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Anabtawi N, Drabison T, Jin Y, Eisenmann ED, Sparreboom A, Govindarajan R, Baker SD, Ahmed E. Pharmacokinetic assessment of low dose decitabine in combination therapies: Development and validation of a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for murine plasma analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1242:124209. [PMID: 38905720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Decitabine is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. The notion that ongoing trials are presently exploring the combined use of decitabine, with or without the cytidine deaminase inhibitor cedazuridine, and other antileukemic drugs necessitates a comprehensive understanding of pharmacokinetic properties and an evaluation of drug-drug interaction liabilities. We report here the development and validation of a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantifying decitabine in mouse plasma, which should be useful for such studies. The method involved a one-step protein precipitation extraction, and chromatographic separation on an XBridge HILIC column using gradient elution. The method was found to be robust, accurate, precise, and sufficiently sensitive (lower limit of quantitation, 0.4 ng/mL) to determine decitabine concentrations in microvolumes of plasma from mice receiving the agent orally or intravenously in the presence or absence of cedazuridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeen Anabtawi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Drabison
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric D Eisenmann
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sharyn D Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Eman Ahmed
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Briki M, Murisier A, Guidi M, Seydoux C, Buclin T, Marzolini C, Girardin FR, Thoma Y, Carrara S, Choong E, Decosterd LA. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for the therapeutic drug monitoring of cytotoxic anticancer drugs: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1236:124039. [PMID: 38490042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, there is increasing evidence that conventional cytotoxic agents may be suitable candidates for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)- guided drug dosage adjustments and patient's tailored personalization of non-selective chemotherapies. To that end, many liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays have been developed for the quantification of conventional cytotoxic anticancer chemotherapies, that have been comprehensively and critically reviewed. The use of stable isotopically labelled internal standards (IS) of cytotoxic drugs was strikingly uncommon, accounting for only 48 % of the methods found, although their use could possible to suitably circumvent patients' samples matrix effects variability. Furthermore, this approach would increase the reliability of cytotoxic drug quantification in highly multi-mediated cancer patients with complex fluctuating pathophysiological and clinical conditions. LC-MS/MS assays can accommodate multiplexed analyses of cytotoxic drugs with optimal selectivity and specificity as well as short analytical times and, when using stable-isotopically labelled IS for quantification, provide concentrations measurements with a high degree of certainty. However, there are still organisational, pharmacological, and medical constraints to tackle before TDM of cytotoxic drugs can be more largely adopted in the clinics for contributing to our ever-lasting quest to improve cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Briki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Bio/CMOS Interfaces Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne-EPFL, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - A Murisier
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Guidi
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Seydoux
- Internal Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Buclin
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Marzolini
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F R Girardin
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Y Thoma
- School of Engineering and Management Vaud, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1401 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland
| | - S Carrara
- Bio/CMOS Interfaces Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne-EPFL, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - E Choong
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L A Decosterd
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Chandrasekar N, Sharma K, Jain S, Shinde M, Patil G, Shah RP. A critical assessment on stability behaviour of Vorinostat using LC-MS-QTOF with H/D exchange and NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115687. [PMID: 37657178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Vorinostat is the first USFDA-approved HDAC inhibitor for the treatment of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma. Vorinostat was exposed to ICH-recommended hydrolytic (acid, base, and neutral), oxidative, thermal, and photolytic stress conditions to understand the degradation behaviour. A Stability indicating LC method was developed and validated for separating and identifying forced degradation products. Under different stress conditions, six degradants were identified and characterized by LC-HRMS, MS/MS, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass studies. Vorinostat was found to be highly susceptible to the acidic and basic environment. In contrast, the drug substance was stable in the solid state under thermal and photolytic conditions whereas, it was found moderately stable when photolytic stress was provided to dissolved state of Vorinostat in acetonitrile-water. The degradants were identified as 7-amino-N-phenylheptanamide, 8-hydrazineyl-8-oxo-N-phenyloctanamide, 8-oxo-8-(phenylamino)octanoic acid, 8-oxo-8-(2-(7-oxo-7-(phenylamino)heptyl)hydrazineyl)-N-phenyloctanamide, 8,8'-(1-hydroxyhydrazine-1,2-diyl)bis(8-oxo-N-phenyloctanamide), and N1-((8-oxo-8-(phenylamino)octanoyl)oxy)-N8-phenyloctanediamide. The mechanistic explanation for the formation of each degradant in stability conditions has also been derived. The major degradants were also isolated/synthesized and characterized through 1H NMR for preparing impurity standards. Additionally, in-silico toxicity of the degradants was predicted in comparison to the drug, to identify whether any degradant has any specific type of toxicity and requires special focus to set specification limits during formulation development. The predicted toxicity indicated that the degradants have similar safety profile as that of the drug and specification can be set as per general impurity guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Chandrasekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kalyani Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sonali Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Muktabai Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Girish Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ravi P Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India.
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Kagan AB, Garrison DA, Anders NM, Webster J, Baker SD, Yegnasubramanian S, Rudek MA. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor exposure-response: Challenges and opportunities. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1309-1322. [PMID: 37345219 PMCID: PMC10432879 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis), such as azacitidine and decitabine, are used extensively in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia, there remain unanswered questions about DNMTi's mechanism of action and predictors of clinical response. Because patients often remain on single-agent DNMTis or DNMTi-containing regimens for several months before knowing whether clinical benefit can be achieved, the development and clinical validation of response-predictive biomarkers represents an important unmet need in oncology. In this review, we will summarize the clinical studies that led to the approval of azacitidine and decitabine, as well as the real-world experience with these drugs. We will then focus on biomarker development for DNMTis-specifically, efforts at determining exposure-response relationships and challenges that remain impacting the broader clinical translation of these methods. We will highlight recent progress in liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technology that has allowed for the simultaneous measurement of decitabine genomic incorporation and global DNA methylation, which has significant potential as a mechanism-of-action based biomarker in patients on DNMTis. Last, we will cover important research questions that need to be addressed in order to optimize this potential biomarker for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Kagan
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Dominique A. Garrison
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nicole M. Anders
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jonathan A. Webster
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Sharyn D. Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michelle A. Rudek
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Morosanova MA, Kovalev VA, Morosanova EI. Silica Xerogel Doped with Iron(III) as Sensor Material for Salicylhydroxamic Acid Determination in Urine. Gels 2021; 7:gels7030143. [PMID: 34563029 PMCID: PMC8482224 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) is used as antimicrobic medicine and its concentration has to be monitored in urine. For the first time, silica xerogels doped with iron(III) have been proposed as sensor materials for SHA determination in biological samples. Three xerogels with iron(III) content in the range of 0.04–1.74% wt have been synthesized. BET surface area of these xerogels has varied in the range of 696–529 m2/g and total pore volume has varied in the range of 0.92–0.23 cm3/g. Complex formation between immobilized iron(III) and salicylhydroxamic acid has been investigated with solid phase spectrophotometry and IR spectroscopy. Orange-brown iron(III)-SHA complex with 1:1 stoichiometry is formed at pH 1–4 with half-reaction time of 17 min. Silica xerogel doped with 0.33% wt iron(III)) has been used as sensor material for SHA solid phase spectrophotometric determination (LOD 1.4 mg/L (n = 3), analytical range 4–230 mg/L). Proposed sensor material has been applied for SHA determination in biological samples of synthetic and human urine. The proposed procedure is characterized by a good level of accuracy (recovery values 97–120%) and precision (RSD values 4–9%) and can be recommended for pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic studies of hydroxamic acid-based medications.
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Development and validation of LC-MS/MS methods for the quantification of the novel anticancer agent guadecitabine and its active metabolite β‑decitabine in human plasma, whole blood and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1109:132-141. [PMID: 30754019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Guadecitabine (SGI-110), a dinucleotide of β‑decitabine and deoxyguanosine, is currently being evaluated in phase II/III clinical trials for the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. This article describes the development and validation of bioanalytical assays to quantify guadecitabine and its active metabolite β‑decitabine in human plasma, whole blood and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Since β‑decitabine is rapidly metabolized further by cytidine deaminase, plasma and whole blood samples were kept on ice-water after collection and stabilized with tetrahydrouridine (THU) directly upon sample collection. Sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation for plasma and whole blood and dilution for urine samples and was further optimized for each matrix and analyte separately. Final extracts were injected onto a C6-phenyl column for guadecitabine analysis, or a Nova-Pak Silica column for β‑decitabine analysis. Gradient elution was applied for both analytes using the same eluents for each assay and detection was performed on triple quadrupole mass spectrometers operating in the positive ion mode (Sciex QTRAP 5500 and QTRAP 6500). The assay for guadecitabine was linear over a range of 1.0-200 ng/mL (plasma, whole blood) and 10-2000 ng/mL (urine). For β‑decitabine the assay was linear over a range of 0.5-100 ng/mL (plasma, whole blood) and 5-1000 ng/mL (urine). The presented methods were successfully validated according to the latest FDA and EMA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation and applied in a guadecitabine clinical mass balance trial in patients with advanced cancer.
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Yang XF, Zhao ZJ, Liu JJ, Yang XH, Gao Y, Zhao S, Shi S, Huang KQ, Zheng HC. SAHA and/or MG132 reverse the aggressive phenotypes of glioma cells: An in vitro and vivo study. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3156-3169. [PMID: 27911270 PMCID: PMC5356872 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanisms of SAHA (a histone deacetylase inhibitor) and MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) on the aggressive phenotypes of glioma cells, we treated U87 and U251 cells with SAHA or/and MG132, and detected phenotypes’ assays with phenotype-related molecules examined. It was found that SAHA or/and MG132 treatment suppressed proliferation in both concentration- and time-dependent manners, inhibited energy metabolism, migration, invasion and lamellipodia formation, and induced G2 arrest and apoptosis in the glioma cells. The treatment with SAHA increased the expression of acetyl-histones 3 and 4, which were recruited to the promoters of p21, p27, Cyclin D1, c-myc and Nanog to down-regulate their transcriptional levels. Expression of acetyl-histones 3 and 4 was higher in gliomas than normal brain tissues. Both drugs’ exposure suppressed tumor growth in nude mice by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, but increased serum aminotransferase and creatinine. These results indicated that SAHA and/or MG132 may suppress the aggressive phenotypes of glioma cells. They might be employed to treat the glioma if both hepatic and renal injuries are prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zhi-Juan Zhao
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Jia-Jie Liu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.,Life Science Institute of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
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Vais RD, Karimian K, Heli H. Electrooxidation and amperometric determination of vorinostat on hierarchical leaf-like gold nanolayers. Talanta 2018; 178:704-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Crotti S, Posocco B, Marangon E, Nitti D, Toffoli G, Agostini M. Mass spectrometry in the pharmacokinetic studies of anticancer natural products. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:213-251. [PMID: 26280357 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the history of medicine, nature has represented the main source of medical products. Indeed, the therapeutic use of plants certainly goes back to the Sumerian and Hippocrates and nowadays nature still represents the major source for new drugs discovery. Moreover, in the cancer treatment, drugs are either natural compounds or have been developed from naturally occurring parent compounds firstly isolated from plants and microbes from terrestrial and marine environment. A critical element of an anticancer drug is represented by its severe toxicities and, after administration, the drug concentrations have to remain in an appropriate range to be effective. Anyway, the drug dosage defined during the clinical studies could be inappropriate for an individual patient due to differences in drug absorption, metabolism and excretion. For this reason, personalized medicine, based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), represents one of most important challenges in cancer therapy. Mass spectrometry sensitivity, specificity and fastness lead to elect this technique as the Golden Standard for pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism studies therefore for TDM. This review focuses on the mass spectrometry-based methods developed for pharmacokinetic quantification in human plasma of anticancer drugs derived from natural sources and already used in clinical practice. Particular emphasis was placed both on the pre-analytical and analytical steps, such as: sample preparation procedures, sample size required by the analysis and the limit of quantification of drugs and metabolites to give some insights on the clinical practice applicability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:213-251, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crotti
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Elena Marangon
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Donato Nitti
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
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Giri KK, Suresh PS, Saim SM, Zainuddin M, Bhamidipati RK, Dewang P, Hallur MS, Rajagopal S, Rajagopal S, Mullangi R. Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous detection of four HDAC inhibitors - belinostat, panobinostat, rocilinostat and vorinostat in mouse plasma and its application to a mouse pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27925271 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of four HDAC inhibitors, namely belinostat (BST), panobinostat (PST), rocilinostat (RST) and vorinostat (VST), in mouse plasma as per regulatory guidelines. The analytes and internal standard were extracted from 50 μL mouse plasma by protein precipitation, followed by chromatographic separation using an Atlantis C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase comprising 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile (25:75, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min within 2.5 min. Detection and quantitation were done by multiple reaction monitoring on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer following the transitions: m/z 319 → 93, 350 → 158, 434 → 274 and 265 → 232 for BST, PST, RST and VST, respectively, in the positive ionization mode. The calibration curves were linear from 2.92 to 2921 ng/mL for BST and PST and from 1.01 to 1008 ng/mL for RST and VST with r2 ≥ 0.99 for all of the analytes. The intra- and inter-batch accuracy and precision (CV) across quality controls varied from 85.5 to 112% and from 2.30 to 12.5, respectively, for all of the analytes. Analytes were found to be stable under different stability conditions. The method was applied to an i.v. pharmacokinetic study in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh Kumar Giri
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
| | - P S Suresh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
| | - Syed Mohd Saim
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohd Zainuddin
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Kanth Bhamidipati
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
| | - Purushottam Dewang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahanandeesha S Hallur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
| | - Sridharan Rajagopal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
| | - Sriram Rajagopal
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramesh Mullangi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Industrial Suburb, Bangalore, India
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Suresh PS, Devaraj VC, Srinivas NR, Mullangi R. Review of bioanalytical assays for the quantitation of various HDAC inhibitors such as vorinostat, belinostat, panobinostat, romidepsin and chidamine. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27511598 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC inhibitors) are used to treat malignancies such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma and peripheral T cell lymphoma. Only four drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, namely vorinostat, romidepsin, panobinostat and belinostat, while chidamide has been approved in China. There are a number of bioanalytical methods reported for the measurement of HDAC inhibitors in clinical (human plasma and serum) and preclinical (mouse plasma, rat plasma, urine and tissue homogenates, etc.) studies. This review covers various HDAC inhibitors such as vorinostat, romidepsin, panobinostat, belinostat and chidamide. In addition to providing a comprehensive review of the available methods for the above mentioned HDAC inhibitors, it also provides case studies with perspectives for chosen drugs. Based on the review, it is concluded that the published methodologies using either HPLC or LC-MS/MS are well suited for the quantification of HDAC inhibitors in various biological fluids to delineate pharmacokinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Suresh
- Jubilant Biosys, 2nd Stage, Bangalore, India
| | - V C Devaraj
- Jubilant Biosys, 2nd Stage, Bangalore, India
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Hua W, Ierardi T, Lesslie M, Hoffman BT, Mulvana D. Development and validation of a HILIC-MS/MS method for quantification of decitabine in human plasma by using lithium adduct detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:117-22. [PMID: 25168795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive, selective, and rugged quantification method was developed and validated for decitabine (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) in human plasma treated with 100μg/mL of tetrahydrouridine (THU). Chromatographic separation was accomplished using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and detection used electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) by monitoring lithiated adducts of the analytes as precursor ions. The method involves simple acetonitrile precipitation steps (in an ice bath) followed by injection of the supernatant onto a Thermo Betasil Silica-100, 100×3.0mm, 5μm LC column. Protonated ([M+H](+)), sodiated ([M+Na](+)), and lithiated ([M+Li](+)) adducts as precursor ions for MS/MS detection were evaluated for best sensitivity and assay performance. During initial method development abundant sodium [M+Na](+) and potassium [M+K](+) adducts were observed while the protonated species [M+H](+) was present at a relative abundance of less than 5% in Q1. The alkali adducts were not be able to be minimized by the usual approach of increasing acid content in mobile phases. Significant analyte/internal standard (IS) co-suppression and inter-lot response differences were observed when using the sodium adduct as the precursor ion for quantification. By adding 2mM lithium acetate in aqueous mobile phase component, the lithium adduct effectively replaced other cationic species and was successfully used as the precursor ion for selected reaction monitoring (SRM) detection. The method demonstrated the separation of anomers and from other endogenous interferences using a 3-min gradient elution. Decitabine stock, working solution stabilities were investigated during method development. Three different peaks, including one from anomerization, were observed in the SRM transition of the analyte when it was in neutral aqueous solution. The assay was validated over a concentration range of 0.5-500ng/mL (or 0.44-440pg injected on column) in 50μL of human plasma. The accuracy and precision were within 8.6% relative error and 6.3% coefficient of variation, respectively. Decitabine was stable in THU treated human plasma for at least 68 days and after 5 freeze-thaw cycles when stored at -70°C. Stability of decitabine in THU treated human whole blood, matrix factor and recovery were also evaluated during method validation. The method was successfully used for clinical sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Hua
- Bioanalytical and ADME Labs, Quintiles, 19 Brown Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Thomas Ierardi
- Bioanalytical and ADME Labs, Quintiles, 19 Brown Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Michael Lesslie
- Bioanalytical and ADME Labs, Quintiles, 19 Brown Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Brian T Hoffman
- Bioanalytical and ADME Labs, Quintiles, 19 Brown Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Daniel Mulvana
- Bioanalytical and ADME Labs, Quintiles, 19 Brown Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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13
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Quantification of vorinostat and its main metabolites in plasma and intracellular vorinostat in PBMCs by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and its relation to histone deacetylase activity in human blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:212-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Treatment of chronically FIV-infected cats with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. Antiviral Res 2014; 108:74-8. [PMID: 24954265 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally-occurring, large animal model of lentiviral-induced immunodeficiency syndrome, and has been used as a model of HIV pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. HIV reservoirs in the form of latent virus remain the primary roadblock to viral eradication and cure, and FIV has been previously established an animal model of lentiviral latency. The goal of this study was to determine whether administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) to aviremic, chronically FIV-infected cats would induce latent viral reactivation in vivo. A proof-of-concept experiment in a Transwell co-culture system demonstrated the ability of SAHA to reactivate latent virus which was replication competent and able to infect naïve cells. Oral SAHA (250mg/m(2)) was administered with food to four asymptomatic, experimentally FIV-infected cats and one uninfected control cat, and a limited pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis was performed. A statistically significant increase in cell-associated FIV RNA was detected in the cat with the greatest serum SAHA exposure, and cell-free viral RNA was detected at one time point in the three cats that achieved the highest levels of SAHA in serum. Interestingly, there was a significant decrease in viral DNA burden at 2h post drug administration in the same three cats. Though the sample size is small and the drug response was modest, this study provides evidence that in vivo treatment of FIV-infected cats with the HDACi SAHA can induce viral transcriptional reactivation, which may be dependent upon the concentration of SAHA achieved in blood. Importantly, alternative putative antilatency therapy drugs, and multimodal drug combinations, could be studied in this in vivo system. The FIV/cat model provides a unique opportunity to test novel therapeutic interventions aimed at eradicating latent virus in vivo.
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15
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McDonnel SJ, Tell LA, Murphy BG. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:196-200. [PMID: 24236915 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), or vorinostat, is a histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for use as chemotherapy for lymphoma in humans. The goal of this study was to establish pharmacological parameters of SAHA in cats. Our interest in treating cats with SAHA is twofold: as an anticancer chemotherapeutic and as antilatency therapy for feline retroviral infections. Relying solely on data from studies in other animals would be inappropriate as SAHA is partially metabolized by glucuronidation, which is absent in feline metabolism. SAHA was administered to cats intravenously (2 mg/kg) or orally (250 mg/m², ~17 mg/kg) in a cross-over study design. Clinically, SAHA was well tolerated at these dosages as no abnormalities were noted following administration. The pharmacokinetics of SAHA in cats was found to be similar to that of dogs, but the overall serum drug exposure was much less than that of humans at an equivalent dose. The pharmacodynamic effect of an increase in acetylated histone proteins in blood was detected after both routes of administration. An increased oral dose of 60 mg SAHA/kg administered to one animal resulted in a surprisingly modest increase in peak drug concentration, suggesting possible saturation of absorption kinetics. This study provides a foundation for future studies of the clinical efficacy of SAHA in treating feline disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J McDonnel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J B Derissen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Lim SP, Kumar R, Akkamsetty Y, Wang W, Ho K, Neilsen PM, Walther DJ, Suetani RJ, Prestidge C, Callen DF. Development of a novel cell-based assay system EPISSAY for screening epigenetic drugs and liposome formulated decitabine. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:113. [PMID: 23497118 PMCID: PMC3637807 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the potential of improving the delivery of epigenetic drugs, the subsequent assessment of changes in their epigenetic activity is largely dependent on the availability of a suitable and rapid screening bioassay. Here, we describe a cell-based assay system for screening gene reactivation. METHODS A cell-based assay system (EPISSAY) was designed based on a silenced triple-mutated bacterial nitroreductase TMnfsB fused with Red-Fluorescent Protein (RFP) expressed in the non-malignant human breast cell line MCF10A. EPISSAY was validated using the target gene TXNIP, which has previously been shown to respond to epigenetic drugs. The potency of a epigenetic drug model, decitabine, formulated with PEGylated liposomes was also validated using this assay system. RESULTS Following treatment with DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as decitabine and vorinostat, increases in RFP expression were observed, indicating expression of RFP-TMnfsB. The EPISSAY system was then used to test the potency of decitabine, before and after PEGylated liposomal encapsulation. We observed a 50% higher potency of decitabine when encapsulated in PEGylated liposomes, which is likely to be due to its protection from rapid degradation. CONCLUSIONS The EPISSAY bioassay system provides a novel and rapid system to compare the efficiencies of existing and newly formulated drugs that reactivate gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Ping Lim
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Women’s & Children’s Health Research Institute Inc, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yamini Akkamsetty
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wen Wang
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kristen Ho
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul M Neilsen
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Diego J Walther
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rachel J Suetani
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Clive Prestidge
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - David F Callen
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Gao Y, Kong Y, Xu Y, Jia W, Liao C, Zhang P, Lian H, Han X, Li D, Geng Y, He Z. An HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of decitabine and its valyl prodrug valdecitabine in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 917-918:78-83. [PMID: 23369881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of decitabine and valdecitabine in rat plasma. The analytes were separated on a C(18) column (150mm×4.6mm, 3.5μm) and a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was applied for detection. A clean solid-phase extraction procedure with cation exchange cartridge was employed to extract the analytes from rat plasma with high recovery of decitabine (>82%). The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 10-10,000ng/mL for decitabine and 5-500ng/mL for valdecitabine. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of decitabine and valdecitabine was 10 and 5ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 15% and the relative error (RE) was all within ±15%. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetics study in rats after either decitabine or valdecitabine orally administrated to the Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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Xu H, lv S, Qiao M, Fu Y, Jiang X, Jin Y, Li C, Yuan B. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of decitabine in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 899:81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Jansen RS, Rosing H, Wijermans PW, Keizer RJ, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Decitabine triphosphate levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients receiving prolonged low-dose decitabine administration: a pilot study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 69:1457-66. [PMID: 22382880 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decitabine is a nucleoside analog used in the treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome. The compound requires intracellular conversion to its triphosphate to become active. Decitabine triphosphate has, however, never been quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients. METHOD This article describes a method for the quantitative determination of decitabine triphosphate in PBMCs using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The method was applied to ex vivo incubated whole blood samples and samples from three patients receiving prolonged low-dose decitabine treatment. RESULTS We successfully quantitated decitabine triphosphate in PBMCs. Considerable levels were detected in PBMCs from two patients that responded well to therapy, whereas only low levels were present in a non-responding patient. Moreover, the data show that, in contrast to plasma decitabine, intracellular decitabine triphosphate accumulates during a treatment cycle of nine infusions at a dose of 15 mg/m(2). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a relationship between decitabine triphosphate levels and response to therapy. Based on the observed accumulation of decitabine triphosphate during a treatment cycle, a less intensive dose scheme could be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
High interindividual pharmacokinetic variability was observed in phase 1 studies of vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid), an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor. Thus, we hypothesized that the variability can be explained by genetic variants of the uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in vorinostat metabolism. Baculosomes expressing human UGTs and 52 human liver microsomes were screened for vorinostat glucuronidation activity to identify the potential enzymes and functional variants. UGT2B17 had the largest activity. Human liver microsomes with at least one copy of UGT2B17 showed significantly greater enzymatic activity than those with UGT2B17 null genotype (P<0.004). UGT2B17 plays an important role in vorinostat hepatic glucuronidation and the gene deletion polymorphism may influence vorinostat biotransformation and clearance. The clinical impact of this UGT2B17 genetic variant on vorinostat metabolism and drug effect is unknown.
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Cinti C, Taranta M, Naldi I, Grimaldi S. Newly engineered magnetic erythrocytes for sustained and targeted delivery of anti-cancer therapeutic compounds. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17132. [PMID: 21373641 PMCID: PMC3044154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapy of cancer is limited by serious, sometimes life-threatening, side effects that arise from toxicities to sensitive normal cells because the therapies are not selective for malignant cells. So how can they be selectively improved? Alternative pharmaceutical formulations of anti-cancer agents have been investigated in order to improve conventional chemotherapy treatment. These formulations are associated with problems like severe toxic side effects on healthy organs, drug resistance and limited access of the drug to the tumor sites suggested the need to focus on site-specific controlled drug delivery systems. In response to these concerns, we have developed a new drug delivery system based on magnetic erythrocytes engineered with a viral spike fusion protein. This new erythrocyte-based drug delivery system has the potential for magnetic-controlled site-specific localization and highly efficient fusion capability with the targeted cells. Here we show that the erythro-magneto-HA virosomes drug delivery system is able to attach and fuse with the target cells and to efficiently release therapeutic compounds inside the cells. The efficacy of the anti-cancer drug employed is increased and the dose required is 10 time less than that needed with conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cinti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Siena, Italy.
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