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Campos-Mañas MC, Cuevas SM, Ferrer I, Thurman EM, Sánchez-Pérez JA, Agüera A. Determination of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan solar photo-transformation products by LC/Q-TOF-MS: Laboratory scale experiments and real water samples analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114722. [PMID: 32454378 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work discusses the identification of the transformation products (TPs) generated during the photolytic degradation of dextromethorphan (DXM) and its metabolite dextrorphan (DXO), under simulated solar radiation in aqueous solutions (Milli-Q water and river water) in order to determinate its behavior into the aquatic environment. Tentative identification of the TPs was performed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF-MS), following a suspect screening approach. The use of high resolution-mass spectrometry (HRMS) allowed the tentative identification of DXM and DXO photoproducts based on the structure proposed by an in silico software, the accurate mass measurement, the MS/MS fragmentation pattern and the molecular formula finding. A total of 19 TPs were found to match some of the accurate masses included in a suspect list, and they were all tentatively identified by their characteristic MS-MS fragments. Most of the TPs identified showed a minor modified molecular structure like the introduction of hydroxyl groups, or demethylation. The time-evolution of precursors and TPs were monitored throughout the experiments, and degradation kinetics were presented for each analyte. Finally, the occurrence of DXM, DXO, and their tentatively proposed photodegradation TPs was evaluated in both surface and wastewater. In all real matrices, the results showed that the highest concentration was detected for DXO, followed by TP-244 (N-desmethyldextrorphan) and DXM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Celia Campos-Mañas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n. 04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - Sara Miralles Cuevas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n. 04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - Imma Ferrer
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Dpt. of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Earl Michael Thurman
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Dpt. of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n. 04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra de Sacramento s/n. 04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Spain.
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Evaluation of dilution and normalization strategies to correct for urinary output in HPLC-HRTOFMS metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8483-8493. [PMID: 27815612 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reliable identification of features distinguishing biological groups of interest in urinary metabolite fingerprints requires the control of total metabolite abundance, which may vary significantly as the kidneys adjust the excretion of water and solutes to meet the homeostatic needs of the body. Failure to account for such variation may lead to misclassification and accumulation of missing data in case of less concentrated urine specimens. Here, different pre- and post-acquisition methods of normalization were compared systematically for their ability to recover features from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolite fingerprints of urine that allow distinction between patients with chronic kidney disease and healthy controls. Methods of normalization that were employed prior to analysis included dilution of urine specimens to either a fixed creatinine concentration or osmolality value. Post-acquisition normalization methods applied to chromatograms of 1:4 diluted urine specimens comprised normalization to creatinine, osmolality, and sum of all integrals. Dilution of urine specimens to a fixed creatinine concentration resulted not only in the least number of missing values, but it was also the only method allowing the unambiguous classification of urine specimens from healthy and diseased individuals. The robustness of classification could be confirmed for two independent patient cohorts of chronic kidney disease patients and yielded a shared set of 49 discriminant metabolite features. Graphical Abstract Dilution to a uniform creatinine concentration across urine specimens yields more comparable urinary metabolite fingerprints.
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Lu D, Zhang S, Wang D, Feng C, Liu S, Jin Y’, Xu Q, Lin Y, Wu C, Tang L, She J, Wang G, Zhou Z. Identification of flurochloridone metabolites in rat urine using liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1445:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Identification and Validation of Loa loa Microfilaria-Specific Biomarkers: a Rational Design Approach Using Proteomics and Novel Immunoassays. mBio 2016; 7:e02132-15. [PMID: 26884435 PMCID: PMC4791851 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02132-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoassays are currently needed to quantify Loa loa microfilariae (mf). To address this need, we have conducted proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of proteins present in the urine of a Loa mf-infected patient and used this information to identify putative biomarkers produced by L. loa mf. In total, 70 of the 15,444 described putative L. loa proteins were identified. Of these 70, 18 were L. loa mf specific, and 2 of these 18 (LOAG_16297 and LOAG_17808) were biologically immunogenic. We developed novel reverse luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) immunoassays to quantify these 2 proteins in individual plasma samples. Levels of these 2 proteins in microfilaremic L. loa-infected patients were positively correlated to mf densities in the corresponding blood samples (r = 0.71 and P < 0.0001 for LOAG_16297 and r = 0.61 and P = 0.0002 for LOAG_17808). For LOAG_16297, the levels in plasma were significantly higher in Loa-infected (geometric mean [GM], 0.045 µg/ml) than in uninfected (P < 0.0001), Wuchereria bancrofti-infected (P = 0.0005), and Onchocerca volvulus-infected (P < 0.0001) individuals, whereas for LOAG_17808 protein, they were not significantly different between Loa-infected (GM, 0.123 µg/ml) and uninfected (P = 0.06) and W. bancrofti-infected (P = 0.32) individuals. Moreover, only LOAG_16297 showed clear discriminative ability between L. loa and the other potentially coendemic filariae. Indeed, the specificity of the LOAG_16297 reverse LIPS assay was 96% (with a sensitivity of 77%). Thus, LOAG_16297 is a very promising biomarker that will be exploited in a quantitative point-of-care immunoassay for determination of L. loa mf densities. Loa loa, the causative agent of loiasis, is a parasitic nematode transmitted to humans by the tabanid Chrysops fly. Some individuals infected with L. loa microfilariae (mf) in high densities are known to experience post-ivermectin severe adverse events (SAEs [encephalopathy, coma, or death]). Thus, ivermectin-based mass drug administration (MDA) programs for onchocerciasis and for lymphatic filariasis control have been interrupted in parts of Africa where these filarial infections coexist with L. loa. To allow for implementation of MDA for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, tools that can accurately identify people at risk of developing post-ivermectin SAEs are needed. Our study, using host-based proteomics in combination with novel immunoassays, identified a single Loa-specific antigen (LOAG_16297) that can be used as a biomarker for the prediction of L. loa mf levels in the blood of infected patients. Therefore, the use of such biomarker could be important in the point-of-care assessment of L. loa mf densities.
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Tay-Sontheimer J, Shireman LM, Beyer RP, Senn T, Witten D, Pearce RE, Gaedigk A, Fomban CLG, Lutz JD, Isoherranen N, Thummel KE, Fiehn O, Leeder JS, Lin YS. Detection of an endogenous urinary biomarker associated with CYP2D6 activity using global metabolomics. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:1947-62. [PMID: 25521354 PMCID: PMC4486214 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We sought to discover endogenous urinary biomarkers of human CYP2D6 activity. PATIENTS & METHODS Healthy pediatric subjects (n = 189) were phenotyped using dextromethorphan and randomized for candidate biomarker selection and validation. Global urinary metabolomics was performed using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Candidate biomarkers were tested in adults receiving fluoxetine, a CYP2D6 inhibitor. RESULTS A biomarker, M1 (m/z 444.3102) was correlated with CYP2D6 activity in both the pediatric training and validation sets. Poor metabolizers had undetectable levels of M1, whereas it was present in subjects with other phenotypes. In adult subjects, a 9.56-fold decrease in M1 abundance was observed during CYP2D6 inhibition. CONCLUSION Identification and validation of M1 may provide a noninvasive means of CYP2D6 phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura M Shireman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard P Beyer
- Center for Ecogenetics & Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Taurence Senn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniela Witten
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robin E Pearce
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Justin D Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yvonne S Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ipe DS, Sundac L, Benjamin WH, Moore KH, Ulett GC. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: prevalence rates of causal microorganisms, etiology of infection in different patient populations, and recent advances in molecular detection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 346:1-10. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S. Ipe
- School of Medical Sciences; Centre for Medicine and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast; QLD; Australia
| | - Lana Sundac
- Department of Medicine; Gold Coast Hospital; Southport; QLD; Australia
| | | | - Kate H. Moore
- Department of Urogynaecology; The St George Hospital; University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Sciences; Centre for Medicine and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast; QLD; Australia
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Lan K, Xie G, Jia W. Towards polypharmacokinetics: pharmacokinetics of multicomponent drugs and herbal medicines using a metabolomics approach. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:819147. [PMID: 23573155 PMCID: PMC3612473 DOI: 10.1155/2013/819147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Determination of pharmacokinetics (PKs) of multicomponent pharmaceuticals and/or nutraceuticals (polypharmacokinetics, poly-PKs) is difficult due to the vast number of compounds present in natural products, their various concentrations across a wide range, complexity of their interactions, as well as their complex degradation dynamics in vivo. Metabolomics coupled with multivariate statistical tools that focus on the comprehensive analysis of small molecules in biofluids is a viable approach to address the challenges of poly-PK. This paper discusses recent advances in the characterization of poly-PK and the metabolism of multicomponent xenobiotic agents, such as compound drugs, dietary supplements, and herbal medicines, using metabolomics strategy. We propose a research framework that integrates the dynamic concentration profile of bioavailable xenobiotic molecules that result from in vivo absorption and hepatic and gut bacterial metabolism, as well as the human metabolic response profile. This framework will address the bottleneck problem in the pharmacological evaluation of multicomponent pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, leading to the direct elucidation of the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lan
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water, Groundwater, Surface Water, and Wastewater. ANALYSIS, REMOVAL, EFFECTS AND RISK OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE WATER CYCLE - OCCURRENCE AND TRANSFORMATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Niesser M, Koletzko B, Peissner W. Determination of Creatinine in Human Urine with Flow Injection Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000342774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Thurman EM, Ferrer I. Liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry with metabolic profiling of human urine as a tool for environmental analysis of dextromethorphan. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Xiao JF, Zhou B, Ressom HW. Metabolite identification and quantitation in LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2012; 32:1-14. [PMID: 22345829 PMCID: PMC3278153 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics aims at detection and quantitation of all metabolites in biological samples. The presence of metabolites with a wide variety of physicochemical properties and different levels of abundance challenges existing analytical platforms used for identification and quantitation of metabolites. Significant efforts have been made to improve analytical and computational methods for metabolomics studies.This review focuses on the use of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for quantitative and qualitative metabolomics studies. It illustrates recent developments in computational methods for metabolite identification, including ion annotation, spectral interpretation and spectral matching. We also review selected reaction monitoring and high-resolution MS for metabolite quantitation. We discuss current challenges in metabolite identification and quantitation as well as potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Habtom W. Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington DC, 20057
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Dodgen TM, Cromarty AD, Pepper MS. Quantitative plasma analysis using automated online solid-phase extraction with column switching LC-MS/MS for characterising cytochrome P450 2D6 and 2C19 metabolism. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1102-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kikura-Hanajiri R, Kawamura M, Miyajima A, Sunouchi M, Goda Y. Chiral analyses of dextromethorphan/levomethorphan and their metabolites in rat and human samples using LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:165-74. [PMID: 21311876 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop an analytical method for the discrimination of dextromethorphan (an antitussive medicine) from its enantiomer, levomethorphan (a narcotic) in biological samples, chiral analyses of these drugs and their O-demethyl and/or N-demethyl metabolites in rat plasma, urine, and hair were carried out using LC-MS/MS. After the i.p. administration of dextromethorphan or levomethorphan to pigmented hairy male DA rats (5 mg/kg/day, 10 days), the parent compounds and their three metabolites in plasma, urine and hair were determined using LC-MS/MS. Complete chiral separation was achieved in 12 min on a Chiral CD-Ph column in 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile by a linear gradient program. Most of the metabolites were detected as being the corresponding O-demethyl and N, O-didemethyl metabolites in the rat plasma and urine after the hydrolysis of O-glucuronides, although obvious differences in the amounts of these metabolites were found between the dextro and levo forms. No racemation was observed through O- and/or N-demethylation. In the rat hair samples collected 4 weeks after the first administration, those differences were more clearly detected and the concentrations of the parent compounds, their O-demethyl, N-demethyl, and N, O-didemethyl metabolites were 63.4, 2.7, 25.1, and 0.7 ng/mg for the dextro forms and 24.5, 24.6, 2.6, and 0.5 ng/mg for the levo forms, respectively. In order to fully investigate the differences of their metabolic properties between dextromethorphan and levomethorphan, DA rat and human liver microsomes were studied. The results suggested that there might be an enantioselective metabolism of levomethorphan, especially with regard to the O-demethylation, not only in DA rat but human liver microsomes as well. The proposed chiral analyses might be applied to human samples and could be useful for discriminating dextromethorphan use from levomethorphan use in the field of forensic toxicology, although further studies should be carried out using authentic human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Zhang L, Jia X, Peng X, Ou Q, Zhang Z, Qiu C, Yao Y, Shen F, Yang H, Ma F, Wang J, Yuan Z. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabonomic platform in human plasma of liver failure caused by hepatitis B virus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:688-98. [PMID: 20810534 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabonomic platform that combined the discovery of differential metabolites through principal component analysis (PCA) with the verification by selective multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). These methods were applied to analyze plasma samples from liver disease patients and healthy donors. LC-MS raw data (about 1000 compounds), from the plasma of liver failure patients (n = 26) and healthy controls (n = 16), were analyzed through the PCA method and a pattern recognition profile that had significant difference between liver failure patients and healthy controls (P < 0.05) was established. The profile was verified in 165 clinical subjects. The specificity and sensitivity of this model in predicting liver failure were 94.3 and 100.0%, respectively. The differential ions with m/z of 414.5, 432.0, 520.5, and 775.0 were verified to be consistent with the results from PCA by MRM mode in 40 clinical samples, and were proved not to be caused by the medicines taken by patients through rat model experiments. The compound with m/z of 520.5 was identified to be 1-Linoleoylglycerophosphocholine or 1-Linoleoylphosphatidylcholine through exact mass measurements performed using Ion Trap-Time-of-Flight MS and METLIN Metabolite Database search. In all, it was the first time to integrate metabonomic study and MRM relative quantification of differential peaks in a large number of clinical samples. Thereafter, a rat model was used to exclude drug effects on the abundance of differential ion peaks. 1-Linoleoylglycerophosphocholine or 1-Linoleoylphosphatidylcholine, a potential biomarker, was identified. The LC/MS-based metabonomic platform could be a powerful tool for the metabonomic screening of plasma biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, China.
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15
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Suski M, Bujak-Gizycka B, Madej J, Kacka K, Dobrogowski J, Woron J, Olszanecki R, Korbut R. Co-administration of dextromethorphan and morphine: reduction of post-operative pain and lack of influence on morphine metabolism. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:680-4. [PMID: 20346057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated co-analgesic effect of dextromethorphan in adolescent post-operative patients with idiopathic scoliosis. In a double-blind study, 60 patients with ASA physical status I-II were randomised into two groups. Group dextromethorphan (n = 30; age: 15.9 +/- 2.4 years) was given oral dextromethorphan 30 or 45 mg 1 hr before surgery and 8, 20 and 32 hr after operation. Group placebo (n = 30; age: 16.5 +/- 2.7 years) received placebo at identical times. Post-operative analgesic requirements were assessed using nurse-controlled analgesia system. Pain was assessed using numeric rating scale before first administration of morphine and at 2, 3, 4, 6, 24 and 48 hr after operation. Blood samples were taken 20 min. after the first use of morphine (within 1 hr after operation). The total use of analgesics during surgery was lower in the dextromethorphan group. The dose of morphine providing relief immediately after surgery, as well as total analgesic requirements in the first and second day after surgery did not differ between groups. Subjectively evaluated pain intensity score (numeric rating scale) was lower for the dextromethorphan patients in the first 4 hr, but not later after surgery. Plasma levels of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide did not differ between groups. Dextromethorphan did not influence morphine glucuronidation, in terms of promotion of formation of any morphine glucuronides. In conclusion, in young patients subjected to spine surgery, addition of dextromethorphan to morphine reduced pain only in early post-operative period. In such patients, co-analgesic action of dextromethorphan was not associated with significant changes in plasma levels of morphine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Suski
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Cserháti T. Data evaluation in chromatography by principal component analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:20-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Parry JD, Pointon AV, Lutz U, Teichert F, Charlwood JK, Chan PH, Athersuch TJ, Taylor EL, Singh R, Luo J, Phillips KM, Vetillard A, Lyon JJ, Keun HC, Lutz WK, Gant TW. Pivotal role for two electron reduction in 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone metabolism and kinetics in vivo that prevents liver redox stress. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:717-25. [PMID: 19338340 DOI: 10.1021/tx800472z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (CAS-RN 6959-96-3) (DMNQ) and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (CAS-RN 58-27-5) (MNQ:menadione) are effective one electron redox cycling chemicals in vitro. In addition, in vitro MNQ forms a thioether conjugate with glutathione by nucleophilic attack at the third carbon. In contrast, here we demonstrate that in vivo the major metabolic route is directly to the dihydronaphthoquinone for both DMNQ and MNQ followed by conjugation to mono- and di-glucuronides and sulfate. Analysis of urine and bile showed that glutathione conjugation of MNQ was only a very minor route of metabolism. DMNQ was distributed to all tissues including the brain, and MNQ was much less widely distributed. For DMNQ tissue half-life, in particular for the heart, was considerably longer than the plasma half-life. For both DMNQ and MNQ, urine 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and liver transcriptomic analysis failed to show any evidence of redox stress. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in liver increased significantly at the 10 min postdosing time point only. Metabonomic analysis 96 h after DMNQ administration indicated decreased liver glucose and increased lactate and creatine suggesting an impairment of oxidative metabolism. We conclude that in vivo DMNQ and MNQ are primarily two electron reduced to the dihydronaphthoquinones and undergo little one electron redox cycling. For DMNQ, disruption of cellular oxidative metabolism may be a primary mechanism of toxicity rather than redox stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Parry
- Department of Investigative Preclinical Toxicology, Safety Assessment, GSK R&D Ltd., Ware, UK
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Wu Z, Huang Z, Lehmann R, Zhao C, Xu G. The Application of Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Methods to Metabonomics. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-0956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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