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Jeppesen MJ, Powers R. Multiplatform untargeted metabolomics. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2023; 61:628-653. [PMID: 37005774 PMCID: PMC10948111 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5350 10.1002/mrc.5350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Metabolomics samples like human urine or serum contain upwards of a few thousand metabolites, but individual analytical techniques can only characterize a few hundred metabolites at best. The uncertainty in metabolite identification commonly encountered in untargeted metabolomics adds to this low coverage problem. A multiplatform (multiple analytical techniques) approach can improve upon the number of metabolites reliably detected and correctly assigned. This can be further improved by applying synergistic sample preparation along with the use of combinatorial or sequential non-destructive and destructive techniques. Similarly, peak detection and metabolite identification strategies that employ multiple probabilistic approaches have led to better annotation decisions. Applying these techniques also addresses the issues of reproducibility found in single platform methods. Nevertheless, the analysis of large data sets from disparate analytical techniques presents unique challenges. While the general data processing workflow is similar across multiple platforms, many software packages are only fully capable of processing data types from a single analytical instrument. Traditional statistical methods such as principal component analysis were not designed to handle multiple, distinct data sets. Instead, multivariate analysis requires multiblock or other model types for understanding the contribution from multiple instruments. This review summarizes the advantages, limitations, and recent achievements of a multiplatform approach to untargeted metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Jeppesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
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Jeppesen MJ, Powers R. Multiplatform untargeted metabolomics. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2023; 61:628-653. [PMID: 37005774 PMCID: PMC10948111 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics samples like human urine or serum contain upwards of a few thousand metabolites, but individual analytical techniques can only characterize a few hundred metabolites at best. The uncertainty in metabolite identification commonly encountered in untargeted metabolomics adds to this low coverage problem. A multiplatform (multiple analytical techniques) approach can improve upon the number of metabolites reliably detected and correctly assigned. This can be further improved by applying synergistic sample preparation along with the use of combinatorial or sequential non-destructive and destructive techniques. Similarly, peak detection and metabolite identification strategies that employ multiple probabilistic approaches have led to better annotation decisions. Applying these techniques also addresses the issues of reproducibility found in single platform methods. Nevertheless, the analysis of large data sets from disparate analytical techniques presents unique challenges. While the general data processing workflow is similar across multiple platforms, many software packages are only fully capable of processing data types from a single analytical instrument. Traditional statistical methods such as principal component analysis were not designed to handle multiple, distinct data sets. Instead, multivariate analysis requires multiblock or other model types for understanding the contribution from multiple instruments. This review summarizes the advantages, limitations, and recent achievements of a multiplatform approach to untargeted metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Jeppesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
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Chen G, Mostafa S, Lu Z, Du R, Cui J, Wang Y, Liao Q, Lu J, Mao X, Chang B, Gan Q, Wang L, Jia Z, Yang X, Zhu Y, Yan J, Jin B. The Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) Genome Provides Insight into the Biosynthesis of Flower Fragrances and Jasmonates. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022:S1672-0229(22)00171-1. [PMID: 36587654 PMCID: PMC10372924 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Jasminum sambac (jasmine flower), a world-renowned plant appreciated for its exceptional flower fragrance, is of cultural and economic importance. However, the genetic basis of its fragrance is largely unknown. Here, we present the first de novo genome of J. sambac with 550.12 Mb (scaffold N50 = 40.10 Mb) assembled into 13 pseudochromosomes. Terpene synthase genes associated with flower fragrance are significantly amplified in the form of gene clusters through tandem duplications in the genome. Gene clusters within the salicylic acid/benzoic acid/theobromine (SABATH) and BAHD superfamilies were identified as related to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid/benzenoid compounds. Several key genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis were duplicated, causing increased copy numbers. In addition, multi-omics analyses identified various aromatic compounds and many genes involved in fragrance biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, the roles of JsTPS3 in β-ocimene biosynthesis, as well as JsAOC1 and JsAOS in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, were functionally validated. The genome assembled in this study for J. sambac offers a basic genetic resource for studying floral scent and jasmonate biosynthesis and provides a foundation for functional genomic research and variety improvements in Jasminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Salma Mostafa
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Department of Floriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Zhaogeng Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ran Du
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiawen Cui
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qinggang Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jinkai Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinyu Mao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bang Chang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Quan Gan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhichao Jia
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiulian Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jianbin Yan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Christensen SA, Santana EA, Alborn HT, Block AK, Chamberlain CA. Metabolomics by UHPLC-HRMS reveals the impact of heat stress on pathogen-elicited immunity in maize. Metabolomics 2021; 17:6. [PMID: 33400019 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies investigating crop resistance to abiotic and biotic stress have largely focused on plant responses to singular forms of stress and individual biochemical pathways that only partially represent stress responses. Thus, combined abiotic and biotic stress treatments and the global assessment of their elicited metabolic expression remains largely unexplored. In this study, we employed targeted and untargeted metabolomics to investigate the molecular responses of maize (Zea mays) to abiotic, biotic, and combinatorial stress. OBJECTIVE We compared the inducible metabolomes of heat-stressed (abiotic) and C. heterostrophus-infected (biotic) maize and examined the effects of heat stress on the ability of maize to defend itself against C. heterostrophus. METHODS Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was performed on plants grown under control conditions (28 °C), heat stress (38 °C), Cochliobolus heterostrophus infection, or combinatorial stress [heat (38 °C) + C. heterostrophus infection]. RESULTS Multivariate analyses revealed differential metabolite expression between heat stress, C. heterostrophus infection, and their respective controls. In combinatorial experiments, treatment with heat stress prior to fungal inoculation negatively impacted maize disease resistance against C. heterostrophus, and distinct metabolome separation between combinatorial stressed plants and the non-heat-stressed infected controls was observed. Targeted analysis revealed inducible primary and secondary metabolite responses to abiotic/biotic stress, and combinatorial experiments indicated that deficiency in the hydroxycinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, may contribute to the heat-induced susceptibility of maize to C. heterostrophus. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that abiotic stress can predispose crops to more severe disease symptoms, underlining the increasing need to investigate defense chemistry in plants under combinatorial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - E'lysse A Santana
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Casey A Chamberlain
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Jinqiang Yang, Lin Q, Fan L, Yang N. High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Based Metabolomic Detection of Non-Volatile Components of Different Chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gao H, Zhou Q, Yang L, Zhang K, Ma Y, Xu ZQ. Metabolomics analysis identifies metabolites associated with systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10047. [PMID: 33062444 PMCID: PMC7532762 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a type of plant defense response that provides a long-lasting resistance to broad-spectrum pathogens in uninfected distal tissues following an initial localized infection. However, little information is available at present on the biological basis of SAR at the molecular level, especially in uninfected distal leaves. Methods In the present work, we used two SAR-inducing pathogens, avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 harboring avrRpm1 (Psm avrRpm1) and virulent P. syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 (Psm ES4326), to induce SAR in Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0. A metabolomics approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to identify SAR-related metabolites in infected local leaves, and in uninfected distal leaves. Results Differentially accumulated metabolites were distinguished by statistical analyses. The results showed that both the primary metabolism and the secondary metabolism were significantly altered in infected local leaves and in uninfected distal leaves, including phenolic compounds, amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids, and many other metabolites. Conclusions The content of amino acids and phenolic compounds increased in uninfected distal leaves, suggesting their contribution to the establishment of SAR. In addition, 2′-hydroxy-4, 4′, 6′-trimethoxychalcone, phenylalanine, and p-coumaric acid were identified as potential components which may play important roles both in basic resistance and in SAR. This work provides a reference for understanding of the metabolic mechanism associated with SAR in plants, which will be useful for further investigation of the molecular basis of the systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shanghai Omicsspace Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Hair as an alternative matrix to monitor human exposure to plasticizers – Development of a liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1104:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wolfender JL, Nuzillard JM, van der Hooft JJJ, Renault JH, Bertrand S. Accelerating Metabolite Identification in Natural Product Research: Toward an Ideal Combination of Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry and NMR Profiling, in Silico Databases, and Chemometrics. Anal Chem 2018; 91:704-742. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuzillard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Jean-Hugues Renault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France
- ThalassOMICS Metabolomics Facility, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, 44035 Nantes, France
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Kim MS, Jin JS, Kwak YS, Hwang GS. Metabolic Response of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) Leaves Exposed to the Angular Leaf Spot Bacterium (Xanthomonas fragariae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1889-98. [PMID: 26890088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved various defense mechanisms against biotic stress. The most common mechanism involves the production of metabolites that act as defense compounds. Bacterial angular leaf spot disease (Xanthomonas fragariae) of the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) has become increasingly destructive to strawberry leaves and plant production. In this study, we examined metabolic changes associated with the establishment of long-term bacterial disease stress using UPLC-QTOF mass spectrometry. Infected leaves showed decreased levels of gallic acid derivatives and ellagitannins, which are related to the plant defense system. The levels of phenylalanine, tryptophan, and salicylic acid as precursors of aromatic secondary metabolites were increased in inoculated leaves, whereas levels of coumaric acid, quinic acid, and flavonoids were decreased in infected plants, which are involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. In addition, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, a key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway, was decreased following infection. These results suggest that long-term bacterial disease stress may lead to down-regulation of select molecules of the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in strawberry leaves. This approach could be applied to explore the metabolic pathway associated with plant protection/breeding in strawberry leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sun Kim
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , Seoul 120-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sung Jin
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Department of Plant Medicine & RILS, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , Seoul 120-140, Republic of Korea
- Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Global Profiling of Various Metabolites in Platycodon grandiflorum by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26786-96. [PMID: 26569219 PMCID: PMC4661852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a method of metabolite profiling based on UPLC-QTOF/MS was developed to analyze Platycodon grandiflorum. In the optimal UPLC, various metabolites, including major platycosides, were separated well in 15 min. The metabolite extraction protocols were also optimized by selecting a solvent for use in the study, the ratio of solvent to sample and sonication time. This method was used to profile two different parts of P. grandiflorum, i.e., the roots of P. grandiflorum (PR) and the stems and leaves of P. grandiflorum (PS), in the positive and negative ion modes. As a result, PR and PS showed qualitatively and quantitatively different metabolite profiles. Furthermore, their metabolite compositions differed according to individual plant samples. These results indicate that the UPLC-QTOF/MS-based profiling method is a good tool to analyze various metabolites in P. grandiflorum. This metabolomics approach can also be applied to evaluate the overall quality of P. grandiflorum, as well as to discriminate the cultivars for the medicinal plant industry.
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Wu YY, Huang XX, Zhang MY, Zhou L, Li DQ, Cheng ZY, Li LZ, Peng Y, Song SJ. Chemical constituents from the tubers of Pinellia ternata (Araceae) and their chemotaxonomic interest. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Wolfender JL, Marti G, Thomas A, Bertrand S. Current approaches and challenges for the metabolite profiling of complex natural extracts. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:136-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Enantiomers separation by nano-liquid chromatography: Use of a novel sub-2μm vancomycin silica hydride stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:149-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang M, Fu J, Guo H, Tian Y, Xu F, Song R, Zhang Z. Discrimination of crude and processed rhubarb products using a chemometric approach based on ultra fast liquid chromatography with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:395-401. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jinfeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Rui Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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Niu W, Knight E, Xia Q, McGarvey BD. Comparative evaluation of eight software programs for alignment of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry chromatograms in metabolomics experiments. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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17
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Roullier-Gall C, Witting M, Gougeon RD, Schmitt-Kopplin P. High precision mass measurements for wine metabolomics. Front Chem 2014; 2:102. [PMID: 25431760 PMCID: PMC4230200 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An overview of the critical steps for the non-targeted Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS) analysis of wine chemistry is given, ranging from the study design, data preprocessing and statistical analyses, to markers identification. UPLC-Q-ToF-MS data was enhanced by the alignment of exact mass data from FTICR-MS, and marker peaks were identified using UPLC-Q-ToF-MS(2). In combination with multivariate statistical tools and the annotation of peaks with metabolites from relevant databases, this analytical process provides a fine description of the chemical complexity of wines, as exemplified in the case of red (Pinot noir) and white (Chardonnay) wines from various geographic origins in Burgundy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Roullier-Gall
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Dijon, France ; Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Régis D Gougeon
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg, Germany ; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Kasote D, Suleman T, Chen W, Sandasi M, Viljoen A, van Vuuren S. Chemical profiling and chemometric analysis of South African propolis. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lee J, Jung Y, Shin JH, Kim HK, Moon BC, Ryu DH, Hwang GS. Secondary metabolite profiling of Curcuma species grown at different locations using GC/TOF and UPLC/Q-TOF MS. Molecules 2014; 19:9535-51. [PMID: 25000465 PMCID: PMC6270825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcuma, a genus of rhizomatous herbaceous species, has been used as a spice, traditional medicine, and natural dye. In this study, the metabolite profile of Curcuma extracts was determined using gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF MS) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) to characterize differences between Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma longa grown on the Jeju-do or Jin-do islands, South Korea. Previous studies have performed primary metabolite profiling of Curcuma species grown in different regions using NMR-based metabolomics. This study focused on profiling of secondary metabolites from the hexane extract of Curcuma species. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) plots showed significant differences between the C. aromatica and C. longa metabolite profiles, whereas geographical location had little effect. A t-test was performed to identify statistically significant metabolites, such as terpenoids. Additionally, targeted profiling using UPLC/Q-TOF MS showed that the concentration of curcuminoids differed depending on the plant origin. Based on these results, a combination of GC- and LC-MS allowed us to analyze curcuminoids and terpenoids, the typical bioactive compounds of Curcuma, which can be used to discriminate Curcuma samples according to species or geographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Lee
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Korea.
| | - Youngae Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Korea.
| | - Jeoung-Hwa Shin
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Korea.
| | - Ho Kyoung Kim
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Byeong Cheol Moon
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Do Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Korea.
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Mushtaq MY, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, Wilson EG. Extraction for metabolomics: access to the metabolome. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:291-306. [PMID: 24523261 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The value of information obtained from a metabolomic study depends on how much of the metabolome is present in analysed samples. Thus, only a comprehensive and reproducible extraction method will provide reliable data because the metabolites that will be measured are those that were extracted and all conclusions will be built around this information. OBJECTIVE To discuss the efficiency and reliability of available sample pre-treatment methods and their application in different fields of metabolomics. METHODS The review has three sections: the first deals with pre-extraction techniques, the second discusses the choice of extraction solvents and their main features and the third includes a brief description of the most used extraction techniques: microwave-assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, Soxhlet and a new method developed in our laboratory--the comprehensive extraction method. RESULTS Examination of over 200 studies showed that sample collection, homogenisation, grinding and storage could affect the yield and reproducibility of results. They also revealed that apart from the solvent used for extraction, the extraction techniques have a decisive role on the metabolites available for analysis. CONCLUSION It is essential to evaluate efficacy and reproducibility of sample pre-treatment as a first step to ensure the reliability of a metabolomic study. Among the reviewed methods, the comprehensive extraction method appears to provide a promising approach for extracting diverse types of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Yahya Mushtaq
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Farag MA, Gad HA, Heiss AG, Wessjohann LA. Metabolomics driven analysis of six Nigella species seeds via UPLC-qTOF-MS and GC–MS coupled to chemometrics. Food Chem 2014; 151:333-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Khakimov B, Bak S, Engelsen SB. High-throughput cereal metabolomics: Current analytical technologies, challenges and perspectives. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Sardans J, Gargallo-Garriga A, Pérez-Trujillo M, Parella TJ, Seco R, Filella I, Peñuelas J. Metabolic responses of Quercus ilex seedlings to wounding analysed with nuclear magnetic resonance profiling. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:395-403. [PMID: 23590498 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivory at several levels. One of these is the synthesis of inducible chemical defences. Using NMR metabolomic techniques, we studied the metabolic changes of plant leaves after a wounding treatment simulating herbivore attack in the Mediterranean sclerophyllous tree Quercus ilex. First, an increase in glucose content was observed in wounded plants. There was also an increase in the content of C-rich secondary metabolites such as quinic acid and quercitol, both related to the shikimic acid pathway and linked to defence against biotic stress. There was also a shift in N-storing amino acids, from leucine and isoleucine to asparagine and choline. The observed higher content of asparagine is related to the higher content of choline through serine that was proved to be the precursor of choline. Choline is a general anti-herbivore and pathogen deterrent. The study shows the rapid metabolic response of Q. ilex in defending its leaves, based on a rapid increase in the production of quinic acid, quercitol and choline. The results also confirm the suitability of (1)H NMR-based metabolomic profiling studies to detect global metabolome shifts after wounding stress in tree leaves, and therefore its suitability in ecometabolomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sardans
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Catalonia, Spain; Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, CSIC, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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24
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Tugizimana F, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Dubery IA. Multi-platform metabolomic analyses of ergosterol-induced dynamic changes in Nicotiana tabacum cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87846. [PMID: 24498209 PMCID: PMC3909234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is providing new dimensions into understanding the intracellular adaptive responses in plants to external stimuli. In this study, a multi-technology-metabolomic approach was used to investigate the effect of the fungal sterol, ergosterol, on the metabolome of cultured tobacco cells. Cell suspensions were treated with different concentrations (0-1000 nM) of ergosterol and incubated for different time periods (0-24 h). Intracellular metabolites were extracted with two methods: a selective dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction and a general methanol extraction. Chromatographic techniques (GC-FID, GC-MS, GC × GC-TOF-MS, UHPLC-MS) and (1)H NMR spectroscopy were used for quantitative and qualitative analyses. Multivariate data analyses (PCA and OPLS-DA models) were used to extract interpretable information from the multidimensional data generated from the analytical techniques. The results showed that ergosterol triggered differential changes in the metabolome of the cells, leading to variation in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. PCA scores plots revealed dose- and time-dependent metabolic variations, with optimal treatment conditions being found to be 300 nM ergosterol and an 18 h incubation period. The observed ergosterol-induced metabolic changes were correlated with changes in defence-related metabolites. The 'defensome' involved increases in terpenoid metabolites with five antimicrobial compounds (the bicyclic sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins: phytuberin, solavetivone, capsidiol, lubimin and rishitin) and other metabolites (abscisic acid and phytosterols) putatively identified. In addition, various phenylpropanoid precursors, cinnamic acid derivatives and - conjugates, coumarins and lignin monomers were annotated. These annotated metabolites revealed a dynamic reprogramming of metabolic networks that are functionally correlated, with a high complexity in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Drug Discovery and Development, CSIR Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Farag MA, Weigend M, Luebert F, Brokamp G, Wessjohann LA. Phytochemical, phylogenetic, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of 43 Urtica accessions (stinging nettle) based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS metabolomic profiles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:170-183. [PMID: 24169378 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Several species of the genus Urtica (especially Urtica dioica, Urticaceae), are used medicinally to treat a variety of ailments. To better understand the chemical diversity of the genus and to compare different accessions and different taxa of Urtica, 63 leaf samples representing a broad geographical, taxonomical and morphological diversity were evaluated under controlled conditions. A molecular phylogeny for all taxa investigated was prepared to compare phytochemical similarity with phylogenetic relatedness. Metabolites were analyzed via UPLC-PDA-MS and multivariate data analyses. In total, 43 metabolites were identified, with phenolic compounds and hydroxy fatty acids as the dominant substance groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) provides a first structured chemotaxonomy of the genus. The molecular data present a highly resolved phylogeny with well-supported clades and subclades. U. dioica is retrieved as both para- and polyphyletic. European members of the U. dioica group and the North American subspecies share a rather similar metabolite profile and were largely retrieved as one, nearly exclusive cluster by metabolite data. This latter cluster also includes - remotely related - Urtica urens, which is pharmaceutically used in the same way as U. dioica. However, most highly supported phylogenetic clades were not retrieved in the metabolite cluster analyses. Overall, metabolite profiles indicate considerable phytochemical diversity in the genus, which largely falls into a group characterized by high contents of hydroxy fatty acids (e.g., most Andean-American taxa) and another group characterized by high contents of phenolic acids (especially the U. dioica-clade). Anti-inflammatory in vitro COX1 enzyme inhibition assays suggest that bioactivity may be predicted by gross metabolic profiling in Urtica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini st., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120Halle (Saale), Germany
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26
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Farag MA, El-Ahmady SH, Elian FS, Wessjohann LA. Metabolomics driven analysis of artichoke leaf and its commercial products via UHPLC-q-TOF-MS and chemometrics. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 95:177-87. [PMID: 23902683 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The demand to develop efficient and reliable analytical methods for the quality control of herbal medicines and nutraceuticals is on the rise, together with an increase in the legal requirements for safe and consistent levels of active principles. Here, we describe an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method (UHPLC) coupled with quadrupole high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS) analysis for the comprehensive measurement of metabolites from three Cynara scolymus (artichoke) cultivars: American Green Globe, French Hyrious, and Egyptian Baladi. Under optimized conditions, 50 metabolites were simultaneously quantified and identified including: eight caffeic acid derivatives, six saponins, 12 flavonoids and 10 fatty acids. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to define both similarities and differences among the three artichoke leaf cultivars. In addition, batches from seven commercially available artichoke market products were analysed and showed variable quality, particularly in caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoid and fatty acid contents. PCA analysis was able to discriminate between various preparations, including differentiation between various batches from the same supplier. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first approach utilizing UHPLC-MS based metabolite fingerprinting to reveal secondary metabolite compositional differences in artichoke leaf extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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27
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Metabolic study of grapevine leaves infected by downy mildew using negative ion electrospray – Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 795:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Data-handling strategies for metabonomic studies: example of the UHPLC-ESI/ToF urinary signature of tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1209-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Coupling ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: Constraints and possible applications. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:2-18. [PMID: 23062879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for plant metabolomics: A systematic comparison of high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight and single stage Orbitrap mass spectrometers. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Brusotti G, Cesari I, Dentamaro A, Caccialanza G, Massolini G. Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plant resources: the role of analysis in the ethnopharmacological approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:218-28. [PMID: 23591140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The phytochemical research based on ethnopharmacology is considered an effective approach in the discovery of novel chemicals entities with potential as drug leads. Plants/plant extracts/decoctions, used by folklore traditions for treating several diseases, represent a source of chemical entities but no information are available on their nature. Starting from this viewpoint, the aim of this review is to address natural-products chemists to the choice of the best methodologies, which include the combination of extraction/sample preparation tools and analytical techniques, for isolating and characterizing bioactive secondary metabolites from plants, as potential lead compounds in the drug discovery process. The work is distributed according to the different steps involved in the ethnopharmacological approach (extraction, sample preparation, biological screening, etc.), discussing the analytical techniques employed for the isolation and identification of compound/s responsible for the biological activity claimed in the traditional use (separation, spectroscopic, hyphenated techniques, etc.). Particular emphasis will be on herbal medicines applications and developments achieved from 2010 up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brusotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Center for Studies and Researches in Ethnopharmacy (C.I.St.R.E.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Metabolomics as a tool to investigate abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4885-911. [PMID: 23455464 PMCID: PMC3634444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14034885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites reflect the integration of gene expression, protein interaction and other different regulatory processes and are therefore closer to the phenotype than mRNA transcripts or proteins alone. Amongst all –omics technologies, metabolomics is the most transversal and can be applied to different organisms with little or no modifications. It has been successfully applied to the study of molecular phenotypes of plants in response to abiotic stress in order to find particular patterns associated to stress tolerance. These studies have highlighted the essential involvement of primary metabolites: sugars, amino acids and Krebs cycle intermediates as direct markers of photosynthetic dysfunction as well as effectors of osmotic readjustment. On the contrary, secondary metabolites are more specific of genera and species and respond to particular stress conditions as antioxidants, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavengers, coenzymes, UV and excess radiation screen and also as regulatory molecules. In addition, the induction of secondary metabolites by several abiotic stress conditions could also be an effective mechanism of cross-protection against biotic threats, providing a link between abiotic and biotic stress responses. Moreover, the presence/absence and relative accumulation of certain metabolites along with gene expression data provides accurate markers (mQTL or MWAS) for tolerant crop selection in breeding programs.
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Marti G, Erb M, Boccard J, Glauser G, Doyen GR, Villard N, Robert CAM, Turlings TCJ, Rudaz S, Wolfender JL. Metabolomics reveals herbivore-induced metabolites of resistance and susceptibility in maize leaves and roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:621-39. [PMID: 22913585 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivory by reprogramming their metabolism. Most research in this context has focused on locally induced compounds that function as toxins or feeding deterrents. We developed an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics approach to evaluate local and systemic herbivore-induced changes in maize leaves, sap, roots and root exudates without any prior assumptions about their function. Thirty-two differentially regulated compounds were identified from Spodoptera littoralis-infested maize seedlings and isolated for structure assignment by microflow nuclear magnetic resonance (CapNMR). Nine compounds were quantified by a high throughput direct nano-infusion tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method. Leaf infestation led to a marked local increase of 1,3-benzoxazin-4-ones, phospholipids, N-hydroxycinnamoyltyramines, azealic acid and tryptophan. Only few changes were found in the root metabolome, but 1,3-benzoxazin-4-ones increased in the vascular sap and root exudates. The role of N-hydroxycinnamoyltyramines in plant-herbivore interactions is unknown, and we therefore tested the effect of the dominating p-coumaroyltyramine on S. littoralis. Unexpectedly, p-coumaroyltyramine was metabolized by the larvae and increased larval growth, possibly by providing additional nitrogen to the insect. Taken together, this study illustrates that herbivore attack leads to the induction of metabolites that can have contrasting effects on herbivore resistance in the leaves and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva Switzerland
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Frolov A, Henning A, Böttcher C, Tissier A, Strack D. An UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of cell wall phenolics in Brassica napus seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1219-1227. [PMID: 23265434 DOI: 10.1021/jf3042648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The seed residues left after pressing of rapeseed oil are rich in proteins and could be used for human nutrition and animal feeding. These press cakes contain, however, antinutritives, with fiber being the most abundant one. The analysis of fiber phenolic component (localized to seed coat cell walls) is, therefore, important in breeding and food quality control. However, correct structure and content assignments of cell wall-bound phenolics are challenging due to their low stability during sample preparation. Here, a novel LC-MS/MS-based method for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of 66 cell wall-bound phenolics and their derivatives is described. The method was internally standardized, corrected for degradation effects during sample preparation, and cross-validated with a well-established UV-based procedure. This approach was successfully applied to the analysis of cell wall phenolic patterns in different B. napus cultivars and proved to be suitable for marker compound search as well as assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Frolov
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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35
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Detection of metabolite induction in fungal co-cultures on solid media by high-throughput differential ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:219-28. [PMID: 23466199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Access to new biological sources is a key element of natural product research. A particularly large number of biologically active molecules have been found to originate from microorganisms. Very recently, the use of fungal co-culture to activate the silent genes involved in metabolite biosynthesis was found to be a successful method for the induction of new compounds. However, the detection and identification of the induced metabolites in the confrontation zone where fungi interact remain very challenging. To tackle this issue, a high-throughput UHPLC-TOF-MS-based metabolomic approach has been developed for the screening of fungal co-cultures in solid media at the petri dish level. The metabolites that were overexpressed because of fungal interactions were highlighted by comparing the LC-MS data obtained from the co-cultures and their corresponding mono-cultures. This comparison was achieved by subjecting automatically generated peak lists to statistical treatments. This strategy has been applied to more than 600 co-culture experiments that mainly involved fungal strains from the Fusarium genera, although experiments were also completed with a selection of several other filamentous fungi. This strategy was found to provide satisfactory repeatability and was used to detect the biomarkers of fungal induction in a large panel of filamentous fungi. This study demonstrates that co-culture results in consistent induction of potentially new metabolites.
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36
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Strategies in biomarker discovery. Peak annotation by MS and targeted LC-MS micro-fractionation for de novo structure identification by micro-NMR. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1055:267-89. [PMID: 23963917 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-577-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In metabolomic studies the identification of biomarkers is a key step but represents a serious bottleneck since the de novo identification of natural products is a lengthy process. A strategy for the dereplication and peak annotation of plant biomarkers is presented based on high resolution mass spectra acquired on a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled to ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography and chemotaxonomy information. A rational approach for the targeted LC-MS micro-isolation of biomarkers followed by de novo identification by NMR at the microgram scale is described, based on gradient transfer from the analytical scale and chromatographic modelling. The methodology is illustrated by the identification of various stress biomarkers of the plant wound response using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model.
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Zhao H, Jiang M, Xie C, Song S, Wang J, Bai G, Luo G. Metabolic Fingerprinting ofacs7Mutant and Wild-TypeArabidopsis thalianaUnder Salt Stress by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole/Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.677984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Madala NE, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Dubery IA. Collision energy alteration during mass spectrometric acquisition is essential to ensure unbiased metabolomic analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:367-72. [PMID: 22699233 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics entails identification and quantification of all metabolites within a biological system with a given physiological status; as such, it should be unbiased. A variety of techniques are used to measure the metabolite content of living systems, and results differ with the mode of data acquisition and output generation. LC-MS is one of many techniques that has been used to study the metabolomes of different organisms but, although used extensively, it does not provide a complete metabolic picture. Recent developments in technology, for example the introduction of UPLC-ESI-MS, have, however, seen LC-MS become the preferred technique for metabolomics. Here, we show that when MS settings are varied in UPLC-ESI-MS, different metabolite profiles result from the same sample. During use of a Synapt UPLC-high definition MS instrument, the collision energy was continually altered (3, 10, 20, and 30 eV) during MS acquisition. PCA and OPLS-DA analysis of the generated UPLC-MS data of metabolites extracted from elicited tobacco cells revealed different clustering and different distribution patterns. As expected, ion abundance decreases with increasing collision energy, but, more importantly, results in unique multivariate data patterns from the same samples. Our findings suggest that different collision energy settings should be investigated during MS data acquisition because these can contribute to coverage of a wider range of the metabolome by UPLC-ESI-MS and prevent biased results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntakadzeni E Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
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Beets CA, Huang JC, Madala NE, Dubery I. Activation of camalexin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to perception of bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a gene-to-metabolite study. PLANTA 2012; 236:261-72. [PMID: 22350766 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as lipoglycan microbe-associated molecular pattern molecules, trigger activation of signal transduction pathways involved in defence that generate an enhanced defensive capacity in plants. The transcriptional regulation of the genes for tryptophan synthase B, TSB1, and the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases CYP79B2 and CYP71B15, involved in the camalexin biosynthetic pathway, were investigated in response to LPS treatment. GUS-reporter assays for CYP71B15 and CYP79B2 gene promoter activation were performed on transgenic plants and showed positive histochemical staining in response to LPS treatment, indicating activation of the promoters. Quantitative PCR revealed that transcripts of TSB1, CYP79B2 and CYP71B15 exhibited differential, transient up-regulation. TSB1 transcript levels were up-regulated between 6 and 9 h after LPS-induction, while CYP71B15 and CYP79B2 both exhibited maxima at 12 h. To obtain information on the gene-to-metabolite network, the effect of the transcriptome changes on the metabolome was correlated to camalexin production. Increases in camalexin concentration were quantified by ultra pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and both absorbance spectra and elemental composition confirmed its identity. The concentrations increased from 0.03 to 3.7 μg g(-1) fresh weight over a 24-h time period, thus indicating that the up-regulation of the biosynthetic pathway in response to LPS was accompanied by a time-dependent increase in camalexin concentration. Metabolomic analysis through principal component analysis-derived scores plots revealed clusters of sample replicates for 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h while loadings plots for LPS data identified camalexin as a biomarker that clearly demonstrated the variability between samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Ann Beets
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Funari CS, Eugster PJ, Martel S, Carrupt PA, Wolfender JL, Silva DHS. High resolution ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry dereplication strategy for the metabolite profiling of Brazilian Lippia species. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:167-78. [PMID: 22520638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants belonging to the Lippia genus have been widely used in ethnobotany throughout South and Central America and in tropical Africa as foods, medicines, sweeteners and in beverage flavouring. Various taxonomic problems involving some genera from Verbenaceae, including Lippia, have been reported. In this study, the metabolite profiling of fifteen extracts of various organs of six Lippia species was performed and compared using UHPLC-PDA-TOF-MS. Fourteen phenolic compounds that were previously isolated from L. salviaefolia Cham. and L. lupulina Cham. were used as references. The annotation of the remaining LC peaks was based on concomitant online high mass accuracy measurements and subsequent molecular formula assignments following these different steps: (i) elimination of non-coherent putative molecular formulae by heuristic filtering, (ii) verification of the occurrence of remaining molecular formulae in databases, (iii) cross search with reported compounds in the Lippia genus, (iv) match with reported UV spectra, (v) estimation of the chromatographic retention behaviour based on the log P parameter of reference compounds. This strategy is generic and time-saving, avoids isolation/purification procedures, enables an efficient LC peak annotation of most of the studied compounds and is well adapted for plant chemotaxonomic studies. Within this study, the interconversion of four flavanone glucoside isomers was additionally highlighted by analytical HPLC isolation and immediate analysis using fast UHPLC gradients. Dereplication results and hierarchical data analysis demonstrated that L. salviaefolia, L. balansae, L. velutina and L. sidoides displayed significant chemical similarities, while the compositions of L. lasiocalicyna and L. lupulina differed substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano S Funari
- NuBBE - Nucleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, CP 355, CEP 14801-970, Brazil
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Tugizimana F, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Dubery IA. Ergosterol-induced sesquiterpenoid synthesis in tobacco cells. Molecules 2012; 17:1698-715. [PMID: 22322447 PMCID: PMC6268458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have the ability to continuously respond to microbial signals in their environment. One of these stimuli is a steroid from fungal membranes, ergosterol, which does not occur in plants, but acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecule to trigger defence mechanisms. Here we investigated the effect of ergosterol on the secondary metabolites in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells by profiling the induced sesquiterpenoids. Suspensions of tobacco cells were treated with different concentrations (0-1,000 nM) of ergosterol and incubated for different time periods (0-24 h). Metabolites were extracted with a selective dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction method. Thin layer chromatography was used as a screening method for identification of sesquiterpenoids in tobacco extracts. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used for quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results showed that ergosterol triggered differential changes in the metabolome of tobacco cells, leading to variation in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Metabolomic analysis through principal component analysis-scores plots revealed clusters of sample replicates for ergosterol treatments of 0, 50, 150, 300 and 1,000 nM and time-dependent variation at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. Five bicyclic sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins, capsidiol, lubimin, rishitin, solavetivone and phytuberin, were identified as being ergosterol-induced, contributing to the altered metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa; (F.T.); (P.A.S.); (L.A.P.)
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa; (F.T.); (P.A.S.); (L.A.P.)
- Drug Discovery and Development, CSIR Biosciences, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa; (F.T.); (P.A.S.); (L.A.P.)
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa; (F.T.); (P.A.S.); (L.A.P.)
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Quantification of camalexin, a phytoalexin from Arabidopsis thaliana: A comparison of five analytical methods. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:260-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sorochinskii BV, Burlaka OM, Naumenko VD, Sekan AS. Unintended effects of genetic modifications and methods of their analysis in plants. CYTOL GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452711050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schmitt EK, Moore CM, Krastel P, Petersen F. Natural products as catalysts for innovation: a pharmaceutical industry perspective. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:497-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Masson P, Spagou K, Nicholson JK, Want EJ. Technical and Biological Variation in UPLC−MS-Based Untargeted Metabolic Profiling of Liver Extracts: Application in an Experimental Toxicity Study on Galactosamine. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1116-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac103011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Masson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Konstantina Spagou
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Elizabeth J. Want
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Handrick V, Vogt T, Frolov A. Profiling of hydroxycinnamic acid amides in Arabidopsis thaliana pollen by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2789-801. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Gaquerel E, Heiling S, Schoettner M, Zurek G, Baldwin IT. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for induced changes in Nicotiana attenuata leaves during simulated herbivory. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:9418-27. [PMID: 20701244 DOI: 10.1021/jf1017737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-TOF-MS) procedure was developed to characterize changes induced in Nicotiana attenuata leaves 1 h and 5 days after wounding and application of Manduca sexta elicitors. The constancy of the measurement conditions was first confirmed for 22 selected analytes spanning the entire chromatogram. Using the Profile Analysis software, we extracted 367 buckets, which were analyzed by principal component analysis and two-factorial ANOVA. One hundred seventy-three buckets were found to be statistically regulated, 128 due to time effects, and 85 due to treatment effects. In vivo 15N-isotope labeling was used to facilitate the annotation and the interpretation of the fragmentation pattern of nitrogen-containing metabolites, and a correlation analysis was performed to test mathematical relationships existing among potential in-source fragments. Additionally, tandem MS measurements of the most regulated ions are presented. Altogether, this study defines a framework for the mining and annotation of major herbivory-elicited changes in Nicotiana attenuata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Erb M, Glauser G. Family Business: Multiple Members of Major Phytohormone Classes Orchestrate Plant Stress Responses. Chemistry 2010; 16:10280-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nicoli R, Martel S, Rudaz S, Wolfender JL, Veuthey JL, Carrupt PA, Guillarme D. Advances in LC platforms for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:475-89. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441003733874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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50
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Boccard J, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S. Knowledge discovery in metabolomics: An overview of MS data handling. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:290-304. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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