1
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Bržezická T, Kohútová L, Glatz Z. Atypical applications of transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles methodology for in-capillary reactions in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400157. [PMID: 38982555 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique offering quick and efficient analyses in various fields of bioanalytical chemistry. It is characterized by many well-known advantages, but one, which is perhaps the most important for this application field, is somewhat overlooked. It is the possibility to perform chemical and biochemical reactions at the nL scale inside the separation capillary. There are two basic formats applicable for this purpose, heterogeneous and homogeneous. In the former, one reactant is immobilized onto a particle or monolithic support or directly on the capillary wall, and the other is injected. In the latter, the reactant mixing inside a capillary is based on electromigration or diffusion. One of the diffusion-based methodologies, termed Transverse Diffusion of Laminar Flow Profiles, is the subject of this review. Since most studies utilizing in-capillary reactions in CE focus on enzymes, which are being continuously and exhaustively reviewed, this review covers the atypical applications of this methodology, but still in the bioanalytical field. As can be seen from the demonstrated applications, they are not limited to reactions, but can also be utilized for other biochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taťána Bržezická
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kohútová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Řemínek R, Glatz Z, Thormann W. Online Enantioselective Capillary Electrophoretic Method for Screening Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2089:167-178. [PMID: 31773654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0163-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The market share of single-enantiomer drugs is steadily increasing. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of individual enantiomers can differ considerably. Thus, their characteristics have to be addressed as early as possible in the development process of new pharmaceuticals. Capillary electrophoresis is a promising technique for enantioselective drug metabolism studies due to highly effective separations, minuscule consumption of sample and reagents, compatibility with a variety of detection techniques, high-throughput via automation, and the implementation of online procedures. An online method comprised of the diffusion-based mixing of cytochrome P450 3A4 with racemic ketamine, incubation of the enzyme reaction, separation of the reaction products S- and R-norketamine, and their quantification is presented in this chapter. Since diffusion is an inherent property of all molecules, the method enables the addition of virtually any compound to the reaction mixture without the need for additional optimization of the mixing conditions, and thus can be favorably used for the rapid screening of putative cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Řemínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Screening of Beta-Secretase Inhibitors by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31773652 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0163-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, currently afflicting almost 40 million patients worldwide. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the pathogenesis of the disease could be slowed down or even stopped by the inhibition of beta-secretase, making this aspartic acid protease a potentially important drug target site. Capillary electrophoresis is a promising technique for screening putative enzyme inhibitors due to highly effective separations, minuscule sample and other chemicals consumption, compatibility with a variety of detection techniques, and high throughput via automation. This chapter presents a method based on capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry detection for kinetic and inhibition assays of the beta-secretase reaction with a decapeptide derived from an amyloid precursor protein.
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4
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A 96-multiplex capillary electrophoresis screening platform for product based evolution of P450 BM3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15479. [PMID: 31664146 PMCID: PMC6820799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The main challenge that prevents a broader application of directed enzyme evolution is the lack of high-throughput screening systems with universal product analytics. Most directed evolution campaigns employ screening systems based on colorimetric or fluorogenic surrogate substrates or universal quantification methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or mass spectrometry, which have not been advanced to achieve a high-throughput. Capillary electrophoresis with a universal UV-based product detection is a promising analytical tool to quantify product formation. Usage of a multiplex system allows the simultaneous measurement with 96 capillaries. A 96-multiplexed capillary electrophoresis (MP-CE) enables a throughput that is comparable to traditional direct evolution campaigns employing 96-well microtiter plates. Here, we report for the first time the usage of a MP-CE system for directed P450 BM3 evolution towards increased product formation (oxidation of alpha-isophorone to 4-hydroxy-isophorone; highest reached total turnover number after evolution campaign: 7120 mol4-OH molP450−1). The MP-CE platform was 3.5-fold more efficient in identification of beneficial variants than the standard cofactor (NADPH) screening system.
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5
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Beneito-Cambra M, Gareil P, Badet B, Badet-Denisot MA, Delaunay N. First investigations for the characterization of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:130-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Schejbal J, Glatz Z. Immobilized-enzyme reactors integrated with capillary electrophoresis for pharmaceutical research. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:323-335. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schejbal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
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7
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Řemínek R, Slezáčková L, Schejbal J, Glatz Z. Development and comprehensive comparison of two on-line capillary electrophoretic methods for β-secretase inhibitor screening. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1518:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Huang S, Paul P, Ramana P, Adams E, Augustijns P, Van Schepdael A. Advances in Capillary Electrophoretically Mediated Microanalysis for On-line Enzymatic and Derivatization Reactions. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:97-110. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyun Huang
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
| | - Prasanta Paul
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
| | - Pranov Ramana
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug delivery and disposition; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
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9
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Yamagami M, Matsui Y, Hayakawa T, Yamamoto S, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. Plug-plug kinetic capillary electrophoresis for in-capillary exoglycosidase digestion as a profiling tool for the analysis of glycoprotein glycans. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1496:157-162. [PMID: 28356190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An online exoglycosidase digestion was combined with a plug-plug kinetic mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of glycoprotein-derived oligosaccharides. An exoglycosidase solution and a solution of glycoprotein glycans derivatized with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) were introduced to a neutrally coated capillary previously filled with electrophoresis buffer solution containing 0.5w/v% hydroxypropylcellulose. After immersion of both ends of the capillary in the buffer solutions, a negative voltage was applied for analysis. An APTS group of an oligosaccharide derivative has triply negative charges, which forced saccharide derivatives to anode with fast mobility and pass through the enzyme plug, which are detected at the anodic end. If the terminal monosaccharides of APTS-labeled oligosaccharides are released by the action of an exoglycosidase, the migration times of the oligosaccharides shift to those of digested oligosaccharides. We examined β-galactosidase, α-mannosidase, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, α-neuraminidase, and α-fucosidase, and found only β-galactosidase and α-neuraminidase showed good reactivity toward APTS-labeled oligosaccharides; the reaction was completed by injecting a 3.6cm long plug of 200 and 50mU/mL concentration of exoglycosidases. In contrast, other exoglycosidases could not react with APTS labeled oligosaccharides at a concentration up to 5U/mL. The β-N-acetylhexosaminidase reaction was successively followed by the electrophoretic mobility of APTS oligosaccharides and stopped for 10min when saccharide derivatives were achieved in the enzyme plug. The reaction of α-fucosidase and α-mannosidase was completed by decreasing the electrophoretic voltage to -2kV when the APTS oligosaccharides were passing through an exoglycosidase plug. We established the CE conditions for all of the glycosidic linkage analysis of glycoprotein glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Yamagami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yurie Matsui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takao Hayakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan; Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan; Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
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10
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Pelcová M, Řemínek R, Sandbaumhüter FA, Mosher RA, Glatz Z, Thormann W. Simulation and experimental study of enzyme and reactant mixing in capillary electrophoresis based on-line methods. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1471:192-200. [PMID: 27720173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of an efficient reaction mixture represents a crucial part of capillary electrophoresis based on-line enzymatic assays. For ketamine N-demethylation to norketamine mediated by the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, mixing of enzyme and reactants in the incubation buffer at physiological pH was studied by computer simulation. A dynamic electrophoretic simulator that encompasses Taylor-Aris diffusivity which accounts for dispersion due to the parabolic flow profile associated with pressure driven flow was utilized. The simulator in the diffusion mode was used to predict transverse diffusional reactant mixing occurring during hydrodynamic plug injection of configurations featuring four and seven plugs. The same simulator in the electrophoretic mode was applied to study electrophoretic reactant mixing caused by voltage application in absence of buffer flow. Resulting conclusions were experimentally verified with enantioselective analysis of norketamine in a background electrolyte at low pH. Furthermore, simulations visualize buffer changes that occur upon power application between incubation buffer and background electrolyte and have an influence on the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pelcová
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Řemínek
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Friederike A Sandbaumhüter
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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11
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Harada A, Sasaki K, Kaneta T. Direct determination of lignin peroxidase released from Phanerochaete chrysosporium by in-capillary enzyme assay using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:145-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Nehmé R, Morin P. Advances in capillary electrophoresis for miniaturizing assays on kinase enzymes for drug discovery. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2768-2797. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reine Nehmé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Université d'Orléans - CNRS; UMR 7311 Orléans France
| | - Philippe Morin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Université d'Orléans - CNRS; UMR 7311 Orléans France
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13
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Tang L, Zhang W, Zhao H, Chen Z. Tyrosinase inhibitor screening in traditional Chinese medicines by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2887-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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14
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Langmajerová M, Řemínek R, Pelcová M, Foret F, Glatz Z. Combination of on-line CE assay with MS detection for the study of drug metabolism by cytochromes P450. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1365-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Langmajerová
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Roman Řemínek
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marta Pelcová
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
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15
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Řemínek R, Glatz Z, Thormann W. Optimized on-line enantioselective capillary electrophoretic method for kinetic and inhibition studies of drug metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1349-57. [PMID: 25382218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a chiral drug can significantly differ between application of the racemate and single enantiomers. During drug development, the characteristics of candidate compounds have to be assessed prior to clinical testing. Since biotransformation significantly influences drug actions in an organism, metabolism studies represent a crucial part of such tests. Hence, an optimized and economical capillary electrophoretic method for on-line studies of the enantioselective drug metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes was developed. It comprises a diffusion-based procedure, which enables mixing of the enzyme with virtually any compound inside the nanoliter-scale capillary reactor and without the need of additional optimization of mixing conditions. For CYP3A4, ketamine as probe substrate and highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin as chiral selector, improved separation conditions for ketamine and norketamine enantiomers compared to a previously published electrophoretically mediated microanalysis method were elucidated. The new approach was thoroughly validated for the CYP3A4-mediated N-demethylation pathway of ketamine and applied to the determination of its kinetic parameters and the inhibition characteristics in presence of ketoconazole and dexmedetomidine. The determined parameters were found to be comparable to literature data obtained with different techniques. The presented method constitutes a miniaturized and cost-effective tool, which should be suitable for the assessment of the stereoselective aspects of kinetic and inhibition studies of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic steps within early stages of the development of a new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Řemínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Nowak P, Michalik M, Fiedor L, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. Capillary electrophoresis as a tool for a cost-effective assessment of the activity of plant membrane enzyme chlorophyllase. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3341-4. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nowak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Maciej Michalik
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
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17
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Asensi-Bernardi L, Martín-Biosca Y, Escuder-Gilabert L, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández MJ. Fast evaluation of enantioselective drug metabolism by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis: Application to fluoxetine metabolism by CYP2D6. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3214-20. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Asensi-Bernardi
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universitat de València; Burjassot Spain
| | - Yolanda Martín-Biosca
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universitat de València; Burjassot Spain
| | - Laura Escuder-Gilabert
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universitat de València; Burjassot Spain
| | - Salvador Sagrado
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universitat de València; Burjassot Spain
- Centro Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico; Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universitat de València; Valencia Spain
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18
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Řemínek R, Zeisbergerová M, Langmajerová M, Glatz Z. New capillary electrophoretic method for on-line screenings of drug metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2705-11. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Řemínek
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zeisbergerová
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Monika Langmajerová
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno; Czech Republic
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19
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Zhu Q, El-Mergawy RG, Heinemann SH, Schönherr R, Jáč P, Scriba GKE. Stereospecific micellar electrokinetic chromatography assay of methionine sulfoxide reductase activity employing a multiple layer coated capillary. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2712-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Rabab G. El-Mergawy
- Department of Biophysics; Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital; Jena; Germany
| | - Stefan H. Heinemann
- Department of Biophysics; Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital; Jena; Germany
| | - Roland Schönherr
- Department of Biophysics; Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital; Jena; Germany
| | - Pavel Jáč
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Gerhard K. E. Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
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20
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Nowak P, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. An overview of on-line systems using drug metabolizing enzymes integrated into capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2604-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nowak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
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21
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Zhao H, Chen Z. Screening of aromatase inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicines by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis in a partially filled capillary. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2691-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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22
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Lin P, Zhao S, Lu X, Ye F, Wang H. Preparation of a dual-enzyme co-immobilized capillary microreactor and simultaneous screening of multiple enzyme inhibitors by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2538-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingtan Lin
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
| | - Fanggui Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
| | - Hengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
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23
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Asensi-Bernardi L, Martín-Biosca Y, Escuder-Gilabert L, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández M. In-line capillary electrophoretic evaluation of the enantioselective metabolism of verapamil by cytochrome P3A4. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1298:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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24
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Xu A, Li F, Robinson H, Yeung ES. Can Protein Conformers Be Fractionated by Crystallization? Anal Chem 2013; 85:6372-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400762x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aoshuang Xu
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Fenglei Li
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Howard Robinson
- Biology Department, 463, Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Edward S. Yeung
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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25
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A capillary electrophoretic assay for acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. Anal Biochem 2013; 437:32-8. [PMID: 23435309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A simple off-column capillary electrophoretic (CE) assay for measuring acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase holoenzyme (holo-ACC) activity and inhibition was developed. The two reactions catalyzed by the holo-ACC components, biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT), were simultaneously monitored in this assay. Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), malonyl-CoA, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were separated by capillary electrophoresis, and the depletion of ATP and acetyl-CoA as well as the production of ADP and malonyl-CoA were monitored. Inhibition of holo-ACC by the BC inhibitor, 2-amino-N,N-dibenzyloxazole-5-carboxamide, and the carboxyltransferase inhibitor, andrimid, was confirmed using this assay. A previously reported off-column CE assay for only the CT component of ACC was optimized, and an off-column CE assay for the BC component of ACC also was developed.
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26
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Glatz Z. Application of short-end injection procedure in CE. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:631-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC; Masaryk University; Brno; Czech Republic
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27
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Offline and online capillary electrophoresis enzyme assays of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2425-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Abstract
In the past years, capillary electrophoresis has become a frequently used technique for enzyme assays due to the high separation efficiency and versatility as well as small sample size and low consumption of chemicals. The capillary electrophoresis assays can be divided into two general categories: pre-capillary (or offline) assays and in-capillary (or online) assays. In pre-capillary assays, the incubation is performed offline and substrate(s) and product(s) are subsequently analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. In in-capillary assays enzyme reaction and separation of the analytes are performed inside the same capillary. In such assays the enzyme is either immobilized or in solution. The latter techniques is also referred to as electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) indicating that the individual steps of the incubation as well as analysis are performed via electrophoretic phenomena. This chapter describes both techniques using the deacetylation of acetyl-lysine residues in model peptides by sirtuin enzymes as well as the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine by acetylcholinesterase as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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29
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Hai X, Adams E, Van Schepdael A. Screening of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors by microanalysis with fluorescence detection. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 919:97-109. [PMID: 22976094 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-029-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has emerged as a small-scale analytical tool for enzyme assays. It is not only used to analyze and follow-up enzymatic reactions in an offline mode, but the reaction can also be performed online, inside the capillary, where the reaction products are formed and analyzed. In this way, an integrated setup is obtained which allows a higher degree of automation and miniaturization in analytical systems. This chapter presents an electrophoretically mediated microanalysis for in vitro characterization and screening of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hai
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Determination of D1 Protease Activity and Screening for Lead Compounds of Inhibitor by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Zhao W, Tian M, Nie R, Wang Y, Guo L, Yang L. Online enzyme discrimination and determination of substrate enantiomers based on electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6701-6. [PMID: 22746829 DOI: 10.1021/ac301125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We proposed the first application of an electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) method for fast online discrimination and determination of substrate enantiomers, which was achieved by just one EMMA assay. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-catalyzed reaction was studied to evaluate the feasibility and performance of the presented method. The L- and D-LDH chiral enzymatic reactions, which are highly stereoselective to the lactate enantiomers, were initiated successively in one capillary, and the corresponding products, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), were online discriminated and detected by UV absorption. Excellent linear dependence of the two NADH peak intensities on the concentration of the corresponding lactate enantiomers was obtained within a wide range of 0.1-10 mM. The limit of detection was 26 μM for D-lactate and 49 μM for L-lactate (S/N = 3). Good repeatability of online chiral discrimination was demonstrated with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 6.3% for NADH peak height and RSD < 1.5% for migration time (n = 5). K(m) values for L- and D-lactate were measured and were consistent with those of the off-line enzyme assays. The presented method was successfully applied to determine the L-/D-lactate in several yogurt and wine samples. Our study shows a new application of the EMMA method utilizing high stereoselectivity of enzymes for fast online chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
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32
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Nehme H, Nehme R, Lafite P, Routier S, Morin P. New development in in-capillary electrophoresis techniques for kinetic and inhibition study of enzymes. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 722:127-35. [PMID: 22444544 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are often quantified by measuring their biological activity. Capillary electrophoresis is gaining its position in this field due to the ongoing trend to miniaturize biochemical assays. The aim of this work was to compare pre-capillary (off-line) and in-capillary electrophoresis techniques for studying enzymatic activity. The β-galactosidase (β-Gal) was chosen as a model enzyme. Each technique was optimized independently in order to decrease analyte consumption (to few tens of nanoliters), incubation time (to few seconds) and analysis time (below 1 min). Several experimental parameters (ionic strength of the background electrolyte (BGE) and of the incubation buffer, incubation time, injected volumes, …) were optimized by following peak efficiencies, resolution and repeatability. To monitor the performance of each technique, the catalytic constants (V(max) and K(m)) of 4-nitro-phenyl-d-galactopyranoside (PNPG) hydrolysis by β-Gal as well as the inhibition constants (K(i) and IC(50)) by a competitive inhibitor 2-nitrophenyl-1-thio-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (ONPTG) were determined. The results obtained were cross compared and were also evaluated by comparison to a standard spectrophotometric method. EMMA proved to be the best technique in terms of sample consumption and speed. The short-end injection was successfully used which speeded-up electrophoretic analysis (<0.8 min). It is a very powerful tool for studying enzymatic inhibition. Usually, the inhibitor is injected in the capillary mixed to the substrate especially when both have similar mobilities. We show in this work, for the first time, that combining at-inlet reaction with EMMA-CE allows enzyme inhibition to be realized without any prior mixing of the substrate and the inhibitor. This approach is very interesting for screening inhibitors, rapidly and without excessive substrate consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Nehme
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS FR 2708, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
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33
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Microscale separation methods for enzyme kinetics assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2185-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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34
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Qing LS, Tang N, Xue Y, Liang J, Liu YM, Liao X. Identification of Enzyme Inhibitors Using Therapeutic Target Protein - Magnetic Nanoparticle Conjugates. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2012; 4:1612-1615. [PMID: 22737184 PMCID: PMC3378064 DOI: 10.1039/c2ay25320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Target protein - magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) conjugates, i.e. α-glucosidase-MNP and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-MNP, were prepared and evaluated for the first time for affinity extraction of the enzyme inhibitors from herbal extracts. Four ligands extracted from granati pericarpium were identified by ESI-MS analysis. In vitro tests indicated that they inhibited both α-glucosidase and PTP1B, two important target proteins for diabetic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Sen Qing
- National Engineering Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China. Tel: 86-28-85253968
| | - Nan Tang
- School of pharmacy, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ying Xue
- National Engineering Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China. Tel: 86-28-85253968
| | - Jian Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China. Tel: 86-28-85253968
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China. Tel: 86-28-85253968
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39110 USA. Tel: 1-601-979-349
| | - Xun Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China. Tel: 86-28-85253968
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35
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Hai X, Yang BF, Van Schepdael A. Recent developments and applications of EMMA in enzymatic and derivatization reactions. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:211-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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CHEN LY, LI WG, HUANG XY, LIU ZL, LIU YL, FENG L, LIAO HS, XIONG GM, QI C. Determination of D1 Protease Activity and Screening for Lead Compounds of Inhibitor by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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38
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Studies on the adenosine deaminase-catalyzed conversion of adenosine and nucleoside prodrugs by different capillary electrophoresis modes. Anal Biochem 2011; 414:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Fan Y, Hense M, Ludewig R, Weisgerber C, Scriba GK. Capillary electrophoresis-based sirtuin assay using non-peptide substrates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:772-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Zhao S, Ji X, Lin P, Liu YM. A gold nanoparticle-mediated enzyme bioreactor for inhibitor screening by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2010; 411:88-93. [PMID: 21184730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A facile protocol to prepare highly effective and durable in-line enzyme bioreactors inside capillary electrophoresis (CE) columns was developed. To demonstrate the methodology, l-glutamic dehydrogenase (GLDH) was selected as the model enzyme. GLDH was first immobilized onto 38-nm-diameter gold nanoparticles (GNPs), and the functionalized GNPs were then assembled on the inner wall at the inlet end of the CE capillary treated with polyethyleneimine (PEI), producing an in-line GLDH bioreactor. Compared with a GLDH bioreactor prepared by immobilizing GLDH directly on PEI-treated capillary, the GNP-mediated bioreactor showed a higher enzymatic activity and a much better stability. The in-capillary enzyme bioreactor was proven to be very useful for screening of GLDH inhibitors deploying the GLDH-catalyzed α-ketoglutaric acid reaction. The screening assay was preliminarily validated by using a known GLDH inhibitor, namely perphenazine. A Z' factor value of 0.95 (n=10) was obtained, indicating that the screening results were highly reliable. Screening of GLDH inhibitors present in medicinal plant extracts by the proposed method was demonstrated. The inhibition percentages were found to be 53% for Radix scutellariae, 45% for Radix codonopsis, 37% for Radix paeoniae alba, and 0% for the other 22 extracts tested at a concentration of 0.6mg extract/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 51004, China.
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41
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High temporal resolution monitoring of enzyme reaction and inhibition using optically gated vacancy capillary electrophoresis and immobilized enzyme. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 683:136-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Fan Y, Scriba GKE. Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis assay for sirtuin enzymes. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3874-80. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Zeisbergerová M, Řemínek R, Mádr A, Glatz Z, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A. On-line drug metabolites generation and their subsequent target analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis with UV-absorption detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3256-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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44
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Curcio R, Nicoli R, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Evaluation of an in-capillary approach for performing quantitative cytochrome P450 activity studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2163-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Gavina JMA, White CE, Finan TM, Britz-McKibbin P. Determination of 4-hydroxyproline-2-epimerase activity by capillary electrophoresis: A stereoselective platform for inhibitor screening of amino acid isomerases. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2831-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Gratz A, Götz C, Jose J. A CE-based assay for human protein kinase CK2 activity measurement and inhibitor screening. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:634-40. [PMID: 20162588 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new assay for protein kinase CK2 activity determination based on the quantification of a phosphorylated substrate was developed. The common CK2 substrate peptide RRRDDDSDDD, conjugated with the fluorophore 5-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid at the C-terminus served as the analyte. By means of CZE using 2 mol/L acetic acid as electrolyte and UV detection at 214 nm, the non-phosphorylated and the phosphorylated peptide variants could be resolved within 6 min from a complex assay mixture. By this means, activity of human CK2 could be monitored by a kinetic, as well as an endpoint, method. Inhibition of human recombinant CK2 holoenzyme by 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole resulted in IC(50) values of 1.33 and 0.27 microM, respectively, which were similar to those obtained with the standard radiometric assay. These results suggest that the CE/UV strategy described here is a straightforward assay for CK2 inhibitor testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gratz
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Fan Y, Scriba GKE. Advances in capillary electrophoretic enzyme assays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1076-90. [PMID: 20439145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become a frequently used tool for enzyme assays due to its well-recognized advantages such as high separation efficiency, short analysis time, small sample and chemicals consumption. The published applications cover all aspects of enzyme characterization and analysis including the determination of the enzyme activity, substrate and modulator characterization and identification, as well as the investigation of enzyme-mediated metabolic pathways of bioactive molecules. The CE assays may be classified into two general categories: (1) pre-capillary assays where the reactions are performed offline followed by CE analysis of the substrates and products and (2) online assays when the enzyme reaction and separation of the analytes are performed in the same capillary. In online assays, the enzyme may be either immobilized or in solution. The latter is also referred to as electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA). The present review will highlight the literature of CE-based enzyme assays from 2006 to November 2009. One section will be devoted to applications of microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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48
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Zhang J, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A. Recent developments and applications of EMMA in enzymatic and derivatization reactions. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:65-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Micellar electrokinetic chromatography after precapillary enzyme assay for the determination of phosphatase activity in semiarid soil. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Wang T, Kang J. Hexokinase inhibitor screening based on adenosine 5'-diphosphate determination by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1349-54. [PMID: 19306267 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A CE-based method for hexokinase inhibitor screening was developed in the present paper. In this method, hexokinase activity was assayed via electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA), which combines on-column hexokinase-mediated reaction and measurement of produced adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) via electrophoretical separation and UV detection. Enzyme inhibition can be read out directly from the reduced peak area of ADP in comparison with a reference electropherogram obtained in the absence of any inhibitor. Conditions for on-column enzyme reaction and separation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and ADP were optimized. The optimal buffer composition for enzymatic reaction was 25 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.5) containing 5 mM MgCl(2), whereas the optimal buffer composition for separation was 100 mM Tris-phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) containing 0.02% (m/v) hexadimethrine bromide (HDB). Fortunately, discontinuous buffer system can be adapted easily in the EMMA method. The time for separation was reduced dramatically to less than 3 min by reversing the direction of EOF via dynamically coating the capillary wall with the cationic polyelectrolyte HDB. Moreover, the peak tailing of ATP was also reduced by HDB coating. The Z' factor as high as 0.98 was obtained, indicating a high quality of the screening data. The present method is simple, robust and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongdan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, PR China
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