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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Determination of physicochemical parameters of (bio)molecules and (bio)particles by capillary electromigration methods. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400174. [PMID: 38867483 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The review provides an overview of recent developments and applications of capillary electromigration (CE) methods for the determination of important physicochemical parameters of various (bio)molecules and (bio)particles. These parameters include actual and limiting (absolute) ionic mobilities, effective electrophoretic mobilities, effective charges, isoelectric points, electrokinetic potentials, hydrodynamic radii, diffusion coefficients, relative molecular masses, acidity (ionization) constants, binding constants and stoichiometry of (bio)molecular complexes, changes of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy and rate constants of chemical reactions and interactions, retention factors and partition and distribution coefficients. For the determination of these parameters, the following CE methods are employed: zone electrophoresis in a free solution or in sieving media, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography. In the individual sections, the procedures for the determination of the above parameters by the particular CE methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Electromigration methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Electromigration methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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MODELLING THE SIMULTANEOUS CHIRAL SEPARATION OF A GROUP OF DRUGS BY ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY USING MIXTURES OF CYCLODEXTRINS. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Thormann W, Mosher RA. Dynamic computer simulations of electrophoresis: 2010-2020. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:10-36. [PMID: 34287996 PMCID: PMC9292373 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The transport of components in liquid media under the influence of an applied electric field can be described with the continuity equation. It represents a nonlinear conservation law that is based upon the balance laws of continuous transport processes and can be solved in time and space numerically. This procedure is referred to as dynamic computer simulation. Since its inception four decades ago, the state of dynamic computer simulation software and its use has progressed significantly. Dynamic models are the most versatile tools to explore the fundamentals of electrokinetic separations and provide insights into the behavior of buffer systems and sample components of all electrophoretic separation methods, including moving boundary electrophoresis, CZE, CGE, ITP, IEF, EKC, ACE, and CEC. This article is a continuation of previous reviews (Electrophoresis 2009, 30, S16–S26 and Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 726–754) and summarizes the progress and achievements made during the 2010 to 2020 time period in which some of the existing dynamic simulators were extended and new simulation packages were developed. This review presents the basics and extensions of the three most used one‐dimensional simulators, provides a survey of new one‐dimensional simulators, outlines an overview of multi‐dimensional models, and mentions models that were briefly reported in the literature. A comprehensive discussion of simulation applications and achievements of the 2010 to 2020 time period is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Thormann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Hancu G, Papp LA, Tóth G, Kelemen H. The Use of Dual Cyclodextrin Chiral Selector Systems in the Enantioseparation of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:2261. [PMID: 33919692 PMCID: PMC8069766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives are the most efficient and frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). There are situations when the use of a single CD as CS is not enough to obtain efficient chiral discrimination of the enantiomers; in these cases, sometimes this problem can be resolved using a dual CD system. The use of dual CD systems can often dramatically enhance enantioseparation selectivity and can be applied for the separation of many analytes of pharmaceutical interest for which enantioseparation by CE with another CS systems can be problematic. Usually in a dual CD system an anionic CD is used together with a neutral one, but there are situations when the use of a cationic CD with a neutral one or the use of two neutral CDs or even two ionized CDs can be an efficient solution. In the current review we present general aspects of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceutical substances. Several examples of applications of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceuticals are selected and discussed. Theoretical aspects regarding the separation of enantiomers through simultaneous interaction with the two CSs are also explained. Finally, advantages, disadvantages, potential and new direction in this chiral analysis field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Hajnal Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
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Casado N, Saz JM, García MÁ, Marina ML. Modeling-based optimization of the simultaneous enantiomeric separation of multicomponent mixtures of phenoxy acid herbicides using dual cyclodextrin systems by Capillary Electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1610:460552. [PMID: 31547959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the Dubsky's model proposed for Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) enantioseparation systems with a mixture of chiral selectors was applied to the rapid optimization of the simultaneous enantiomeric separation of a multicomponent mixture of six phenoxy acid herbicides using a dual system of two cyclodextrins (CDs), (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-CD (HP-β-CD) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TM-β-CD). Simply by carrying out a small number of individual experiments separately with each CD, the Dubsky's model enabled to foresee the results that could be obtained for any possible combination of concentrations and relative proportion of both CDs in the mixture. Results obtained in this work demonstrated that the model was successful by improving the previous results experimentally obtained by the trial and error method for the simultaneous enantiomeric separation of the six phenoxy acid herbicides studied in this work. In fact, the separation was improved in terms of enantiomeric resolutions obtained (from 1.2 to 4.2 for concentrations of CDs of 4 mM HP-β-CD and 16 mM TM-β-CD) and by considerably reducing the time to optimize the separation conditions enabling to find, in a faster and efficient way, the most adequate proportion of both CDs and the concentration of each CD in the mixture to obtain baseline separation of the twelve enantiomers. Additionally, the apparent complexation constants between enantiomers and each CD were calculated. This is the first time that the above-mentioned model was applied to a multicomponent mixture of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Casado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - José María Saz
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
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Huang XY, Quan KJ, Pei D, Liu JF, Di DL. The development of biphasic chiral recognition in chiral separation. Chirality 2018; 30:974-981. [PMID: 29864196 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In chiral separation, enantioseparation factor is an important parameter which influences the resolution of enantiomers. In this current overview, a biphasic chiral recognition method is introduced to the readers. This method can significantly improve the enantioseparation factor in two-phase solvent through adding lipophilic and hydrophilic chiral selectors which have opposite chiral recognition ability to organic and aqueous phases, respectively. This overview presents the development and applications of biphasic chiral recognition in liquid-liquid extraction and counter current chromatography. It mainly focuses on the topics of mechanism, advantages and limitations, applications, and key factors of biphasic chiral recognition. In addition, the future outlook on development of biphasic chiral recognition also has been discussed in this overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kai-Jun Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jian-Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Duo-Long Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Liu Z, Du Y, Feng Z. Enantioseparation of drugs by capillary electrochromatography using a stationary phase covalently modified with graphene oxide. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-2014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Walz S, Weis S, Franz M, Rominger F, Trapp O. Investigation of the enantiomerization barriers of the phthalimidone derivatives EM12 and lenalidomide by dynamic electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:796-804. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Walz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sylvia Weis
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Mareike Franz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
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Liu R, Du Y, Chen J, Zhang Q, Du S, Feng Z. Investigation of the Enantioselectivity of Tetramethylammonium L-hydroxyproline Ionic Liquid as a Novel Chiral Ligand in Ligand-Exchange CE and Ligand-Exchange MEKC. Chirality 2014; 27:58-63. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaijing Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Feng
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
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Řezanka P, Navrátilová K, Řezanka M, Král V, Sýkora D. Application of cyclodextrins in chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2701-21. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Klára Navrátilová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Institute for Nanomaterials; Advanced Technologies and Innovation; Technical University of Liberec; Liberec Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
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Zhang J, Du Y, Zhang Q, Chen J, Xu G, Yu T, Hua X. Investigation of the synergistic effect with amino acid-derived chiral ionic liquids as additives for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1316:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Beneš M, Riesová M, Svobodová J, Tesařová E, Dubský P, Gaš B. Complexation of buffer constituents with neutral complexation agents: part II. Practical impact in capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8526-34. [PMID: 23895553 DOI: 10.1021/ac401381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article elucidates the practical impact of the complexation of buffer constituents with complexation agents on electrophoretic results, namely, complexation constant determination, system peak development, and proper separation of analytes. Several common buffers, which were selected based on the pH study in Part I of this paper series (Riesová, M.; Svobodová, J.; Tošner, Z.; Beneš, M.; Tesařová, E.; Gaš, B. Anal. Chem., 2013, DOI: 10.1021/ac4013804); e.g., CHES, MES, MOPS, Tricine were used to demonstrate behavior of such complex separation systems. We show that the value of a complexation constant determined in the interacting buffers environment depends not only on the analyte and complexation agent but it is also substantially affected by the type and concentration of buffer constituents. As a result, the complexation parameters determined in the interacting buffers cannot be regarded as thermodynamic ones and may provide misleading information about the strength of complexation of the compound of interest. We also demonstrate that the development of system peaks in interacting buffer systems significantly differs from the behavior known for noncomplexing systems, as the mobility of system peaks depends on the concentration and type of neutral complexation agent. Finally, we show that the use of interacting buffers can totally ruin the results of electrophoretic separation because the buffer properties change as the consequence of the buffer constituents' complexation. As a general conclusion, the interaction of buffer constituents with the complexation agent should always be considered in any method development procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beneš
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
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Navrátilová K, Řezanka P, Řezanka M, Sýkora D, Jindřich J, Král V. The study of enantioselectivity of all regioisomers of mono-carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin used as chiral selectors in CE. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1270-4. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Navrátilová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation; Technical University of Liberec; Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Jindřich
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Czech Republic
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Svobodová J, Beneš M, Hruška V, Ušelová K, Gaš B. Simulation of the effects of complex- formation equilibria in electrophoresis: II. experimental verification. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:948-57. [PMID: 22528415 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The complete mathematical model of electromigration in systems with complexation agents introduced in the Part I of this article (V. Hruška et al., Eletrophoresis, 2012, 33, this issue), which was implemented into our simulation program Simul 5, was verified experimentally. Three different chiral selector (CS) systems differing in the type of the CS, the magnitude of the complexation constants as well as in the experimental conditions were selected for verification. The experiments and simulations were performed at various concentrations of the CSs in order to discuss the influence of the concentration of the CS on the separation. The simulated and experimental electropherograms show very good agreement in the position, shape and amplitude of the analyte peaks. The new Simul 5 Complex offers a deep insight into electrophoretical separations that take place in systems containing complexing agents, for example into enantiomer separations. Using Simul 5 Complex we were able to predict and explain the significant electromigration dispersion of analyte peaks. It was clarified that the electromigration dispersion in these systems results directly from complexation. The new Simul 5 Complex was also shown to be a useful and powerful tool for the prediction of the results of enantioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Svobodová
- Charles University in Prague, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
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Svobodová J, Dubský P, Tesařová E, Gaš B. Accuracy and sensitivity of the determination of rate constants of interconversion in achiral and chiral environments by dynamic enantioselective electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:595-603. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen J, Du Y, Zhu F, Chen B. Evaluation of the enantioselectivity of glycogen-based dual chiral selector systems towards basic drugs in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Thormann W, Breadmore MC, Caslavska J, Mosher RA. Dynamic computer simulations of electrophoresis: A versatile research and teaching tool. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:726-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The main goal of this review is to provide a brief overview of chiral separations to researchers who are versed in the area of analytical separations but unfamiliar with chiral separations. To researchers who are not familiar with this area, there is currently a bewildering array of commercially available chiral columns, chiral derivatizing reagents, and chiral selectors for approaches that span the range of analytical separation platforms (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical-fluid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis). This review begins with a brief discussion of chirality before examining the general strategies and commonalities among all of the chiral separation techniques. Rather than exhaustively listing all the chiral selectors and applications, this review highlights significant issues and differences between chiral and achiral separations, providing salient examples from specific classes of chiral selectors where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Stalcup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, USA.
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Lin CE, Ko TC, Kuo CM, Trapp O, Lin WY, Lin CH, Wu JC, Liu YC. Determination of enantiomerization barrier of thioridazine by dynamic capillary electrophoresis using sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3071-3078. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Thormann W, Caslavska J, Breadmore MC, Mosher RA. Dynamic computer simulations of electrophoresis: Three decades of active research. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S16-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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