ with various post-translational modifications (PTMs), including a series of glycopeptides, all of which originated from the protein ginseng major protein. We effectively distinguished PQ from P. ginseng using new "peptide markers." Four unique peptides (Quinetides TP6 and TP7 as markers of PQ and Quinetides TP8 and TP9 as markers of P. ginseng) and their associated glycosylation products were discovered in PQ and P. ginseng. Conclusion We provide specific information on PQ peptides and propose the clinical application of peptide markers to distinguish PQ from P. ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- KeyLaboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Dan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- KeyLaboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li X, Cheng X, Liao B, Xu J, Han X, Zhang J, Lin Z, Hu L. Spatial protein expression of Panax ginseng by in-depth proteomic analysis for ginsenoside biosynthesis and transportation. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:58-65. [PMID: 33437157 PMCID: PMC7790901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng, as one of the most widely used herbal medicines worldwide, has been studied comprehensively in terms of the chemical components and pharmacology. The proteins from ginseng are also of great importance for both nutrition value and the mechanism of secondary metabolites. However, the proteomic studies are less reported in the absence of the genome information. With the completion of ginseng genome sequencing, the proteome profiling has become available for the functional study of ginseng protein components. Methods We optimized the protein extraction process systematically by using SDS-PAGE and one-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The extracted proteins were then analyzed by two-dimensional chromatography separation and cutting-edge mass spectrometry technique. Results A total of 2,732 and 3,608 proteins were identified from ginseng root and cauline leaf, respectively, which was the largest data set reported so far. Only around 50% protein overlapped between the cauline leaf and root tissue parts because of the function assignment for plant growing. Further gene ontology and KEGG pathway revealed the distinguish difference between ginseng root and leaf, which accounts for the photosynthesis and metabolic process. With in-deep analysis of functional proteins related to ginsenoside synthesis, we interestingly found the cytochrome P450 and UDP-glycosyltransferase expression extensively in cauline leaf but not in the root, indicating that the post glucoside synthesis of ginsenosides might be carried out when growing and then transported to the root at withering. Conclusion The systematically proteome analysis of Panax ginseng will provide us comprehensive understanding of ginsenoside synthesis and guidance for artificial cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianhui Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baosheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Han
- Jilin Zixin Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Nanjing Novogene Bio Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- Nanjing Novogene Bio Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen F, Deng Z, Xiong Z, Zhang B, Yang J, Hu J. A ROS-mediated lysosomal-mitochondrial pathway is induced by ginsenoside Rh2 in hepatoma HepG2 cells. Food Funct 2016; 6:3828-37. [PMID: 26449932 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00518c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2), isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, has been proven as an anticancer compound both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the role of the lysosomes during the apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by GRh2. The results showed that GRh2 significantly induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the HepG2 cells, which consequently resulted in early lysosomal membrane permeabilization with the release of cathepsin B (Cat B) to the cytosol. Western blot analysis showed that the released Cat B in the cytosol contributed to Bid cleavage. Subsequently mitochondrial damage was observed in the HepG2 cells. Interestingly, when the HepG2 cells were pre-treated with N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) for 1 h, which inhibited ROS generation before being exposed to GRh2, the permeabilization of lysosomal membranes and the levels of Cat B in the cytosol were down-regulated. Moreover, mitochondrial damage was alleviated when the HepG2 cells were pre-treated with leupeptin (Leu). From the above results, it could be concluded that GRh2 induced apoptosis of the HepG2 cells through accumulation of ROS and activation of the lysosomal-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway involving the release of Cat B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China. and College of Life Science & Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - ZeYuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China. and College of Life Science & Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - ZengXing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China. and College of Life Science & Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | - JianYuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China. and College of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - JiangNing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China. and College of Life Science & Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yun IS, Kim YS, Roh TS, Lee WJ, Park TH, Roh H, Lew DH, Rah DK. The Effect of Red Ginseng Extract Intake on Ischemic Flaps. J INVEST SURG 2016; 30:19-25. [PMID: 27537618 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2016.1215577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Red ginseng is well known for its angiogenic effects and its effect of increasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), but little experimental evidence has been published. In this study, we examined the effect of red ginseng using an ischemic flap model. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups of 10. One group drank red ginseng solution from 7 days prior to surgery to 7 days after, whereas the other group drank distilled water. We created a local flap on the back of each rat. We analyzed the surviving area of the flap for 10 days after surgery and measured the blood flow of the flap. Ten days after the operation, CD31-positive vessels and VEGF expression were examined by immunohistochemistry. The percentages of surviving areas of the flap were 76 ± 3% for the experimental group and 39 ± 5% for the control group (P = 0.0002). Blood flow in the experimental group increased for 10 days after the surgery. The number of newly generated capillaries in the experimental group was 14.0 ± 3.5, which was significantly higher than 5.7 ± 1.9 in the control group. The expression of VEGF in the experimental group was significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.0003). Administration of red ginseng extract increases the survival of ischemic flaps via angiogenesis and elevated blood flow. Further clinical studies are warranted to apply the effect shown in this current investigation to various ischemic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Sik Yun
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Tai Suk Roh
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Won Jai Lee
- b Institute of Human Tissue Restoration, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Park
- b Institute of Human Tissue Restoration, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hyun Roh
- b Institute of Human Tissue Restoration, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Lew
- b Institute of Human Tissue Restoration, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Dong Kyun Rah
- b Institute of Human Tissue Restoration, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Y, Liu ZH, Xia J, Li XP, Li KQ, Xiong W, Li J, Chen DL. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of KG-1a cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:137-46. [PMID: 27121661 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that total saponins of Panax ginseng (TSPG) and other ginsenoside monomers inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells. However, the effect has not been compared among them. Cell viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and ultra-structural characteristics were observed under transmission electron microscopy. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry (FCM). Real-time fluorescence quantitative‑PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to measure the expression of β-catenin, TCF4, cyclin D1 and NF-κBp65. β-catenin/TCF4 target gene transcription were observed by ChIP-PCR assay. We found that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 [(S)Rh2] inhibited the proliferation of KG-1a cells more efficiently than the other monomers. Moreover, (S)Rh2 arrested KG-1a cells in the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis. In addition, the levels of β-catenin, TCF4, cyclin D1 mRNA and protein were decreased. The ChIP-PCR showed that (S)Rh2 downregulated the transcription of β-catenin/TCF4 target genes, such as cyclin D1 and c-myc. These results indicated that (S)Rh2 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, demonstrating its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for leukemia therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chongqing Medical and Health School, Chongqing 408000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Peng Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Qiong Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Di-Long Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Colzani M, Altomare A, Caliendo M, Aldini G, Righetti PG, Fasoli E. The secrets of Oriental panacea: Panax ginseng. J Proteomics 2016; 130:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
13
|
Wu Y, Chen WQ, Zhao YQ, Piao HR. Efficient synthesis of panaxadiol derivatives using continuous-flow microreactor and evaluation of anti-tumor activity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
14
|
Kim SW, Min CW, Gupta R, Jo IH, Bang KH, Kim YC, Kim KH, Kim ST. Proteomics Analysis of Early Salt-Responsive Proteins in Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7783/kjmcs.2014.22.5.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Murthy HN, Georgiev MI, Kim YS, Jeong CS, Kim SJ, Park SY, Paek KY. Ginsenosides: prospective for sustainable biotechnological production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6243-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
16
|
Yang D, Du X, Yang Z, Liang Z, Guo Z, Liu Y. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to reveal mechanisms underlying plant secondary metabolism. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xuhong Du
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zongqi Yang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
| | | | - Yan Liu
- Tianjin Tasly Modern TCM Resources Co. Ltd; Tianjin China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jung J, Kim KH, Yang K, Bang KH, Yang TJ. Practical application of DNA markers for high-throughput authentication of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius from commercial ginseng products. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:123-9. [PMID: 24748836 PMCID: PMC3986582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) are widely used medicinal plants with similar morphology but different medicinal efficacy. Roots, flowers, and processed products of Korean and American ginseng can be difficult to differentiate from each other, leading to illegal trade in which one species is sold as the other. This study was carried out to develop convenient and reliable chloroplast genome-derived DNA markers for authentication of Korean and American ginseng in commercial processed products. One codominant marker could reproducibly identify both species and intentional mixtures of the two species. We further developed a set of species-unique dominant DNA markers. Each species-specific dominant marker could detect 1% cross contamination with other species by low resolution agarose gel electrophoresis or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Both markers were successfully applied to evaluate the original species from various processed ginseng products purchased from markets in Korea and China. We believe that high-throughput application of this marker system will eradicate illegal trade and promote confident marketing for both species to increase the value of Korean as well as American ginseng in Korea and worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Jung
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiwoung Yang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong-Hwan Bang
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dheeranupattana S, Sangthong P, Roytrakul S, Chaichana N. Proteomic profiling of Stemona alkaloids production response to chitosan elicitor. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:950-4. [PMID: 24502153 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.950.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study purposed to investigate the protein expression of Stemona alkaloids biosynthesis response to chitosan elicitor by 2D gel electrophoresis. The total proteins extraction of Stemona roots were performed for comparison with the control and chitosan treatments. It was found that 15 out of 150 protein spots exhibited different expression between control and chitosan culture treatment. The identified 15 protein spots were subjected to amino acid sequencing and two proteins appeared interesting for examining Stemona alkaloids biosynthesis. After treated with chitosan, glutathione S-transferase became down-regulated while heat shock protein up-regulated in relation to the control treatment. These proteins may play roles in alkaloids biosynthesis via plant defense metabolism from the presumptions that chitosan might weaken the detoxifying function of glutathione S-transferase, then, heat shock protein is probably produced to signal for tissue protection mechanism. Thus, Stemona alkaloids may be responsive to this stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dheeranupattana
- Department of Biology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - P Sangthong
- Department of Chemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - S Roytrakul
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - N Chaichana
- Department of Biology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma R, Sun L, Chen X, Jiang R, Sun H, Zhao D. Proteomic changes in different growth periods of ginseng roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 67:20-32. [PMID: 23537955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, proteomics and biochemical variables have been employed to unravel the growth strategies for the different root growth periods of ginseng (Panax ginseng CA May., Araliaceae). Enzymatic activities and cellular contents, except for starch, related to defence and metabolism were significantly increased in the slow-growth period but decreased in the fast-growth period. Proteomic characterisation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) showed 83 differentially expressed spots; 62 spots were up-regulated and 21 spots were down-regulated in the slow-growth period when compared to the fast-growth period. The identification of these spots indicated that the major groups of differential proteins were associated with energy metabolism (37%) and defence (17%), which was consistent with the changes observed in the biochemical measurements. These results clearly demonstrate that ginseng stores energy during its fast-growth period to promote root elongation, whereas it expends energy to improve the synthesis of secondary metabolites and stress resistance during its slow-growth period. The levels of many proteins were changed during the conversion period from fast to slow growth, providing new insights into ginseng proteome evolution. The proposed hypothetical model explains the interaction of metabolic proteins associated with the growth strategies of ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130117, PR China; College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China.
| | - Xuenan Chen
- College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130117, PR China; College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China
| | - Hang Sun
- College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, PR China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130117, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ginsenoside Rh2 induces human hepatoma cell apoptosisvia bax/bak triggered cytochrome C release and caspase-9/caspase-8 activation. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15523-35. [PMID: 23443079 PMCID: PMC3546647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in a variety of cancer cells. However, the details of the signal transduction cascade involved in G-Rh2-induced cell death is unclear. In this manuscript we elucidate the molecular mechanism of G-Rh2-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells by demonstrating that G-Rh2 causes rapid and dramatic translocation of both Bak and Bax, which subsequently triggers mitochondrial cytochrome c release and consequent caspase activation. Interestingly, siRNA-based gene inactivation of caspase-8 effectively delays caspase-9 activation and apoptosis induced by G-Rh2, indicating that caspase-8 also plays an important role in the G-Rh2-induced apoptosis program. Taken together, our results indicate that G-Rh2 employs a multi pro-apoptotic pathway to execute cancer cell death, suggesting a potential role for G-Rh2 as a powerful chemotherapeutic agent.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hong YJ, Kim N, Lee K, Hee Sonn C, Eun Lee J, Tae Kim S, Ho Baeg I, Lee KM. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) ameliorates type 1 diabetes and restores immune cell compartments. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:225-233. [PMID: 22925946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Historical records reveal that in traditional medicine, a disease similar to diabetes was treated with ginseng. Korean red ginseng has been considered beneficial as a dietary supplement for its anti-diabetic potential. AIM This study was designed to investigate the prophylactic potential of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Radix Rubra) in a well-established mouse model of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS The prophylactic effect of KRG extract was evaluated in mice fed with KRG extract for two weeks prior to induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Glucose levels and glucose challenge test results of KRG-treated diabetic mice were compared to those of untreated diabetic mice and healthy control mice. Examination of the immune compartments in lymphoid organs and immunohistochemical staining of pancreas for islet cell morphology and insulin producing beta cells were performed. RESULTS KRG extract significantly lowered blood glucose levels to an average of 250mg/dl from 350mg/dl and improved glucose challenge testing when applied as prophylaxis. Histological findings indicated that KRG extract protected against STZ-induced destruction of pancreatic tissue and restored insulin secretion. Strikingly, this effect was accompanied by restoration of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs, suggesting that KRG extract facilitated immune homeostasis. CONCLUSION This is the first report to demonstrate the prophylactic function of KRG extract in ameliorating the hyperglycemia of T1D. Immune compartments of diabetic mice were found to be preserved in KRG-treated mice suggesting that Korean red ginseng may benefit T1D patients, not only for its hypoglycemic but also for its immunomodulatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Hong
- Global Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu ZQ. Chemical Insights into Ginseng as a Resource for Natural Antioxidants. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3329-55. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun
130021, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qu C, Yu S, Bai A, Wang J. Study on the interactions between ginsenosides and lysozyme under acidic condition by ESI-MS and molecular docking. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 78:676-680. [PMID: 21183401 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the different effects of ginsenosides with similar structures, research on interactions between ginsenoside Rg1, Re and lysozyme was carried out by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and molecular docking. The 1:1 and 2:1 noncovalent complexes of ginsenosides and lysozyme were observed in the mass spectra and the dissociation constants for them were directly calculated based on peak intensities of lysozyme and its noncovalent complexes with ginsenosides. The results showed that the 1:1 complex of ginsenoside Rg1 and lysozyme was more stable than that of ginsenoside Re and lysozyme. As the acidity increased, the stabilities of the 1:1 complexes of Rg1, Re and lysozyme both decreased. Interestingly, as the acidity increased, the stability of the 2:1 complex of Rg1 and lysozyme increased while that of Re decreased. From the result of molecular docking, ginsenosides interacted with the active sites of lysozyme. And the stability of the complexes could be affected by the conformation changes of lysozyme as acidity increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenling Qu
- College of Grain Oil and Food Science, Henan University of Technology, 140 Songshan South Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Heckman MA, Sherry K, De Mejia EG. Energy Drinks: An Assessment of Their Market Size, Consumer Demographics, Ingredient Profile, Functionality, and Regulations in the United States. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:303-317. [PMID: 33467819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of energy drinks is rapidly increasing, as demonstrated by their large market growth. The targeted demographic group is teenagers, young adults, 18 to 34 y old; although expansion into nontraditional markets is also occurring. It is claimed that energy drinks can offer an increased energy boost related to their ingredient profile of caffeine, taurine, herbal extracts, and vitamins. Research suggests that energy drink formulations, in addition to increasing energy utilization, may also improve mood, enhance physical endurance, reduce mental fatigue, and increase reaction time. However, in most cases, the corresponding mechanisms of action are not clear. In addition, concerns have been raised over their safety and with a currently weak regulatory environment, efforts need to be made to ensure consumer safety. The objective of this article is to review the current U.S. energy drink market with emphasis on its market size, target demographic, active ingredients, potential benefits, safety, and regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Heckman
- Authors are with Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, U.S.A. Direct inquiries to author de Mejia (E-mail: )
| | - K Sherry
- Authors are with Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, U.S.A. Direct inquiries to author de Mejia (E-mail: )
| | - E Gonzalez De Mejia
- Authors are with Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, U.S.A. Direct inquiries to author de Mejia (E-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qu C, Yang L, Yu S, Wang S, Bai Y, Zhang H. Investigation of the interactions between ginsenosides and amino acids by mass spectrometry and theoretical chemistry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 74:478-483. [PMID: 19640776 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the essence of the interactions of ginsenosides and proteins which are composed by alpha-amino acids, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was employed to study the noncovalent interactions between ginsenosides (Rb(2), Rb(3), Re, Rg(1) and Rh(1)) and 18 kinds of alpha-amino acids (Asp, Glu, Asn, Phe, Gln, Thr, Ser, Met, Trp, Val, Gly, Ile, Ala, Leu, Pro, His, Lys and Arg). The 1:1 and 2:1 noncovalent complexes of ginsenosides and amino acids were observed in the mass spectra. The dissociation constants for the noncovalent complexes were directly calculated based on peak intensities of ginsenosides and the noncovalent complexes in the mass spectra. Based on the dissociation constants, it can be concluded that the acidic and the basic amino acids, Asp, Glu, Lys and Arg, bound to ginsenosides more strongly than other amino acids. The experimental results were verified by theoretical calculations of parameters of noncovalent interaction between ginsenoside Re and Arg which served as a representative example. Two kinds of binding forms, "head-tail" ("H-T") and "head-head" ("H-H"), were proposed to explain the interaction between ginsenosides and amino acids. And the interaction in "H-T" form was stronger than that in "H-H" form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenling Qu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shin JS, Park N, Ra J, Kim Y, Shin M, Hong M, Kim SH, Kwon HJ, Hong SP, Kim J, Bae H. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer modulates the levels of MMP3 in S12 murine articular cartilage cell line. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 124:397-403. [PMID: 19505564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The destruction of cartilage in patients with osteoarthritis occurs due to an imbalance between matrix synthesis and degradation. Cartilage degradation is induced by the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the cartilage protective effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG). MATERIALS AND METHODS S12 cells were treated with various concentrations of extract of PG and gensenosides Rd and Rb(3) for 3h, after which 10 ng/ml interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was added to the culture media. The levels of MMP3 in the conditioned media were then evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of Type II Collagen and Pro-collagenase. Furthermore, Western blot analysis was performed to identify the roles that PG played in the ERK and p38 signaling pathways. RESULTS The MMP3 secretion levels of S12 cells were significantly lowered in response to treatment with PG and gensenosides Rd and Rb(3) at a concentration of 100 microg/ml when compared to cells that were treated with IL-1beta. In addition, PG induced the mRNA expression of Type II Collagen dose dependently. Furthermore, phosphorylated p38 and ERK were detected in S12 articular cartilage cell line that was treated with IL-1beta. PG decreased the phosphorylation of p38, but PG did not exert any effect on phospho-ERK. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that PG and gensenosides Rd and Rb(3) suppress MMP3 secretion and that gensenosides Rd and Rb(3) are the major elements involved in the suppression of MMP3 by PG. Furthermore, the suppression of MMP3 by PG occurs via the inhibition of phospho-p38 activation. Therefore, PG may exert a protective effect against the cartilage degradation of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Shik Shin
- Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Sinsa-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-896, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Eriksson TL, Svensson SPS, Lundström I, Persson K, Andersson TPM, Andersson RGG. Panax ginseng induces anterograde transport of pigment organelles in Xenopus melanophores. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:17-23. [PMID: 18639398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Melanophores from Xenopus laevis are pigmented cells, capable of quick colour changes through cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) coordinated transport of their intracellular pigment granules, melanosomes. In this study we use the melanophore cell line to evaluate the effects of Panax ginseng extract G115 on organelle transport. Absorbance readings of melanophore-coated microplates, Correlate-EIA direct cAMP enzyme immunoassay kit, and western blot were used to measure the melanosome movement and changes in intracellular signalling. We show that Panax ginseng induces a fast concentration-dependent anterograde transport of the melanosomes. No significant increase in the cAMP level was seen and pre-incubation of melanophores with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor EGF-R Fragment 651-658 (M-EGF) only partly decreased the ginseng-induced dispersion. We also demonstrate that Panax ginseng, endothelin-3 (ET-3) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulate an activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). Pre-incubation with M-EGF decreased the MAPK activity induced by ET-3 and MSH, but again only marginally affected the response of Panax ginseng. Thus, in melanophores we suggest that Panax ginseng stimulates an anterograde transport of pigment organelles via a non-cAMP and mainly PKC-independent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese L Eriksson
- Division of Drug Research/Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Timperio AM, Egidi MG, Zolla L. Proteomics applied on plant abiotic stresses: role of heat shock proteins (HSP). J Proteomics 2008; 71:391-411. [PMID: 18718564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The most crucial function of plant cell is to respond against stress induced for self-defence. This defence is brought about by alteration in the pattern of gene expression: qualitative and quantitative changes in proteins are the result, leading to modulation of certain metabolic and defensive pathways. Abiotic stresses usually cause protein dysfunction. They have an ability to alter the levels of a number of proteins which may be soluble or structural in nature. Nowadays, in higher plants high-throughput protein identification has been made possible along with improved protein extraction, purification protocols and the development of genomic sequence databases for peptide mass matches. Thus, recent proteome analysis performed in the vegetal Kingdom has provided new dimensions to assess the changes in protein types and their expression levels under abiotic stress. As reported in this review, specific and novel proteins, protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications have been identified, which play a role in signal transduction, anti-oxidative defence, anti-freezing, heat shock, metal binding etc. However, beside specific proteins production, plants respond to various stresses in a similar manner by producing heat shock proteins (HSPs), indicating a similarity in the plant's adaptive mechanisms; in plants, more than in animals, HSPs protect cells against many stresses. A relationship between ROS and HSP also seems to exist, corroborating the hypothesis that during the course of evolution, plants were able to achieve a high degree of control over ROS toxicity and are now using ROS as signalling molecules to induce HSPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Timperio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Astle J, Ferguson JT, German JB, Harrigan GG, Kelleher NL, Kodadek T, Parks BA, Roth MJ, Singletary KW, Wenger CD, Mahady GB. Characterization of proteomic and metabolomic responses to dietary factors and supplements. J Nutr 2007; 137:2787-93. [PMID: 18029500 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.12.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade there has been a renewed interest in research and development of both dietary and nutritional supplements. Significant advancements have been made in the scientific assessment of the quality, safety, and efficacy of these products because of the strong interest in and financial support of these projects. As research in both fields continues to advance, opportunities to use new and innovative research technologies and methodologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, are critical for the future progress of the science. The purpose of the symposium was to begin the process of communicating new innovative proteomic and metabolomic methodologies that may be applied by researchers in both the nutrition and the natural product communities. This symposium highlighted 2 proteomic approaches, protein fingerprinting in complex mixtures with peptoid microarrays and top-down mass spectrometry for annotation of gene products. Likewise, an overview of the methodologies used in metabolomic profiling of natural products was presented, and an illustration of an integrated metabolomics approach in nutrition research was highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Astle
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kim YM, Namkoong S, Yun YG, Hong HD, Lee YC, Ha KS, Lee H, Kwon HJ, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Water extract of Korean red ginseng stimulates angiogenesis by activating the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and eNOS pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1674-9. [PMID: 17827719 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is important for promoting cardiovascular disease, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. We investigated the effects of Korean red ginseng water extract (KRGE) on angiogenesis and its underlying signal mechanism. KRGE increased in vitro proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as well as stimulated in vivo angiogenesis without increasing VEGF expression. KRGE-induced angiogenesis was accompanied by phosphorylation of ERK1/2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Akt), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as well as an increase in NO production. Inhibition of PI3K activity by wortmannin completely inhibited KRGE-induced angiogenesis and phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and eNOS, indicating that PI3K/Akt activation is an upstream event of the KRGE-mediated angiogenic pathway. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked KRGE-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation without affecting Akt and eNOS activation. However, the eNOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine effectively inhibited tube formation, but partially blocked proliferation and migration as well as ERK phosphorylation, without altering Akt and eNOS activation, revealing that the eNOS/NO pathway is partially involved in ERK1/2 activation. This study demonstrated that KRGE stimulates in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through the activation of the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and eNOS signal pathways and their cross talk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Kim
- Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Kangwon-do 200-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rossignol M, Peltier JB, Mock HP, Matros A, Maldonado AM, Jorrín JV. Plant proteome analysis: A 2004–2006 update. Proteomics 2006; 6:5529-48. [PMID: 16991197 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the appearance of the review entitled "Plant Proteome Analysis" in Proteomics in February 2004 (Cánovas, F. M., Dumas-Gaudot, E., Recorbert, G., Jorrín, J. et al., Proteomics 2004, 4, 285-298), about 200 original articles focusing on plant proteomics have been published. Although this represents less than 1% of the global proteomics output during this period, it nevertheless reflects an increase in activity over the period 1999-2004. These papers concern the proteome of at least 35 plant species but have concentrated mainly on thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa). The scientific objectives have ranged from a proteomic analysis of organs, tissues, cell suspensions, or subcellular fractions to the study of plant development and response to various stresses. A number of contributions have covered PTMs and protein interactions. The dominant analytical platform has been 2-DE coupled to MS, but "second generation" techniques such as DIGE, multidimensional protein identification technology, isotope-coded affinity tags, and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture have begun to make an impact. This review aims to provide an update of the contribution of proteomics to plant biology during the period 2004-2006, and is divided into six sections: introduction, subcellular proteomes, plant development, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, PTMs, and protein interactions. The conclusions summarize a view of the major pitfalls and challenges of plant proteomics.
Collapse
|
33
|
Yap KYL, Chan SY, Weng Chan Y, Sing Lim C. Overview on the Analytical Tools for Quality Control of Natural Product-Based Supplements: A Case Study of Ginseng. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2005; 3:683-99. [PMID: 16438663 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2005.3.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of pharmaceutical products like ginseng is important for ensuring consumer safety and efficacy. Many ginseng products sold today are in various formulations such as powder, capsules, tablets, soft-gels, liquid extracts, and tea. This renders ginseng less identifiable by smell, taste, or physical appearance. Furthermore, as ginseng is expensive, adulteration with other cheaper products occurs. Hence quality assurance of ginseng is needed. This paper reviews the major techniques for ascertaining the level of ginsenosides, the primary active ingredients for ginseng, and covers high-performance liquid, gas, and thin-layer chromatographies, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, enzyme immunoassays, and other molecular methods. Supporting techniques such as ultraviolet, fluorescence, diode array and evaporative light scattering detections, and mass spectrometry will also be touched upon. This review also discusses the principles and applications of biosensors-in particular fiber optic-based sensors-and their feasibility in ginseng analysis based on preliminary studies. Despite their potential, there is currently no or limited commercial exploitation of fiber optic-based sensors to perform ginseng quality analysis. The opportunity for biosensors to be used for the rapid quality surveillance of ginseng is appealing, but several key issues still need to be addressed before they find widespread applications in the traditional Chinese medicine industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yi-Lwern Yap
- Biosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|