1
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El Hawari K, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Verdon E. A new derivatizing reagent for the determination of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde in trout muscle by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 275:126084. [PMID: 38608344 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (5-NF) is an aldehyde aromatic organic compound that has been envisaged as an alternative marker for detecting nitrofurazone treatment abuse and to avoid the false positive results induced by the semicarbazide. Analyzing 5-NF presents challenges, and its derivatization reaction with hydrazine reagents is required to enhance the capability of its detection and its identification. This study aims at developping an analytical method for 5-NF determination in trout muscle samples based on chemical derivatization prior to analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Four commercially available hydrazine reagents, namely: N,N-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH), 4-Hydrazinobenzoic acid (HBA), 2,4-Dichlorophenylhydrazine (2,4-DCPH) and 2,6-Dichlorophenylhydrazine (2,6-DCPH) were proposed for the first time as derivatizing reagents in the analysis of 5-NF. The derivatization reaction was simultaneously performed along with the extraction method in acidic condition using ultrasonic assistance and followed by liquid extraction using acetonitrile. The efficiency of the chemical reaction with 5-NF was examined and the reaction conditions including the concentration of hydrochloric acid, pH, temperature, reaction time and the concentration of the derivatizing reagents were optimized. Experiments with fortified samples demonstrated that 2,4-DCPH derivatizing reagent at 20 mM for 20 min of ultrasonic treatment under acidic condition (pH 4) gave an effective sample derivatization method for 5-NF analysis. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear from 0.25 to 2 μg kg-1 with coefficient of determination >0.99. The recoveries ranged from 89 % to 116 % and precision was less than 13 %. The limit of detection and quantification were 0.1 and 0.2 μg kg-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled El Hawari
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306, Fougères, Cedex, France.
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306, Fougères, Cedex, France
| | - Eric Verdon
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, CS 40608, 35306, Fougères, Cedex, France
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2
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Wills R, Shirke R, Hrncir H, Talbott JM, Sad K, Spangle JM, Gracz AD, Raj M. Tunable fluorescent probes for detecting aldehydes in living systems. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4763-4769. [PMID: 38550703 PMCID: PMC10966992 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00391h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes, pervasive in various environments, pose health risks at elevated levels due to their collective toxic effects via shared mechanisms. Monitoring total aldehyde content in living systems is crucial due to their cumulative impact. Current methods for detecting cellular aldehydes are limited to UV and visible ranges, restricting their analysis in living systems. This study introduces an innovative reaction-based trigger that leverages the exceptional selectivity of 2-aminothiophenol for aldehydes, leading to the production of dihydrobenzothiazole and activating a fluorescence response. Using this trigger, we developed a series of fluorescent probes for aldehydes by altering the fluorophore allowing for excitation and emission wavelengths across the visible to near-infrared spectral regions without compromising the reactivity of the bioorthogonal moiety. These probes exhibit remarkable aldehyde chemoselectivity, rapid kinetics, and high quantum yields, enabling the detection of diverse aldehyde types, both exogenous and endogenous, within complex biological contexts. Notably, we employed the most red-shifted near-infrared probe from this series to detect aldehydes in living systems, including biliary organoids and mouse organs. These probes provide valuable tools for exploring the multifaceted roles of aldehydes in biological functions and diseases within living systems, laying the groundwork for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wills
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Rajendra Shirke
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Hannah Hrncir
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - John M Talbott
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Kirti Sad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Jennifer M Spangle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Adam D Gracz
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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3
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Idrees M, Hussain S, Salam A. Development of a Sensitive and Selective Method for the Determination of some Selected Aldehydes Based on Fluorescence Quenching. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:2253-2256. [PMID: 37010648 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenanthrene fluorescence quenching in anionic micellar system of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was explored for the development of a sensitive and selective method for a group of selected aldehydes (2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde, 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde, 4-aminobenzaldehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde and 2-methoxybenzaldehyde). Experiments were performed in 0.02 mol L- 1 SDS. All the studied aldehydes quenched the fluorescence intensity of the probe (phenanthrene). Stern-Volmer equation was useful in explaining the phenanthrene quenching by the studied aldehydes. Stern-Volmer constants ([Formula: see text]) were obtained as a result of using the Stern-Volmer equation that gives the information in respect of sensitivity of the method for the studied aldehydes. Greater the [Formula: see text] higher will be the sensitivity and vice versa. [Formula: see text], detection limit (DL) and quantification limit (QL) were observed in the order 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde > 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde > 4-aminobenzaldehyde > 4-nitrobenzaldehyde > 2-chlorobenzaldehyde > benzaldehyde > 2-methoxybenzaldehyde. Phenanthrene fluorescence quenching by the studied aldehydes is useful for their determination in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idrees
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan.
| | - Shah Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Salam
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan
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4
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Wills R, Farhi J, Czabala P, Shahin S, M Spangle J, Raj M. Chemical sensors for imaging total cellular aliphatic aldehydes in live cells. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8305-8314. [PMID: 37564401 PMCID: PMC10411626 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic aldehydes are reactive electrophilic carbonyls that cross-link with DNA and proteins leading to cellular toxicity and disease pathogenesis. This toxicity is due to the cooperative effect of multiple aldehydes via a common mechanism. Therefore, live-cell imaging of total aliphatic aldehydes, small-to-long chain (C1-C10), is highly desired to decipher their physiological and pathological functions. However, sensors for imaging total cellular aliphatic aldehydes are currently lacking despite their high concentrations (∼80 to >500 μM) inside cells. Herein, we report chemical sensors that generate a benzimidazole moiety upon reaction with aliphatic aldehydes of different chain lengths (C1-C10), resulting in turn-on fluorescence. These sensors exhibit high quantum yields, high dynamic range, and enable the quantification of changes in both the exogenous administration of aldehydes and endogenous real-time formation of aliphatic aldehydes in live mammalian cells. This tool has great potential to transform aldehyde research by illuminating cellular metabolites that have remained elusive in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wills
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jonathan Farhi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
| | | | - Sophia Shahin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jennifer M Spangle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA USA
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5
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A novel approach for the bioanalysis of short-lived aldehydes. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1317-1326. [PMID: 36541259 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The instability of aldehydes in biological matrices is associated with their reactions with thiol and amino moieties in proteins. This chemical reaction is reversible by nature and highly pH dependent. Method: A novel approach that includes protein precipitation with an acidic solution of acetonitrile/water/formic acid (85/14/1; v/v/v) was developed to efficiently recover Aldehyde-1 from plasma by shifting the equilibrium toward the formation of the free form. Results: This enabled the support of two GLP studies where Aldehyde-1 was administered to mice. The recovery of Aldehyde-1 from plasma exceeded 88% at three concentration levels. Plasma stability was confirmed at ambient conditions for 24 h and in the freezer for at least 43 (-20°C) and 64 (-70°C) days.
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6
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Trachootham D, Whanmek K, Praengam K, Temviriyanukul P, Santivarangkna C. Intake of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) fermented milk before drinking alcohol reduces acetaldehyde levels and duration of flushing in drinkers with wild-type and heterozygous mutant ALDH2: a randomized, blinded crossover controlled trial. Food Funct 2021; 12:10147-10159. [PMID: 34528981 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption leads to acetaldehyde accumulation, especially in people with mutant aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (ALDH2). Novel strategies to promote acetaldehyde detoxification are required to prevent alcohol-related toxicity. Probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) were shown to have in vitro capacity to detoxify acetaldehyde. This randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over trial investigated the effect of LGG fermented milk in people with ALDH2 polymorphisms after moderate alcohol intake. Ten healthy wild-type and ten heterozygous mutant ALDH2 Thai men were block randomized into two groups. Each group consumed a different sequence of 150 mL fermented milk containing 108 CFU mL-1 LGG and lactic-acidified milk (placebo), followed by five glasses of beer (0.4 g ethanol per kg body weight), with a one-week wash-out. Consuming LGG fermented milk before alcohol reduced areas under the response curves of blood and salivary acetaldehyde in wild-type and heterozygous mutant ALDH2 individuals (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Interestingly, participants with mutant ALDH2 responded better than wild-type participants for salivary acetaldehyde (90% vs. 70%, p < 0.001). Their durations of flushing were reduced when consuming LGG milk. Regardless of ALDH2 status, 105 CFU mL-1 LGG was retained in saliva at least 3.5 h after milk consumption. In conclusion, intake of LGG fermented milk before drinking alcohol reduces blood and salivary acetaldehyde levels and duration of flushing in drinkers with wild-type and heterozygous mutant ALDH2. The addition of exogenous capacity to detoxify acetaldehyde using the probiotic product could be a potential strategy to promote the alleviation of exposure to reactive and carcinogenic acetaldehyde associated with alcohol drinking in individuals with defective ALDH2 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunyaporn Trachootham
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Kanyawee Whanmek
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Kemika Praengam
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Chalat Santivarangkna
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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7
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David V, Moldoveanu SC, Galaon T. Derivatization procedures and their analytical performances for HPLC determination in bioanalysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5008. [PMID: 33084080 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Derivatization, or chemical structure modification, is often used in bioanalysis performed by liquid chromatography technique in order to enhance detectability or to improve the chromatographic performance for the target analytes. The derivatization process is discussed according to the analytical procedure used to achieve the reaction between the reagent and the target compounds (containing hydroxyl, thiol, amino, carbonyl and carboxyl as the main functional groups involved in derivatization). Important procedures for derivatization used in bioanalysis are in situ or based on extraction processes (liquid-liquid, solid-phase and related techniques) applied to the biomatrix. In the review, chiral, isotope-labeling, hydrophobicity-tailored and post-column derivatizations are also included, based on representative publications in the literature during the last two decades. Examples of derivatization reagents and brief reaction conditions are included, together with some bioanalytical applications and performances (chromatographic conditions, detection limit, stability and sample biomatrix).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor David
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Toma Galaon
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Bucharest-6, Romania
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8
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Hu YN, Chen D, Zhang TY, Ding J, Feng YQ. Use of ammonium sulfite as a post-column derivatization reagent for rapid detection and quantification of aldehydes by LC-MS. Talanta 2020; 206:120172. [PMID: 31514828 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tian-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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9
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Kishikawa N, El-Maghrabey MH, Kuroda N. Chromatographic methods and sample pretreatment techniques for aldehydes determination in biological, food, and environmental samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 175:112782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Thangaraj S, Voutilainen S, Andberg M, Koivula A, Jänis J, Rouvinen J. Bioconjugation with Aminoalkylhydrazine for Efficient Mass Spectrometry-Based Detection of Small Carbonyl Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13447-13453. [PMID: 31460473 PMCID: PMC6705233 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugation through oxime or hydrazone formation is a versatile strategy for covalent labeling of biomolecules in vitro and in vivo. In this work, a mass spectrometry-based method was developed for the bioconjugation of small carbonyl compounds (CCs) with an aminoalkylhydrazine to form stable hydrazone conjugates that are readily detectable with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Out of all hydrazine reagents tested, 2-(dimethylamino)ethylhydrazine (DMAEH) was selected for further analysis due to the fastest reaction rates observed. A thorough study of the reaction kinetics between structurally varied short-chain CCs and DMAEH was performed with the second-order reaction rate constants spanning in the range of 0.23-208 M-1 s-1. In general, small aldehydes reacted faster than the corresponding ketones. Moreover, a successful reaction monitoring of a deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase-catalyzed reversible retro-aldol cleavage of deoxyribose was demonstrated. Thus, the developed method shows potential also for ESI-MS-based enzyme kinetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil
K. Thangaraj
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sanni Voutilainen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, FI-020444 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Martina Andberg
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, FI-020444 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anu Koivula
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, FI-020444 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Juha Rouvinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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11
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Bioanalytical and Mass Spectrometric Methods for Aldehyde Profiling in Biological Fluids. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020032. [PMID: 31167424 PMCID: PMC6630274 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to aldehydes is implicated in multiple diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders (i.e., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases), and cancer. Because these compounds are strong electrophiles, they can react with nucleophilic sites in DNA and proteins to form reversible and irreversible modifications. These modifications, if not eliminated or repaired, can lead to alteration in cellular homeostasis, cell death and ultimately contribute to disease pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the methods and applications of aldehyde exposure measurements, with a particular focus on bioanalytical and mass spectrometric techniques, including recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based profiling methods for identifying potential biomarkers of aldehyde exposure. We discuss the various derivatization reagents used to capture small polar aldehydes and methods to quantify these compounds in biological matrices. In addition, we present emerging mass spectrometry-based methods, which use high-resolution accurate mass (HR/AM) analysis for characterizing carbonyl compounds and their potential applications in molecular epidemiology studies. With the availability of diverse bioanalytical methods presented here including simple and rapid techniques allowing remote monitoring of aldehydes, real-time imaging of aldehydic load in cells, advances in MS instrumentation, high performance chromatographic separation, and improved bioinformatics tools, the data acquired enable increased sensitivity for identifying specific aldehydes and new biomarkers of aldehyde exposure. Finally, the combination of these techniques with exciting new methods for single cell analysis provides the potential for detection and profiling of aldehydes at a cellular level, opening up the opportunity to minutely dissect their roles and biological consequences in cellular metabolism and diseases pathogenesis.
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12
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Wei Y, Wang M, Liu H, Niu Y, Wang S, Zhang F, Liu H. Simultaneous determination of seven endogenous aldehydes in human blood by headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1118-1119:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Santos PM, Del Nogal Sánchez M, Pozas ÁPC, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. Determination of ketones and ethyl acetate-a preliminary study for the discrimination of patients with lung cancer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5689-5696. [PMID: 28717894 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, ten possible volatile biomarkers of lung cancer (acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, 2-pentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 3-heptanone, 2-heptanone, 3-octanone, and 2-nonanone) have been analyzed to evaluate their different concentration levels in urine samples from lung cancer patients (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 12). The volatile compounds were generated with a headspace autosampler and analyzed with a gas chromatograph equipped with a programmed temperature vaporizer and mass spectrometry detector (HS-PTV-GC-MS). With the aim of evaluating the aforementioned differences, a Mann-Whitney U test and box-plots were obtained. Very good discrimination between cancer and control groups was achieved for three (ethyl acetate, 3-heptanone, and 3-octanone) of the ten analytes studied. With a view to assigning samples to the group of healthy or ill individuals, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test has been used. In spite of the small number of urine samples assayed, the results may suggest that the studied compounds could be considered useful tools in order to discern samples and they could be employed as a complementary test in a diagnosis. Graphical abstract Classification of samples (lung cancer patients and controls) with the Wilcoxon signed rank test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Martín Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Nogal Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ángel Pedro Crisolino Pozas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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14
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Dator R, Carrà A, Maertens L, Guidolin V, Villalta PW, Balbo S. A High Resolution/Accurate Mass (HRAM) Data-Dependent MS 3 Neutral Loss Screening, Classification, and Relative Quantitation Methodology for Carbonyl Compounds in Saliva. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:608-618. [PMID: 27785693 PMCID: PMC5772964 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl compounds (RCCs) are ubiquitous in the environment and are generated endogenously as a result of various physiological and pathological processes. These compounds can react with biological molecules inducing deleterious processes believed to be at the basis of their toxic effects. Several of these compounds are implicated in neurotoxic processes, aging disorders, and cancer. Therefore, a method characterizing exposures to these chemicals will provide insights into how they may influence overall health and contribute to disease pathogenesis. Here, we have developed a high resolution accurate mass (HRAM) screening strategy allowing simultaneous identification and relative quantitation of DNPH-derivatized carbonyls in human biological fluids. The screening strategy involves the diagnostic neutral loss of hydroxyl radical triggering MS3 fragmentation, which is only observed in positive ionization mode of DNPH-derivatized carbonyls. Unique fragmentation pathways were used to develop a classification scheme for characterizing known and unanticipated/unknown carbonyl compounds present in saliva. Furthermore, a relative quantitation strategy was implemented to assess variations in the levels of carbonyl compounds before and after exposure using deuterated d 3 -DNPH. This relative quantitation method was tested on human samples before and after exposure to specific amounts of alcohol. The nano-electrospray ionization (nano-ESI) in positive mode afforded excellent sensitivity with detection limits on-column in the high-attomole levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a method using HRAM neutral loss screening of carbonyl compounds. In addition, the method allows simultaneous characterization and relative quantitation of DNPH-derivatized compounds using nano-ESI in positive mode. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romel Dator
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andrea Carrà
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Laura Maertens
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Valeria Guidolin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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15
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Khamis MM, Adamko DJ, El-Aneed A. Mass spectrometric based approaches in urine metabolomics and biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:115-134. [PMID: 25881008 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Urine metabolomics has recently emerged as a prominent field for the discovery of non-invasive biomarkers that can detect subtle metabolic discrepancies in response to a specific disease or therapeutic intervention. Urine, compared to other biofluids, is characterized by its ease of collection, richness in metabolites and its ability to reflect imbalances of all biochemical pathways within the body. Following urine collection for metabolomic analysis, samples must be immediately frozen to quench any biogenic and/or non-biogenic chemical reactions. According to the aim of the experiment; sample preparation can vary from simple procedures such as filtration to more specific extraction protocols such as liquid-liquid extraction. Due to the lack of comprehensive studies on urine metabolome stability, higher storage temperatures (i.e. 4°C) and repetitive freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided. To date, among all analytical techniques, mass spectrometry (MS) provides the best sensitivity, selectivity and identification capabilities to analyze the majority of the metabolite composition in the urine. Combined with the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of MS, and due to the continuous improvements in its related technologies (i.e. ultra high-performance liquid chromatography [UPLC] and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography [HILIC]), liquid chromatography (LC)-MS is unequivocally the most utilized and the most informative analytical tool employed in urine metabolomics. Furthermore, differential isotope tagging techniques has provided a solution to ion suppression from urine matrix thus allowing for quantitative analysis. In addition to LC-MS, other MS-based technologies have been utilized in urine metabolomics. These include direct injection (infusion)-MS, capillary electrophoresis-MS and gas chromatography-MS. In this article, the current progresses of different MS-based techniques in exploring the urine metabolome as well as the recent findings in providing potentially diagnostic urinary biomarkers are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:115-134, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Khamis
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
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Serrano M, Gallego M, Silva M. Analysis of endogenous aldehydes in human urine by static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1437:241-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Baghdady YZ, Schug KA. Review of in situ derivatization techniques for enhanced bioanalysis using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:102-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Z. Baghdady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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Fernández-Molina JM, Silva M. LC–MS Analytical Method for Biomonitoring of Aliphatic and Aromatic Low-Molecular-Mass Aldehydes in Human Urine. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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Antón AP, Ferreira AMC, Pinto CG, Cordero BM, Pavón JLP. Headspace generation coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the automated determination and quantification of endogenous compounds in urine. Aldehydes as possible markers of oxidative stress. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1367:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Sun Z, Wang X, Cai Y, Fu J, You J. Development of a pair of differential H/D isotope-coded derivatization reagents d0/d3-4-(1-methyl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)phenlamine and its application for determination of aldehydes in selected aquatic products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 120:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Chromatographic determination of low-molecular mass unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection after fluorescence labeling with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-hydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 953-954:147-52. [PMID: 24614624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive, selective and reproducible chromatographic method is described for determination of low-molecular mass unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes in human serum. The method combines fluorescent labeling using 4-(N,N-Dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-hydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence. The derivatives were separated on a reversed-phase column C8 isocratically using a mixture of acetonitrile and 90mM imidazole-HNO3 buffer (pH 6.4, 1:1, % v/v). The calibration ranges were: 20-420nM for methylglyoxal, 16-320nM for acrolein, 15-360nM for crotonaldehyde and 20-320nM for trans-2-hexenal. The detection limits were ranged from 4.4 to 6.5nM (88-130fmol/injection), the recovery results were within the range of 87.4-103.8% and the intra and inter-day precision results were lower than 5.5%. The proposed validated method has been successfully applied to healthy, diabetic and rheumatic arthritis patients' sera with simple pretreatment method. In conclusion, this new method is suitable for routine analysis of large numbers of clinical samples for assessment of the oxidative stress state in patients.
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Chen F, Wang C, Zhang M, Zhang X, Liu Y, Ye J, Chu Q. Sensitive determination of endogenous hexanal and heptanal in urine by hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction prior to capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Talanta 2014; 119:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fernández-Molina JM, Silva M. Micro solid-phase derivatization analysis of low-molecular mass aldehydes in treated water by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:819-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Fernández-Molina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Marie-Curie Building (Annex); Rabanales Campus; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - Manuel Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Marie-Curie Building (Annex); Rabanales Campus; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
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24
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Enhancing sensitivity of ion mobility spectrometry determination of aldehydes by in situ gas phase derivatization with dibutylamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-013-0119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Abstract
LC with atmospheric pressure ionization MS is essential to a large number of quantitative bioanalyses for a variety of compounds, especially nonvolatile or highly polar compounds. However, in many instances, weak ionization, poor LC retention and instability of certain analytes hinder the development of the LC–MS/MS method. Chemical derivatization has been used for different classes of analytes to improve their ionization efficiency, chromatographic separation and chemical stability. This work presents an overview of chemical derivatization methods that have been applied to the quantitative LC–MS/MS analyses of nine classes of molecules, including aldehydes, amino acids, bisphosphonate drugs, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, nucleosides and their associated analogs, steroids, thiol-containing compounds and vitamin D metabolites, in biological matrices.
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Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Cation on Solid-Phase Analytical Derivatization as a Function of Analyte Lipophilicity. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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27
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Guadagni R, Miraglia N, Simonelli A, Silvestre A, Lamberti M, Feola D, Acampora A, Sannolo N. Solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method validation for the determination of endogenous substances: Urinary hexanal and heptanal as lung tumor biomarkers. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 701:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Amorisco A, Locaputo V, Mascolo G. Characterization of carbonyl by-products during Uniblu-A ozonation by liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1801-1811. [PMID: 21638355 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The structural elucidation of carbonyl-containing by-products arising from Uniblu-OH ozonation has been investigated by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) employing a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The by-products were derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, allowing the formation of [M-H](-) ions of the derivatives in the electrospray source. Exact mass measurements of both the [M-H](-) ions and their product ions allowed the elemental formulae and related structures of ten by-products to be determined confidently. The main degradation pathway were decarboxylation followed by further oxidation. It is noteworthy that the experimental procedure employed allowed the identification of both nitrogen- and sulphur-containing carbonyl by-products during Uniblu-OH ozonation. This result is of environmental relevance for monitoring the balance of organic nitrogen and sulphur during the ozonation of organic pollutants. These atoms, in fact, do not undergo complete mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amorisco
- Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
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29
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Iwasaki Y, Nakano Y, Mochizuki K, Nomoto M, Takahashi Y, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H. A new strategy for ionization enhancement by derivatization for mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1159-65. [PMID: 21382752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using atmospheric pressure ionization is drastically different from hitherto available analytical methods used to detect polar analytes. The electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) sources of MS have contributed to the advancement of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS techniques for the analysis of biological samples. However, one major obstacle is the weak ionization of some analytes in the ESI and APCI techniques. In this review, we introduce high-sensitivity methods using several derivatization reagents for ionization enhancement. We also present an overview of chemical derivatization methods that have been applied to small molecules, such as amino acids and steroids, in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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