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Thongkum W, Klayprasert P, Semakul N, Jakmunee J, Kasinrerk W, Setshedi M, Sayed Y, Tayapiwatana C. Semi-quantification and Potency Verification of the HIV Protease Inhibitor Based on the Matrix-Capsid Protein Immobilized Nickel (II)/NTA-Tol/Graphene Oxide/SPCE Electrochemical Biosensor. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17932-17940. [PMID: 37251123 PMCID: PMC10210225 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still a global issue. Long-term drug treatment and nonadherence to medication increase the spread of drug-resistant HIV strains. Therefore, the identification of new lead compounds is being investigated and is highly desirable. Nevertheless, a process generally necessitates a significant budget and human resources. In this study, a simple biosensor platform for semi-quantification and verification of the potency of HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) based on electrochemically detecting the cleavage activity of the HIV-1 subtype C-PR (C-SA HIV-1 PR) was proposed. An electrochemical biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing His6-matrix-capsid (H6MA-CA) on the electrode surface via the chelation to Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) functionalized GO. The functional groups and the characteristics of modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). C-SA HIV-1 PR activity and the effect of PIs were validated by recording changes in electrical current signals of the ferri/ferrocyanide redox probe. The detection of PIs, i.e., lopinavir (LPV) and indinavir (IDV), toward the HIV protease was confirmed by the decrease in the current signals in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, our developed biosensor demonstrates the ability to distinguish the potency of two PIs to inhibit C-SA HIV-1 PR activities. We anticipated that this low-cost electrochemical biosensor would increase the efficiency of the lead compound screening process and accelerate the discovery and development of new HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weeraya Thongkum
- Division
of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty
of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Department of Medical
Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical
Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Puttaporn Klayprasert
- Research
Laboratory for Analytical Instrument and Electrochemistry Innovation,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Natthawat Semakul
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jaroon Jakmunee
- Research
Laboratory for Analytical Instrument and Electrochemistry Innovation,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of
Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division
of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty
of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Department of Medical
Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mpho Setshedi
- Protein
Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Yasien Sayed
- Protein
Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division
of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty
of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Department of Medical
Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical
Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Amir M, Narula P, Bano F. Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Biological Matrices: A Review. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412918666211217145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Lopinavir and Ritonavir are the protease inhibitor type of anti-retroviral drugs. Both are used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This paper reviews many analytical methods for the analysis of LPV and RTV in pharmaceutical formulations (tablet, capsule, syrup, and bulk) and biological fluids (human plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, rat plasma, and human hair).
Objective:
The study aims to summarize various ana¬lytical techniques, such as Chromatography, Spectrophotometry; and also hyphenated techniques, such as LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir.
Method:
The review deals with com¬prehensive details about the type of various analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy (UV), chromatography (RP-HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC), and hyphenated techniques, i.e., LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for the analysis of lopinavir and ritonavir. These techniques are either explored for the quantification, de¬tection of metabolite or for stability studies of the LPV & RTV.
Conclusion:
The present studies revealed that the HPLC technique along with the spectro-scopic, have been most widely used for the analysis. Out of the developed methods, hyphenated UPLC-MS and LC-MS are very sensitive and helps in the easy estimation of drugs compared to that of the other techniques. This review may provide comprehensive details to the researchers working in the area of analytical research of LPV & RTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Puneet Narula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Farzana Bano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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3
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Dickinson L, Gurjar R, Stöhr W, Bonora S, Owen A, D'Avolio A, Cursley A, Molina JM, Fäetkenheuer G, Vandekerckhove L, Di Perri G, Pozniak A, Richert L, Raffi F, Boffito M. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in the presence of raltegravir or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine in HIV-infected adults and the relationship with virological response: a sub-study of the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomized trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:628-639. [PMID: 31754703 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES NEAT001/ANRS143 demonstrated non-inferiority of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg) + twice-daily raltegravir (400 mg) versus darunavir/ritonavir + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (245/200 mg once daily) in treatment-naive patients. We investigated the population pharmacokinetics of darunavir, ritonavir, tenofovir and emtricitabine and relationships with demographics, genetic polymorphisms and virological failure. METHODS Non-linear mixed-effects models (NONMEM v. 7.3) were applied to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and assess demographic covariates and relationships with SNPs (SLCO3A1, SLCO1B1, NR1I2, NR1I3, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*22, ABCC2, ABCC10, ABCG2 and SCL47A1). The relationship between model-predicted darunavir AUC0-24 and C24 with time to virological failure was evaluated by Cox regression. RESULTS Of 805 enrolled, 716, 720, 347 and 361 were included in the darunavir, ritonavir, tenofovir and emtricitabine models, respectively (11% female, 83% Caucasian). No significant effect of patient demographics or SNPs was observed for darunavir or tenofovir apparent oral clearance (CL/F); coadministration of raltegravir did not influence darunavir or ritonavir CL/F. Ritonavir CL/F decreased by 23% in NR1I2 63396C>T carriers and emtricitabine CL/F was linearly associated with creatinine clearance (P<0.001). No significant relationship was demonstrated between darunavir AUC0-24 or C24 and time to virological failure [HR (95% CI): 2.28 (0.53-9.80), P=0.269; and 1.82 (0.61-5.41), P=0.279, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Darunavir concentrations were unaltered in the presence of raltegravir and not associated with virological failure. Polymorphisms investigated had little impact on study-drug pharmacokinetics. Darunavir/ritonavir + raltegravir may be an appropriate option for patients experiencing NRTI-associated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dickinson
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rohan Gurjar
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - Stefano Bonora
- University of Turin, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Adam Cursley
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, HIV Translational Research Unit, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Laura Richert
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Raffi
- Nantes University Hospital, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Nantes, France
| | - Marta Boffito
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Trust, London, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
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Darwish IA, Al-Majed AA, Alsaif NA, Bakheit AH, Herqash RN, Alzaid A. Darunavir: A comprehensive profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2020; 46:1-50. [PMID: 33461696 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Darunavir: (3R,3aS,6aR)-hexahydrofuro[2,3-b]furan-3-yl [(2S,3R)-4-{[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] (isobutyl)amino}-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-butanyl]carbamate is a synthetic non-peptide protease inhibitor. On June 2006, it was first approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) for treatment of resistant type-1 of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In July 2016, the FDA expanded the approval for use of darunavir in pregnant women with HIV infection. Darunavir prevents the replication of HIV virus by inhibiting the catalytic activity of the HIV-1 protease enzyme, and selectively inhibits the cleavage of HIV encoded Gag-Pol polyproteins in virus-infected cells, which prevents the formation of mature infectious virus particles. Darunavir is unique among currently available protease inhibitors because it maintains antiretroviral activity against a variety of multidrug-resistant HIV strains. This article discusses, by a critical extensive review of the literature, the description of darunavir in terms of its names, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, and use in the treatment of HIV-infected patients. The article also discusses the methods for preparation of darunavir, its physical-chemical properties, analytical methods for its determination, pharmacological properties, and dosing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Abdulrahman A Al-Majed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf A Alsaif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rashed N Herqash
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plant Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alzaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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5
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Charbe NB, Zacconi FC, Amnerkar N, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Clementi E. Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181217125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nikhil Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri University, Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
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6
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Simultaneous quantitation of zidovudine, efavirenz, lopinavir and ritonavir in human hair by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1097-1098:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Suvarna VM, Sangave PC. HPLC Estimation, Ex vivo Everted Sac Permeability and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Studies of Darunavir. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:307-316. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasanti M Suvarna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Preeti C Sangave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Mukesh Patel Technology Park, Bank of Tapi River, Mumbai-Agra Road, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Calcagno A, Pagani N, Ariaudo A, Arduino G, Carcieri C, D'Avolio A, Marinaro L, Tettoni MC, Trentini L, Di Perri G, Bonora S. Therapeutic drug monitoring of boosted PIs in HIV-positive patients: undetectable plasma concentrations and risk of virological failure. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:1741-1744. [PMID: 28333285 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antiretroviral drugs is performed in selected HIV-positive patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of undetectable plasma concentrations of ritonavir and boosted PIs and to evaluate the association between those and the 48 week risk of virological failure. Methods A TDM registry study and a retrospective follow-up study were conducted. Plasma concentrations were measured through validated methods. According to PI and ritonavir concentrations, patients were stratified as adherent, partially non-adherent or non-adherent. Virological outcome was evaluated 48 weeks afterwards. Results The TDM registry study included 2468 samples collected from 723 patients (68.1% male, median age 43.5 years). Eighty-seven samples (3.5%, 74 patients) and 68 samples (2.8%, 52 patients) were in the partially non-adherent and non-adherent groups, respectively; more patients on atazanavir/ritonavir (7.9%) versus darunavir/ritonavir (2% twice daily and 1.9% once daily) and lopinavir/ritonavir (1.5%; P < 0.001) were observed in the partially non-adherent group. Two hundred and ninety patients were included in the follow-up study (64.1% male, median age 40 years). Patients in the adherent group had a higher chance of viral control [81.9% (167/204)] versus the partially non-adherent group and the non-adherent group [71.7% (33/46) and 53.1% (17/32), respectively; P = 0.001]. Based on multivariate analysis, baseline HIV RNA >50 copies/mL ( P < 0.001), genotypic susceptibility score ≤2 ( P = 0.001), lower nadir CD4 cell count ( P = 0.003) and not being in the adherent group ( P = 0.029) were independent predictors of HIV RNA >50 copies/mL at 48 weeks. Conclusions The measurement of PI and ritonavir plasma levels can uncover incomplete compliance with treatment; TDM may represent a useful tool for identifying patients in need of adherence-promoting interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - N Pagani
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,St Stephen's AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Ariaudo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - G Arduino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - C Carcieri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - A D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - L Marinaro
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M C Tettoni
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - L Trentini
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - G Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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9
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Midde NM, Rahman MA, Rathi C, Li J, Meibohm B, Li W, Kumar S. Effect of Ethanol on the Metabolic Characteristics of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor Elvitegravir and Elvitegravir/Cobicistat with CYP3A: An Analysis Using a Newly Developed LC-MS/MS Method. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149225. [PMID: 26872388 PMCID: PMC4752462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elvitegravir (EVG), an integrase inhibitor for the treatment HIV infection, is increasingly becoming the part of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen. EVG is mainly metabolized through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. Previously, we have shown that ethanol alters ART-CYP3A4 interactions with protease inhibitors thereby altering their metabolisms. However, as EVG is a fairly new class of drug, its kinetic characteristics and the effect of ethanol on EVG-CYPP3A4 interaction is poorly understood. In this study, we characterized EVG and cobicistat (COBI)-boosted EVG metabolism in human microsomes followed by ethanol-EVG, ethanol-COBI-EVG interaction with CYP3A. First, we developed and validated a simple, sensitive, and robust liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of EVG in the human liver microsomes. The lower limit of quantification for the drug was at 0.003 μM (1.34ng/ml). Extraction yield, matrix effects, drug stability, and calibration curves for the proposed method were validated according to the FDA guidelines. Time dependent kinetics data showed that 20mM ethanol decreases the apparent half-life of EVG degradation by ~50% compared to EVG alone. Our substrate kinetic results revealed that ethanol mildly decreases the catalytic efficiency for EVG metabolism. Inhibition studies demonstrated that EVG inhibits CYP3A4, and 20 mM ethanol causes a decrease in the IC50 of EVG. However, in the presence of COBI we were unable to determine these parameters effectively because COBI, being a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, blocked the EVG/ethanol-CYP3A4 interactions. Docking studies predicted a shift of EVG or COBI binding to the active site of CYP3A4 in the presence of ethanol. Taken together, these results suggest that ethanol interacts with microsomal CYP3A and alters EVG-CYP3A4 interaction thereby altering EVG metabolism and inhibition of CYP3A4 by EVG. This finding has clinical significance because alcohol use is highly prevalent in HIV population, and there are no separate guidelines for these patients while they are on ART medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Midde
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mohammad A. Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Chetan Rathi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Junhao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SK); (WL)
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SK); (WL)
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10
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Yamjala K, Atukuri J, Nagappan K, Halekote Shivaraju N, Subramania Nainar M. Characterization of the Oxidative Degradation Product of Darunavir by LC-MS/MS. Sci Pharm 2016; 83:623-33. [PMID: 26839843 PMCID: PMC4727738 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1505-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, selective, and reliable LC-MSn method has been developed and validated for the isolation and structural characterization of the degradation product of darunavir (DRV). DRV, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, was subjected to intrinsic oxidative stress conditions using 30% hydrogen peroxide and the degradation profile was studied. The oxidative degradation of DRV resulted in one degradation product. The unknown degradation product was separated on a Hibar Purospher C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 µm) column by using 0.01 M ammonium formate (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile as mobile phase in the ratio of 50:50, v/v. The eluents were monitored at 263 nm using a UV detector. The isolated degradation product was characterized by UPLC-Q-TOF and its fragmentation pathway was proposed. The proposed structure of the degradation product was confirmed by HRMS analysis. The developed stability-indicating LC method was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, specificity/selectivity, and linearity. No prior reports were found in the literature about the oxidative degradation behavior of DRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Yamjala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
| | - Jeevitha Atukuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
| | - Krishnaveni Nagappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
| | - Nivedeetha Halekote Shivaraju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
| | - Meyyanathan Subramania Nainar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
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Kitidee K, Khamaikawin W, Thongkum W, Tawon Y, Cressey TR, Jevprasesphant R, Kasinrerk W, Tayapiwatana C. Expedient screening for HIV-1 protease inhibitors using a simplified immunochromatographic assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1021:153-158. [PMID: 26490422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic (IC) strip test was developed and validated for the detection of HIV-1 protease (HIV-PR) activity and inhibitory effect of HIV-PR inhibitors (PIs). It is a unique 'two-step' process requiring the combination of proteolysis of HIV-PR and an immunochromatographic reaction. Monoclonal antibodies to the free C-terminus of HIV matrix protein (HIV-MA) conjugated to gold particles and a monoclonal antibody against intact and cleaved forms of the HIV-MA are immobilized on the 'Test'-line of the IC strip. Using lopinavir, a potent HIV protease inhibitor, the IC-strip was optimized to detect inhibitory activity against HIV-protease. At a lopinavir concentration of 1000ng/mL (its suggested minimum effective concentration), a HIV-PRH6 concentration of 6mg/mL and incubation period of 60min were the optimal conditions. A preliminary comparison between a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay and the IC-strip to semi-quantify HIV protease inhibitor concentrations (lopinavir and atazanavir) demonstrated good agreement. This simplified method is suitable for the rapid screening of novel protease inhibitors for future therapeutic use. Moreover, the IC strip could also be optimized to semi-quantify PIs concentrations in plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntida Kitidee
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wannisa Khamaikawin
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Weeraya Thongkum
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; i+MED Laboratories Company Limited, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yardpiroon Tawon
- Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment (PHPT/IRD 174), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tim R Cressey
- Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment (PHPT/IRD 174), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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12
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De Nicolò A, Abdi AM, Boglione L, Baiett L, Allegra S, Di Perri G, D'Avolio A. UPLC-MS/MS method with automated on-line SPE for the isomer-specific quantification of the first-generation anti-HCV protease inhibitors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:443-9. [PMID: 26291788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HCV infection affects over 170 million people worldwide. The current standard for treatment of genotype 1 infection is the association of the first generation protease inhibitors boceprevir or telaprevir to ribavirin and peginterferon α. Although the response rate has been improved with these new drugs, some pharmacokinetic/pharmacodinamic issues emerged in the past years. To date, some analytical methods are available for the quantification of these drugs in plasma; however, the real active concentrations of the two drugs are those in hepatocytes. Being the withdrawal of hepatocytes too invasive, in this work we aimed to develop and validate a chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry capable of quantifying boceprevir and telaprevir isomers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, used as an "in-vivo" cellular model of compartmentalization. The method used an on-line solid phase extraction protocol based on the new OSM(®) platform and was fully validated following FDA guidelines. This method showed mean intra- and inter-day inaccuracy and imprecision both lower than 15%, high and stable recovery and contained matrix effect, with a run time of 6min, comprehensive of SPE extraction. The method was then applied on 35 real samples from patients treated with boceprevir or telaprevir, with good analytical performances, thus assessing its eligibility for a possible future routine use. Peculiar pharmacokinetic data have been observed, suggesting the usefulness of investigating intracellular pharmacokinetics of these drugs. Further studies will be required to test the correlation of intracellular concentrations with effectiveness and toxicity of triple therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo De Nicolò
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Adnan Mohamed Abdi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucio Boglione
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Baiett
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Sarah Allegra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
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13
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Simiele M, Pensi D, Pasero D, Ivaldi F, Rinaldi M, Di Perri G, Ranieri VM, D'Avolio A. Development and validation of an ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass method for sildenafil and N-desmethyl sildenafil plasma determination and quantification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1001:35-40. [PMID: 26253809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil is a selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) used for the treatment of masculine erectile dysfunction and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH). Sildenafil causes vasodilatation; relax of the smooth muscle and reduction of pulmonary arterial pressure. In the liver cytocrome P450 metabolizes sildenafil into its active metabolite, N-desmethyl sildenafil. The determination of plasma levels of sildenafil and N-desmethyl sildenafil could be useful for therapy optimization and pharmacokinetic studies. We have developed and validated a new method for the quantification of sildenafil and its metabolite in human plasma by rapid protein precipitation extraction, using an UPLC system, coupled with a tandem mass spectrometric detector (UPLC-MS/MS). The calibration range was fitted at least square model (r(2)≥0.999), with an accuracy and an intra- and inter-day RSD% (Relative Standard Deviation), both for sildenafil and N-desmethyl sildenafil, lower than 15%, as required by the FDA guidelines; LLOQ, LLOD, ULOQ were 3.9ng/mL, 1.95ng/mL and 1000ng/mL, respectively, for both analytes. Matrix effect, expressed as mean percent deviation of peak areas, was in the range between 2.6% and 5.8%, lower than 15% as required by guidelines. The mean recovery was 83.2 % for sildenafil and 84.5% for N-desmethyl sildenafil. This method has successfully been applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic study of sildenafil and N-desmethyl sildenafil in patients with PAH undergoing cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Simiele
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, (#Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic), Turin, Italy
| | - Debora Pensi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, (#Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic), Turin, Italy.
| | - Daniela Pasero
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Ivaldi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Rinaldi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, (#Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic), Turin, Italy
| | - Vito Marco Ranieri
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, (#Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic), Turin, Italy
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Corrêa JCR, D'Arcy DM, Serra CHDR, Salgado HRN. A critical review of properties of darunavir and analytical methods for its determination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 44:16-22. [PMID: 25391211 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.826573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Darunavir is a synthetic non-peptidic protease inhibitor that has been shown to be extremely potent against wild-type HIV, and it is an important component of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), which is considered as one of the most significant advances in the field of HIV therapy. However, there are some concerns about darunavir quality control. Darunavir shows pseudo-polymorphism: in different ambient conditions one pseudo-polymorphic form can change to another. This behavior of darunavir is problematic because the dosage form is exposed to different ambient conditions around the world, since HIV/AIDS is prevalent globally. Issues around differences in the solubility and effects that different forms of darunavir can cause are of concern, and a more stable form is preferable. Important investigations of darunavir such as dissolution behavior, polymorphism, stability and degradation studies, and the impact of that on the quality of the product are being conducted by our working group. A cure for HIV/AIDS remains a long-term commitment, and there is much yet to achieve. This article discusses, by a critical review of the literature, the impact of the use of darunavir in the treatment of HIV-infected patients, its physical-chemical properties, the analytical methods to determine it, and challenges that remain in order to ensure the quality and stability of darunavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josilene Chaves Ruela Corrêa
- a Drugs and Medicines Quality Control Laboratory , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , Brazil
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15
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Reddy AVB, Jaafar J, Aris AB, Majid ZA, Umar K, Talib J, Madhavi G. Development and validation of a rapid ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of darunavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir in human plasma: Application to human pharmacokinetics. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2580-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafariah Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Azmi Bin Aris
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Abdul Majid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Khalid Umar
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Juhaizah Talib
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
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16
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Ramisetti NR, Arnipalli MS, Nimmu NV. Dried blood spot analysis of (+) and (-) darunavir enantiomers on immobilized amylose tris-(3, 5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) LC and its application to pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1878-84. [PMID: 26081678 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dried blood spot analysis is an innovative novel blood sampling technique gaining interest in drug discovery and development processes owing to its inherent advantages over the conventional whole blood, plasma or serum sample collection. The present manuscript describes the development and validation of a highly sensitive and precise method of evaluation of pharmacokinetics of (+) and (-) darunavir enantiomers on rat dried blood spots. The enantiomers on rat dried blood spots were extracted into methanol and separated by LC on a Chiralpak IA column using hexane and ethanol containing 0.1% DEA (75:25, v/v) as a mobile phase at 20°C; both the enantiomers were detected at 266 nm using a photodiode array detector. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and stability as per the US Food and Drug and Administration guidelines. The hematocrit effect on extraction recovery was evaluated and the mean recoveries of (-) and (+) enantiomers of darunavir from dried blood spots were found to be 85.76 and 88.91% respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were 3.1-8.4 and 0.8-4.8% respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of (+) and (-) enantiomers of darunavir on rat dried blood spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara Rao Ramisetti
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 607, India
| | - Manikanta Swamy Arnipalli
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 607, India
| | - Narendra Varma Nimmu
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 607, India
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17
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Ramesh B, Manjula N, Ramakrishna S, Devi PS. Direct injection HILIC-MS/MS analysis of darunavir in rat plasma applying supported liquid extraction. J Pharm Anal 2015; 5:43-50. [PMID: 29403914 PMCID: PMC5761474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of darunavir (DRV) in rat plasma by employing hydrophilic interaction chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) with supported liquid extraction (SLE). Irbesartan (IRB) was used as an internal standard (IS). The analyte in rat plasma (200 µL) was isolated through SLE using ethyl acetate as the eluting solvent. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Luna-HILIC (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with a mobile phase of 0.1% of formic acid in water:acetonitrile (5: 95, v/v), at a constant flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The MS/MS ion transitions for DRV (548.1→392.0) and IS (429.2→207.1) were monitored on an ion trap mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 0.2 ng/mL and quantitation range was 0.2-5000 ng/mL. The method was validated for its selectivity, sensitivity, carryover, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect and stability. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokka Ramesh
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500607, India
| | - Nemali Manjula
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500607, India
| | - Sistla Ramakrishna
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500607, India
| | - Potturi Sita Devi
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500607, India
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18
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Di Yacovo MS, Moltó J, Ferrer E, Curran A, Else L, Gisslén M, Clotet B, Tiraboschi JM, Niubò J, Vila A, Zetterberg H, Back D, Podzamczer D. Antiviral activity and CSF concentrations of 600/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir once daily in HIV-1 patients with plasma viral suppression. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1513-6. [PMID: 25608583 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess whether a lower dose than the currently used one of darunavir/ritonavir might achieve good CSF concentrations and contribute to inhibition of CNS viral replication. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a substudy of a randomized, open, multicentre study (eudraCT 2011-006272-39), comparing the efficacy and safety of 800/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir (darunavir 800) versus 600/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir (darunavir 600) once daily plus tenofovir/emtricitabine or abacavir/lamivudine in 100 virologically suppressed patients. Paired blood and CSF samples were obtained. Total plasma darunavir concentrations were determined by HPLC, and CSF concentrations by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. Viral load (VL) was determined in plasma and CSF (limit of detection = 40 copies/mL) by PCR. RESULTS Sixteen patients were enrolled. The median (range) of darunavir CSF concentrations in darunavir 600 (n = 8) and darunavir 800 (n = 8) patients was 17.08 (5.79-30.19) and 13.23 (3.47-32.98) ng/mL, respectively (P = 0.916). The median (range) darunavir CSF:plasma ratio was 0.010 (0.005-0.022) in darunavir 600 patients and 0.008 (0.004-0.017) in the darunavir 800 arm (P = 0.370). All 16 patients had a VL < 40 copies/mL in plasma and 14 had a VL < 40 copies/mL in CSF. Of the two patients with detectable CSF VL (280 copies/mL and 159 copies/mL), one was receiving darunavir 600 and the other darunavir 800 plus tenofovir/emtricitabine. Of note, these patients had the lowest CSF darunavir concentrations in their respective groups: 5.79 ng/mL (802 ng/mL in plasma) and 3.47 ng/mL (958 ng/mL in plasma). CONCLUSIONS Darunavir CSF and plasma concentrations were comparable between the two arms. However, one patient from each group (with the lowest CSF darunavir concentrations in their respective groups) had detectable CSF VL despite undetectable plasma VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Di Yacovo
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Moltó
- Fundació Lluita Contra la Sida, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Ferrer
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Else
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Fundació Lluita Contra la Sida, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Fundació IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain Universitat de Vic, Vic, Spain
| | - Juan M Tiraboschi
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Niubò
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Vila
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Back
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Podzamczer
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Calcagno A, Simiele M, Alberione MC, Bracchi M, Marinaro L, Ecclesia S, Di Perri G, D'Avolio A, Bonora S. Cerebrospinal fluid inhibitory quotients of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected patients are associated with compartmental viral control. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:311-7. [PMID: 25281609 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), a large proportion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients may develop moderate neurocognitive impairment. Antiretroviral drug passage into the central nervous system may be relevant for preventing and treating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder; nevertheless, clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pharmacodynamic targets are not known. METHODS HAART-treated adults with wild-type HIV were prospectively enrolled. CSF concentrations (measured by mass spectrophotometric methods) and inhibitory quotients (CSF concentrations divided by in vitro 50% and 95% inhibitory concentrations) were compared among different drugs and related to CSF HIV RNA levels. CSF escape was defined as CSF HIV RNA >50 copies/mL despite contemporary plasma HIV RNA below that threshold. RESULTS One hundred twenty-seven patients (91 male [71.7%], 93 white [73.2%], with a median age of 46 years [interquartile range, 40.5-54.5 years]) provided 174 paired CSF and plasma samples. Twice-daily darunavir, once-daily darunavir, and efavirenz had the highest CSF 95% inhibitory quotients (18.5, 8.2, and 6.4, respectively). Higher nadir CD4 cell count (P = .01) and plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/mL (P < .001) were independent predictors of controlled CSF HIV RNA. Optimal drug exposure (CSF detectable drugs and 95% inhibitory quotient >1) was protective for CSF escape (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Cerebrospinal fluid 95% inhibitory quotients may be used to compare antiretroviral drug compartmental exposure; they deserve longitudinal studies to assess the adequacy of CSF drug concentrations in treated HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Simiele
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Alberione
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Margherita Bracchi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Letizia Marinaro
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Ecclesia
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
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20
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Watanabe K, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. Parallel ultra high pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for the quantification of HIV protease inhibitors using dried spot sample collection format. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 965:244-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Nageswara Rao R, Guru Prasad K. LC–Q-TOF-MS/MS determination of darunavir and its metabolites in rat serum and urine: Application to pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 94:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Simiele M, Baietto L, Audino A, Sciandra M, Bonora S, Di Perri G, D’Avolio A. A validated HPLC-MS method for quantification of the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc in HIV+ human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 94:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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LC–MS/MS structural characterization of stress degradation products including the development of a stability indicating assay of Darunavir: An anti-HIV drug. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 89:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Validation of simultaneous quantitative method of HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir and ritonavir in human plasma by UPLC-MS/MS. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:482693. [PMID: 24587725 PMCID: PMC3920818 DOI: 10.1155/2014/482693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV protease inhibitors are used in the treatment of patients suffering from AIDS and they act at the final stage of viral replication by interfering with the HIV protease enzyme. The paper describes a selective, sensitive, and robust method for simultaneous determination of three protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir and ritonavir in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample pretreatment consisted of solid phase extraction of analytes and their deuterated analogs as internal standards from 50 μL human plasma. Chromatographic separation of analytes was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column under gradient conditions using 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 4.0, and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. RESULTS The method was established over a concentration range of 5.0-6000 ng/mL for atazanavir, 5.0-5000 ng/mL for darunavir and 1.0-500 ng/mL for ritonavir. Accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery, and stability of the analytes were evaluated as per US FDA guidelines. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency of sample preparation, short analysis time, and high selectivity permit simultaneous estimation of these inhibitors. The validated method can be useful in determining plasma concentration of these protease inhibitors for therapeutic drug monitoring and in high throughput clinical studies.
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Development and validation of an UPLC–PDA method to quantify daptomycin in human plasma and in dried plasma spots. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography PDA Method for Determination of Tigecycline in Human Plasma. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:853-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31829403b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Djerada Z, Feliu C, Tournois C, Vautier D, Binet L, Robinet A, Marty H, Gozalo C, Lamiable D, Millart H. Validation of a fast method for quantitative analysis of elvitegravir, raltegravir, maraviroc, etravirine, tenofovir, boceprevir and 10 other antiretroviral agents in human plasma samples with a new UPLC-MS/MS technology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 86:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Development and validation of a new UPLC-PDA method to quantify linezolid in plasma and in dried plasma spots. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 936:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Calcagno A, Cusato J, Simiele M, Motta I, Audagnotto S, Bracchi M, D'Avolio A, Di Perri G, Bonora S. High interpatient variability of raltegravir CSF concentrations in HIV-positive patients: a pharmacogenetic analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:241-5. [PMID: 23975735 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the determinants of raltegravir CSF penetration, including the pharmacogenetics of drug transporters located at the blood-brain barrier or blood-CSF barrier. METHODS Plasma and CSF raltegravir concentrations were determined by a validated HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry method in adults on raltegravir-based combination antiretroviral therapy undergoing a lumbar puncture. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding drugs transporters (ABCB1 3435, SLCO1A2, ABCC2 and SLC22A6) and the gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS In 41 patients (73.2% male, 95.1% Caucasians), the median raltegravir plasma and CSF concentrations were 165 ng/mL (83-552) and 31 ng/mL (21-56), respectively. CSF-to-plasma ratios (CPRs) ranged from 0.005 to 1.33 (median 0.20, IQR 0.04-0.36). Raltegravir trough CSF concentrations (n = 35) correlated with raltegravir plasma levels (ρ = 0.395, P = 0.019); CPRs were higher in patients with blood-brain barrier damage (0.47 versus 0.18, P = 0.02). HNF4α 613 CG genotype carriers had lower trough CSF concentrations (20 versus 37 ng/mL, P = 0.03) and CPRs (0.12 versus 0.27, P = 0.02). Following multivariate linear regression analysis, the CSF-to-serum albumin ratio was the only independent predictor of raltegravir penetration into the CSF. CONCLUSIONS Raltegravir penetration into the CSF shows a large interpatient variability, although CSF concentrations were above the wild-type IC50 in all patients (and above IC95 in 28.6%). In this cohort, blood-brain barrier permeability is the only independent predictor of raltegravir CPR. The impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected genes on raltegravir penetration warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Srivastava P, Moorthy GS, Gross R, Barrett JS. A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative analysis of efavirenz in human plasma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63305. [PMID: 23755102 PMCID: PMC3673986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective and a highly sensitive method for the determination of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), efavirenz, in human plasma has been developed and fully validated based on high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample preparation involved protein precipitation followed by one to one dilution with water. The analyte, efavirenz was separated by high performance liquid chromatography and detected with tandem mass spectrometry in negative ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring. Efavirenz and ¹³C₆-efavirenz (Internal Standard), respectively, were detected via the following MRM transitions: m/z 314.20243.90 and m/z 320.20249.90. A gradient program was used to elute the analytes using 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile as mobile phase solvents, at a flow-rate of 0.3 mL/min. The total run time was 5 min and the retention times for the internal standard (¹³C₆-efavirenz) and efavirenz was approximately 2.6 min. The calibration curves showed linearity (coefficient of regression, r>0.99) over the concentration range of 1.0-2,500 ng/mL. The intraday precision based on the standard deviation of replicates of lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 9.24% and for quality control (QC) samples ranged from 2.41% to 6.42% and with accuracy from 112% and 100-111% for LLOQ and QC samples. The inter day precision was 12.3% and 3.03-9.18% for LLOQ and quality controls samples, and the accuracy was 108% and 95.2-108% for LLOQ and QC samples. Stability studies showed that efavirenz was stable during the expected conditions for sample preparation and storage. The lower limit of quantification for efavirenz was 1 ng/mL. The analytical method showed excellent sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. This method is robust and is being successfully applied for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Srivastava
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ganesh S. Moorthy
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Gross
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine and Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Barrett
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine and Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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A UPLC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous plasma quantification of all isomeric forms of the new anti-HCV protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Calcagno A, Trentini L, Marinaro L, Montrucchio C, D'Avolio A, Ghisetti V, Di Perri G, Bonora S. Transplacental passage of etravirine and maraviroc in a multidrug-experienced HIV-infected woman failing on darunavir-based HAART in late pregnancy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1938-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Calcagno A, Nozza S, de Requena DG, Galli A, D'Avolio A, Simiele M, Chiappetta S, Di Perri G, Lazzarin A, Bonora S. Pharmacokinetics of maraviroc administered at 150 mg once daily in association with lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-positive treatment-naive patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1686-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Nageswara Rao R, Ramachandra B, Santhakumar K. RP-HPLC separation and characterization of unknown impurities of a novel HIV-protease inhibitor Darunavir by ESI-MS and 2D NMR spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 75:186-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ramesh B, Ramakrishna S, Reddy RKK, babu KH, Sarma VUM, Devi PS. HPTLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF DARUNAVIR IN RAT PLASMA AND ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACOKINETIC STUDIES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.647194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bokka Ramesh
- a Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , India
| | - Sisla Ramakrishna
- b Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , India
| | | | - Kothapalli Hari babu
- c Natural Products Lab Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , India
| | | | - Potturi Sita Devi
- a Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , India
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Reddy BVR, Jyothi G, Reddy BS, Raman NVVSS, Reddy KSC, Rambabu C. Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for the Determination of Darunavir Ethanolate. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:471-6. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rao RN, Kumar KN, Kumar BS. Liquid chromatographic separation and thermodynamic investigation of stereoisomers of darunavir on Chiralpak AD-Hcolumn. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2671-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramisetti Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Chemistry Division; D-215, Discovery Laboratory; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad India
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Behera A, Sankar D, Moitra S, Si S. Densitometric thin-layer chromatography of protease inhibitors in pharmaceutical preparations. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.25.2012.4.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Determinants of darunavir cerebrospinal fluid concentrations: impact of once-daily dosing and pharmacogenetics. AIDS 2012; 26:1529-33. [PMID: 22555164 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283553619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) darunavir and ritonavir concentrations in patients receiving darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily or 600/100 mg twice daily. To determine the influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding for blood-brain barrier transporters (ABCB1 3435 C>T, ABCB1 1236 C>T, ABCB1 2677 G>T, SLCO1A2 38 A>G, SLCO1A2 516 A>C, ABCC2 -24 G>A) on darunavir and ritonavir penetration into CSF. DESIGN Comparative pharmacokinetics study in patients. METHODS Plasma and CSF darunavir and ritonavir concentrations (2-26 h after drug intake) were determined by a validated HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry method in adults on darunavir-based combination antiretroviral therapy undergoing a lumbar puncture. RESULTS HIV-infected patients on once-daily darunavir/ritonavir had significantly lower CSF darunavir trough concentrations and CSF-to-plasma ratios than patients on darunavir/ritonavir twice-daily (10.7 versus 38.2 ng/ml and 0.32 versus 0.90%; P < 0.05). No significant effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding for blood-brain barrier transporters was noted apart from slightly higher CSF darunavir penetration in patients carrying OATP1A2 uncommon variants. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to compare darunavir CSF concentrations in patients taking the once-daily or the twice-daily dosage: our data show that darunavir and ritonavir dosing significantly affects not only CSF concentrations but also the extent of drug penetration into the CSF. Furthermore a minority of patients in the once-daily arm presented very low CSF concentration of potential concern for HIV control in the central nervous system. The relative importance of pharmacogenetics in influencing CSF darunavir pharmacokinetics deserves further clinical investigation.
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Behera A, Sethy K, Sankar DG, Moitra SK, Si SC. STATISTICAL CORRELATION AND SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF ATAZANAVIR SULFATE AND RITONAVIR IN FIXED DOSAGE FORM BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.621774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Behera
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bharatpur, Ghatikia , Bhubaneswar , Orissa , India
| | - Kamini Sethy
- b Department of Quality Assurance Techniques , Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane , Pune , India
| | - Dannana G. Sankar
- c Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance Division, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University , Visakhapatnam , India
| | - Swapan K. Moitra
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bharatpur, Ghatikia , Bhubaneswar , Orissa , India
| | - Sudam C. Si
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bharatpur, Ghatikia , Bhubaneswar , Orissa , India
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Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Darunavir Enantiomers on Coated and Immobilized Amylose Tris(3, 5-Dimethylphenylcarbamate) Chiral Stationary Phases. Chirality 2012; 24:652-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kou H, Ye M, Fu Q, Han Y, Du X, Xie J, Zhu Z, Li T. Simultaneous quantification of lopinavir and ritonavir in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:321-7. [PMID: 22566088 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography was coupled with UV detection for simultaneous quantification of lopinavir (LPV) and ritonavir (RTV) in human plasma. This assay was sensitive, accurate and simple, and only used 200 μL of plasma sample. Samples were liquid-liquid extracted, and diazepam was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 reversed-phase analytic column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (10 mmol L(-1), pH 4.80) (60:40, v/v). UV detection was conducted at 205 nm and the column oven was set at 40°C. Calibration curves were constructed between 0.5-20 μg mL(-1) for LPV and 0.05-5 μg mL(-1) for RTV. The relative standard deviations were 2.16%-3.20% for LPV and 2.12%-2.60% for RTV for intra-day analysis, and 2.34%-4.04% for LPV and 0.31%-4.94% for RTV for inter-day analysis. The accuracy was within 100%±10%. The mean extraction recoveries were 79.17%, 52.26% and 91.35% for RTV, LPV and diazepam, respectively. This method was successfully applied to human plasma samples from patients orally administered a salvage regimen of lopinavir-ritonavir tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Kou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences-Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Mishra TD, Kurani H, Singhal P, Shrivastav PS. Simultaneous Quantitation of HIV-Protease Inhibitors Ritonavir, Lopinavir and Indinavir in Human Plasma by UPLC-ESI-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:625-35. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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HPLC–MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the antileukemia drugs imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 59:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yadav M, Trivedi V, Upadhyay V, Shah G, Baxi GA, Goswami S, Shrivastav PS. Comparison of extraction procedures for assessment of matrix effect for selective and reliable determination of atazanavir in human plasma by LC–ESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 885-886:138-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rakhmanina NY, la Porte CJ. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs in the Management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Ther Drug Monit 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385467-4.00017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gupta A, Singhal P, Shrivastav PS, Sanyal M. Application of a validated ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of darunavir in human plasma for a bioequivalence study in Indian subjects. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2443-53. [PMID: 21788160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple, precise and rapid ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of darunavir, a protease inhibitor, using darunavir-d9 as internal standard (IS). The method involved liquid-liquid extraction of darunavir and IS in methyl-tert-butyl ether from 50 μL human plasma. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm × 2.1mm, 1.7 μm particle size) analytical column under gradient conditions, in a run time of 1.6 min. The precursor → product ion transitions for darunavir (m/z 548.1 → 392.0) and IS (m/z 557.1 → 401.0) were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. The method was extensively validated for its selectivity, sensitivity, carryover check, linearity, precision and accuracy, reinjection reproducibility, recovery, matrix effect, ion suppression/enhancement, stability and dilution integrity. The linearity of the method was established in the concentration range of 1.0-5000 ng/mL. The mean relative recovery for darunavir (100.8%) and IS (89.8%) from spiked plasma samples was consistent and reproducible. The application of this method for routine measurement of plasma darunavir concentration was demonstrated by a bioequivalence study conducted in 40 healthy Indian subjects for a 600 mg tablet formulation along with 100mg ritonavir as booster under fast and fed conditions. To demonstrate the reproducibility in the measurement of study data, an incurred sample reanalysis was done with 400 subject samples and the % change in concentration was within ± 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Gupta
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Sarva Vidyalaya Campus, Sector 15/23, Gandhinagar 382015, India
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Patel B, Suhagia B, Patel C, Panchal H. A simple and sensitive HPTLC method for quantitative analysis of darunavir ethanolate tablets. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.24.2011.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chitturi SR, Somannavar YS, Peruri BG, Nallapati S, Sharma HK, Budidet SR, Handa VK, Vurimindi HB. Gradient RP-HPLC method for the determination of potential impurities in atazanavir sulfate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:31-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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D’Avolio A, Simiele M, Siccardi M, Baietto L, Sciandra M, Oddone V, Stefani FR, Agati S, Cusato J, Bonora S, Di Perri G. A HPLC–MS method for the simultaneous quantification of fourteen antiretroviral agents in peripheral blood mononuclear cell of HIV infected patients optimized using medium corpuscular volume evaluation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:779-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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