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Wang L, Rustum AM. Determination of Firocoxib and Its Related Substances in Bulk Drug Substance Batches of Firocoxib by a High-Speed Reversed-Phase HPLC Method With a Short Fused-Core Biphenyl Column. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 62:65-73. [PMID: 36469498 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Firocoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It provides control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue and orthopedic surgery in dogs, and control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in horses. A high-speed stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to determine firocoxib and its related substances in bulk batches of firocoxib drug substance. Firocoxib was dissolved in neat acetonitrile (ACN) and analyzed on a short HALO (fused-core) biphenyl column (30 × 4.6 mm i.d., 2.7-μm particle size) at flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. Column temperature was maintained at 50°C. Mobile phase A is composed of 0.1% of H3PO4 in water and mobile phase B is composed of ACN. Analytes were detected with UV detection at 240 nm and quantitated against an external reference standard. Firocoxib and its related compounds were adequately separated within 4 min by a gradient elution. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness according to method validation guidelines described in The International Conference on Harmonization. The validation data demonstrated that this method is sensitive, accurate, robust, specific and stability-indicating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Global pharmaceutical technical support, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc. (BIAH), 631 US Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Abu M Rustum
- Global pharmaceutical technical support, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc. (BIAH), 631 US Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
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2
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Adhikari S, Tian J, Rustum AM. Comprehensive study on degradation profile of firocoxib and structural elucidation of its key degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115192. [PMID: 36463770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Firocoxib is widely used in veterinary medicine as a non-steroidal analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug substance. Herein, a comprehensive study on the degradation profile of firocoxib was performed through force degradation studies to understand its degradation profile and characterize its major degradation products (DPs). Firocoxib drug substance was subjected to acidic, alkaline, oxidation (H2O2, KMnO4, and K2Cr2O7), thermal (solid and solution state), and photolytic (solid and solution state) stress degradation, as recommended in the ICH guidelines. Firocoxib and its major DPs were adequately separated by investigational HPLC method, which utilized a HALO C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.0 µm) column. Mobile phase-A for the HPLC method is composed of 0.1% formic acid in water and mobile phase-B acetonitrile. A total of six major DPs were observed for firocoxib drug substance under these stress degradation conditions. Structural elucidation of the DPs performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and comparison of their fragmentation profile with that of the parent compound. For further structural confirmation of two major DPs, DP-2 and DP-6 were isolated and purified from the stressed samples using a preparative HPLC and analyzed by comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies. Most probable mechanistic pathways for the formation of DPs of firocoxib under various stress degradation conditions were postulated to understand its degradation profile. Based on the results from forced degradation, firocoxib was found to be quite stable under basic and thermal conditions, and somewhat unstable under acidic, oxidative, and photolytic conditions. The results of this study should facilitate quality monitoring and establish a stability profile of firocoxib drug substance and drug products. These results may also assist in the design and development of new formulations made with firocoxib drug substance with desired shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarju Adhikari
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc. (BIAH), 631 US Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Jingzhi Tian
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc. (BIAH), 631 US Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA.
| | - Abu M Rustum
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc. (BIAH), 631 US Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
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3
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Fadel C, Giorgi M. Synopsis of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, applications, and safety of firocoxib in horses. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 19:100286. [PMID: 36684818 PMCID: PMC9852958 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
According to in vitro and in vivo investigations, firocoxib (FX), a second-generation coxib, is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor in horses. With a COX-1/COX-2 IC50 ratio of 643 in horses, FX spares the COX-1 inhibitory effects. It is approved for the treatment of musculoskeletal problems and lameness in horses and dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). For the treatment of OA in horses, both an injectable formulation for IV administration at a dose of 0.09 mg/kg for five days and an oral paste formulation at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg for 14 days are licensed. Numerous analytical methods were reported in the literature to quantify FX in biological fluids, using HPLC and LC-MS. FX presents remarkable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics compared to other coxibs. It has an oral bioavailability of 80% or higher and is effectively absorbed by horses. Its volume of distribution is around 2 L/kg, and it is slowly eliminated. Due to the long elimination half-life (around 2 days), which allows a once daily dosing, a single 0.3 mg/kg loading dose has been recommended. This enables the establishment of steady-state drug concentrations within 24 h, making it appropriate for acute treatment as well. Its IC80 is equal to 103 ng/mL in whole blood and, with an EC50 of 27 ng/mL, it has the highest affinity for its receptor compared to the other commonly administered NSAIDs in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Fadel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy,Corresponding author.
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4
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Yılmaz İ, Maraş Z, Uğur Y, Erkan Özgür M, Durmaz M, İbrahim Ulusoy H, Erdoğan S. Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Metamizole Metabolites after Intramuscular and Intravenous Administration in Healthy Arabian Horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:927-936. [PMID: 34431528 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metamizole sodium (MT) is an analgesic and antipyretic drug molecule used in humans, horses, cattle, swine, and dogs. Metamizole rapidly hydrolyzes and turns into methylamino antipyrine (MAA), an active primary metabolite of MT. The present study aims to determine the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of MT metabolites after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration into sex of Arabian horses (Equus ferus caballus) using a cross-over study design. The plasma samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) method, and plasma concentrations of MT metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After administrations of MT, plasma concentrations of methylamino antipyrine (MAA), amino antipyrone (AA), and acetylamino antipyrone (AAA) were determined within range of 15 min-12 h. Plasma concentrations of AA and AAA were lower than the plasma concentrations of major metabolite MAA at each sampling point. The PK parameters were statistically evaluated for MT's metabolites between male and female horses and also between IM and IV administrations of PK parameters such as Cmax , tmax , t1/2λz , AUC0-t , AUC0-∞ , λz, Cl and Vss (p < .05). The AUCIM /AUCIV ratio in female and male horses for MAA was 1.19 and 1.13, respectively. The AUCIM /AUCIV ratio for AA was lower than those found for MAA. AUCIM /AUCIV ratio was statistically significantly different between male and female horses for AA (p < .05). According to these results, some PK parameters such as Cmax, AUC, and MRT, MAA and AA concentrations have shown statistically significant differences by MT administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmet Yılmaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Maraş
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yılmaz Uğur
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Health Services Vocational School, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Erkan Özgür
- Department of Aquaculture, Malatya Turgut Özal University, Doğanşehir Vahap Küçük Vocational High School, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Murat Durmaz
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Ulusoy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Selim Erdoğan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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5
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Morris TH, Paine SW, Zahra PW, Li EC, Colgan SA, Karamatic SL. Pharmacokinetics of carprofen and firocoxib for medication control in racing greyhounds. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:578-585. [PMID: 32875570 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Animals used in sport should be treated as required to ensure animal welfare but any such use of medication should also be controlled to ensure integrity. Pharmacokinetic studies on groups of six greyhounds were performed to measure plasma and urine levels of carprofen and firocoxib to inform medication control advice. Using the standard methodology for medication control the Irrelevant Plasma Concentration was determined as 20 and 2 ng/mL for carprofen and firocoxib, respectively. The Irrelevant Urine Concentration was also determined as 0.3 and 2 ng/mL for carprofen and firocoxib, respectively. These Irrelevant Plasma and Urine Concentrations will allow laboratory Screening Limits, Detection Times and Withdrawal Time advice to be determined and publicised by regulators of greyhound racing. The Screening Limits will also inform Recommended Limits of Detection if meat-containing residues of these medications are fed to greyhounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Greyhound Board of Great Britain, London, UK
| | - S W Paine
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P W Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - E C Li
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, Victoria, Australia.,Agilent Technologies Australia, Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia
| | - S A Colgan
- SCEC Eurofins, Northbridge, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S L Karamatic
- Greyhound Racing Victoria, West Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Ortved K, Goodale M, Ober C, Maylin G, Fortier L. Plasma firocoxib concentrations after intra-articular injection of autologous conditioned serum prepared from firocoxib positive horses. Vet J 2017; 230:20-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Wasfi IA, Saeed HM, Agha BA, Kamel AM, Al Biriki NA, Al Neaimi KM, Al Ali WA, Sultan SM. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism study of firocoxib in camels after intravenous administration by using high-resolution bench-top orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 974:17-23. [PMID: 25463193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the pharmacokinetic study of firocoxib followed by full method validation. Following a solid-phase extraction, the firocoxib and internal standard (celecoxib) were separated on an Agilent Zorbax ZDB C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with a gradient elution using methanol and 0.1% aqueous formic acid. Data acquisition was performed at 25,000 resolution with the automatic gain set to 1,000,000 and the maximum injection time of 100 ms. Data were acquired in full-scan mode over a mass range of 100-550 Da in positive electrospray mode. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration ranges of 0.5-200 ng/mL and no interfering peaks were detected at the retention time of firocoxib and internal standard in blank camel plasma samples. The mean extraction recoveries of firocoxib at three concentrations of 5, 25 and 75 ng/mL ranged from 92 to 104%. Coefficient of variation of intra-day and inter-day precision were both <10%. The accuracy of the method ranged from 95 to 107%. The validated method was then successfully applied in evaluating the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of firocoxib in camels (Camelus dromedarus) (n=5) following intravenous (i.v.) administration of a dose of 0.1 mgkg/body weight. The results obtained (mean ± SD) were as follows: the terminal elimination half-life (t₁/₂β) was 5.75 ± 2.26 h, and total body clearance (ClT) was 354.1 ± 82.6 mL/kg/h. The volume of distribution at steady state (VSS) was 2344.4 ± 238.7 mL/kg. One metabolite of firocoxib was tentatively identified as desalkyl firocoxib (m/z 283). Firocoxib could be detected in plasma 3-5 days following i.v. administration in camels using a sensitive liquid chromatography high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Wasfi
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hanan M Saeed
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - B A Agha
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asmaa M Kamel
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasreen A Al Biriki
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled M Al Neaimi
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed A Al Ali
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Mahmoud Sultan
- Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan Racing Camel Farm, Sweihan, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Stock ML, Gehring R, Barth LA, Wulf LW, Coetzee JF. Pharmacokinetics of firocoxib in preweaned calves after oral and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:457-63. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Stock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - R. Gehring
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS USA
| | - L. A. Barth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - L. W. Wulf
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST); College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - J. F. Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
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9
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Peng T, Zhu AL, Zhou YN, Hu T, Yue ZF, Chen DD, Wang GM, Kang J, Fan CL, Chen Y, Jiang HY. Development of a simple method for simultaneous determination of nine subclasses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in milk and dairy products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 933:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Hu T, Peng T, Li XJ, Chen DD, Dai HH, Deng XJ, Yue ZF, Wang GM, Shen JZ, Xia X, Ding SY, Zhou YN, Zhu AL, Jiang HY. Simultaneous determination of thirty non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug residues in swine muscle by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1219:104-13. [PMID: 22142970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of residues of thirty non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in swine muscle. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and phosphoric acid. The extracts were defatted with n-hexane, and then purified by HLB solid-phase extraction cartridge. Analysis was carried out on UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS working with multiple reaction monitoring mode with polarity switching. Limits of detection were between 0.4 μg/kg and 2.0 μg/kg, and limits of quantification were between 1.0 μg/kg and 5.0 μg/kg. The recoveries of NSAIDs were between 61.7% and 125.7% at spiked levels of 1.0-500 μg/kg. The repeatability was less than 8% and the within-laboratory reproducibility was not more than 12.3%. The method was reliable, convenient and sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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11
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Starek M. Review of the applications of different analytical techniques for coxibs research. Talanta 2011; 85:8-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Cox S, Yarbrough J. Determination of firocoxib in equine plasma using high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:205-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Confirmatory analysis of firocoxib in bovine milk by rapid resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:541-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Letendre LT, Tessman RK, McClure SR, Kvaternick VJ, Fischer JB, Hanson PD. Pharmacokinetics of firocoxib after administration of multiple consecutive daily doses to horses. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1399-405. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.11.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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