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Grossert JS, White RL. Fragmentation reactions of protonated α,ω-diamino carboxylic acids: The importance of functional group interactions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4770. [PMID: 34120394 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protonated members of a homologous series of biologically significant α,ω-diamino carboxylic acids were subjected to collision induced dissociation (CID). The resulting fragmentation patterns were studied using isotopic labeling, quantum mechanical computations, and pseudo MS3 experiments conducted primarily on an ion trap mass spectrometer. Each protonated α,ω-diamino acid showed a primary neutral loss of either ammonia or water; a clear explanation was developed for the observed variation of the two losses within the series. Protonated 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid, 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid, and 2,7-diaminoheptanoic acid gave secondary losses of water, carbon monoxide, and a loss of water plus carbon monoxide, respectively. In the parallel pathways characterized for the fragmentations of protonated ornithine and lysine, the α-nitrogen of the diamino acid was maintained in the cyclic iminium product formed by successive losses of NH3 and (H2 O + CO), whereas the side-chain nitrogen was retained by consecutive losses of H2 O and (CO, NH3 ). The 1-piperideine ion from protonated lysine was fragmented further, losing ethylene from carbons 4 and 5. Protonated 2,6-diaminopimelic acid fragmented by analogous reactions. Detailed mechanistic schemes for the fragmentation of both protonated 2,3-diaminopropanoic and ornithine were generated from MP2/DFT computations. This work highlights the participation of the side-chain amino group, which distinguishes the gas-phase chemistry of protonated α,ω-diamino acids from the well-documented fragmentation reactions of protonated α-amino acids bearing a hydrogen atom or an alkyl side chain. In general, the results further illustrate the importance of intramolecular separations affecting the specific interactions between functional groups leading to the fragmentation of multifunctional ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stuart Grossert
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert L White
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Cobzac SC, Gocan S. CHROMATOGRAPHY: RECENT PROGRESS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.647193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jakubowski H. Quality control in tRNA charging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2011; 3:295-310. [PMID: 22095844 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Faithful translation of the genetic code during protein synthesis is fundamental to the growth, development, and function of living organisms. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs), which define the genetic code by correctly pairing amino acids with their cognate tRNAs, are responsible for 'quality control' in the flow of information from a gene to a protein. When differences in binding energies of amino acids to an AARS are inadequate, editing is used to achieve high selectivity. Editing occurs at the synthetic active site by hydrolysis of noncognate aminoacyl-adenylates (pretransfer editing) and at a dedicated editing site located in a separate domain by deacylation of mischarged aminoacyl-tRNA (posttransfer editing). Access of nonprotein amino acids, such as homocysteine or ornithine, to the genetic code is prevented by the editing function of AARSs, which functionally partitions amino acids present in living cells into protein and nonprotein amino acids. Continuous editing is part of the tRNA aminoacylation process in living organisms from bacteria to human beings. Preventing mistranslation by the clearance of misactivated amino acids is crucial to cellular homeostasis and has a role in etiology of disease. Although there is a strong selective pressure to minimize mistranslation, some organisms possess error-prone AARSs that cause mistranslation. Elevated levels of mistranslation and the synthesis of statistical proteins can be beneficial for pathogens by increasing phenotypic variation essential for the evasion of host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Cobzac SC, Gocan S. SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: RECENT PROGRESS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.588064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Codruta Cobzac
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Simion Gocan
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca, Romania
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Anderson JT, Zeng M, Li Q, Stapley R, Moore DR, Chenna B, Fineberg N, Zmijewski J, Eltoum IE, Siegal GP, Gaggar A, Barnes S, Velu SE, Thannickal VJ, Abraham E, Patel RP, Lancaster JR, Chaplin DD, Dransfield MT, Deshane JS. Elevated levels of NO are localized to distal airways in asthma. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1679-88. [PMID: 21419218 PMCID: PMC3124865 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to the pathophysiology of asthma remains incompletely defined despite its established pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Induction of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase, and superoxide pathways is correlated with increased airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic subjects. To determine the contributions of these pathways in proximal and distal airways, we compared bronchial wash (BW) to traditional bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for measurements of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species, arginase activation, and cytokine/chemokine levels in asthmatic and normal subjects. Levels of NO were preferentially elevated in the BAL, demonstrating higher level NOS activation in the distal airway compartment of asthmatic subjects. In contrast, DHE(+) cells, which have the potential to generate reactive oxygen species, were increased in both proximal and distal airway compartments of asthmatics compared to controls. Different patterns of cytokines and chemokines were observed, with a predominance of epithelial cell-associated mediators in the BW compared to macrophage/monocyte-derived mediators in the BAL of asthmatic subjects. Our study demonstrates differential production of reactive species and soluble mediators within the distal airways compared to the proximal airways in asthma. These results indicate that cellular mechanisms are activated in the distal airways of asthmatics and must be considered in the development of therapeutic strategies for this chronic inflammatory disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology
- UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ryan Stapley
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | - Jaroslaw Zmijewski
- Department of Medicine
- UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Gene P. Siegal
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Cell Biology, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Surgery, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Birmingham, AL
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Sadanandan E. Velu
- Department of Chemistry, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Birmingham, AL
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Birmingham, AL
| | - Edward Abraham
- Department of Medicine
- UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rakesh P. Patel
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jack R. Lancaster
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL
| | - David D. Chaplin
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology
- UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Birmingham, AL
- Comprehensive Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Autoimmunity Center, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Jessy S. Deshane
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology
- UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Birmingham, AL
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Yang J, Ding L, Jin S, Liu X, Liu W, Wang Z. Identification and quantitative determination of a major circulating metabolite of gambogic acid in human. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:659-66. [PMID: 20149761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), a promising anticancer candidate, is a polyprenylated xanthone abundant in the resin of Garcinia morella and Garcinia hanburyi. The major circulating metabolite of GA in human, 10-hydroxygambogic acid (10-OHGA), was identified by comparison of the retention time and mass spectra with those of reference standard using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The reference standard of 10-OHGA was isolated from bile samples of rats after intravenous injection of GA injection, and its structure was confirmed by NMR. Then, a selective and sensitive method was developed for the quantitative determination of this metabolite in human plasma. After liquid-liquid extraction by ethyl acetate, the analyte and the internal standard were separated on a Sepax HPC18 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 3.0 microm) with a mobile phase of 10mM ammonium acetate water solution containing 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile (20:80, v/v). The detection was performed on a single quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 3-2000 ng/mL for 10-OHGA. The developed quantification method can now be used for the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies of 10-OHGA after intravenous infusion of GA injection in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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