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Impact of the Inoculation Method of Geotrichum candidum, Used as Biocontrol Agent, on T-2 Toxin Produced by Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae during the Malting Process. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040239. [PMID: 35448848 PMCID: PMC9026884 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In malt production, steeping and germination steps offer favorable environmental conditions for fungal proliferation when barley is already contaminated by Fusarium species, T-2 toxin producers. However, the use of G. candidum as a biocontrol agent can prevent this proliferation. Indeed, in previous work, a correlation between phenyllactic acid (PLA) production by G. candidum and the reduction in Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae growth and T-2 toxin concentration was demonstrated. In the present study, to improve the efficiency of G. candidum, the effects of the inoculum concentration and the inoculation method of G. candidum on PLA and T-2 toxin concentrations were evaluated. First, co-culture experiments with Fusarium species and G. candidum were conducted in a liquid synthetic medium. The results showed that inoculation of G. candidum in the freeze-dried form at 0.4 g/L allowed the production of PLA from the second day of incubation associated with a reduction in T-2 toxin concentration of 82% and 69% produced by F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae, respectively. Moreover, the activated form of G. candidum at 0.4 g/L enhanced PLA concentration leading to better T-2 toxin reduction. Second, experiments were conducted on artificially infected barley kernels with both Fusarium species under conditions mimicking the malting step. As for co-culture experiments, the use of the activated form of G. candidum was established as the best condition for T-2 toxin concentration reduction for a 3 day malting period.
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Verheecke-Vaessen C, Lopez-Pietro A, Garcia-Cela E, Medina A, Magan N. Intra-species variability in Fusarium langsethiae strains in growth and T-2/HT-2 mycotoxin production in response to climate change abiotic factors. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential intra-species variability of 3 Fusarium langsethiae strains in response to extreme climate change (CC) conditions on an oat-based matrix. The impact of elevated temperature (25 vs 30-34 °C) coupled with increasing drought stress (0.98 vs 0.95 aw) and elevated CO2 (400 vs 1000 ppm) were examined on lag phases prior to growth, growth rate, and production of the mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2 and their ratio. In comparison to the control conditions (25 °C; 0.98; 400 ppm), exposure to increased temperature (30-34 °C), showed similar reductions in the lag phase and fungal growth rates of all 3 strains. However, with elevated CO2 a reduction in both lag phases prior to growth and growth rate occurred regardless of the aw examined. For T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxin production, T-2 showed the most intra-species variability in response to the interacting abiotic stress factors, with the 3 strains having different environmental conditions for triggering increases in T-2 production: Strain 1 produced higher T-2 toxin at 25 °C, while Strain 2 and the type strain (Fl201059) produced most at 0.98 aw/30 °C. Only Strain 2 showed a reduction in toxin production when exposed to elevated CO2. HT-2 production was higher at 25 °C for the type strain and higher at 30-34 °C for the other two strains, regardless of the aw or CO2 level examined. The HT-2/T-2 ratio showed no significant differences due to the imposed interacting CC abiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - A. Lopez-Pietro
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering – Centro de Investigación Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - E. Garcia-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL109AB, United Kingdom
| | - A. Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - N. Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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Verheecke-Vaessen C, Garcia-Cela E, Lopez-Prieto A, Osk Jonsdottir I, Medina A, Magan N. Water and temperature relations of Fusarium langsethiae strains and modelling of growth and T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxin production on oat-based matrices. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 348:109203. [PMID: 33930835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the UK and Northern Europe, ripening oats can become contaminated with T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxins, produced mainly by Fusarium langsethiae. There are indicative levels related to the maximum limits for oat grain for these toxins. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of interacting conditions of temperature (10-30 °C) and water activity (aw, 0.995-0.90) on (a) lag times prior to growth, (b) growth and (c) T-2 and HT-2 toxins by two strains of F. langsethiae isolated from oats in the UK and compare this with the type strain (Fl201059) which has been genomically sequenced, and (d) develop (and validated with published data) a probabilistic models for impacts of temperature × aw on growth and toxin production. All three strains had an optimum aw range and temperature of 0.995-0.98 and 25 °C for growth. For T-2 + HT-2 production these were 0.995 aw and 20 °C. Overall, the type strain produced higher amounts of T-2 + HT-2 with a HT-2/T-2 ratio of up to 76. Using this study data sets and those from the literature, probabilistic models were developed and validated for growth and T-2 + HT-2 toxin production in relation to temperature × aw conditions. These models, when applied in stored oats, will be beneficial in determining the conditions on the relative level of risk of contamination with these two toxins in the context of the EU indicative maximum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Esther Garcia-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK; Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL109AB, UK
| | - Alejandro Lopez-Prieto
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK; Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering, Centro de Investigación Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Inga Osk Jonsdottir
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK
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Verheecke-Vaessen C, Monte J, Garcia-Cela E, Magan N, Medina A. Proof of concept: could snake venoms be a potential source of bioactive compounds for control of mould growth and mycotoxin production. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:459-465. [PMID: 32500546 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to screen 10 snake venoms for their efficacy to control growth and mycotoxin production by important mycotoxigenic fungi including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, Penicillium verrucosum, Fusarium graminearum and F. langsethiae. The Bioscreen C rapid assay system was used. The venoms from the Viperidae snake family delayed growth of some of the test fungi, especially F. graminearum and F. langsethiae and sometimes A. flavus. Some were also able to reduce mycotoxin production. The two most potent crude snake venoms (Naja nigricollis and N. siamensis; 41 and 43 fractions, respectively) were further fractionated and 83/84 of these fractions were able to reduce mycotoxin production by >90% in two of the mycotoxigenic fungi examined. This study suggests that there may be significant potential for the identification of novel fungistatic/fungicidal bioactive compounds as preservatives of raw and processed food commodities post-harvest from such snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK430AL, UK
| | - J Monte
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK430AL, UK.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829 516, Portugal
| | - E Garcia-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK430AL, UK.,Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL109AB, UK
| | - N Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK430AL, UK
| | - A Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK430AL, UK
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Kawtharani H, Snini SP, Heang S, Bouajila J, Taillandier P, Mathieu F, Beaufort S. Phenyllactic Acid Produced by Geotrichum candidum Reduces Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae Growth and T-2 Toxin Concentration. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E209. [PMID: 32224845 PMCID: PMC7232515 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusariumsporotrichioides and F. langsethiae are present in barley crops. Their toxic metabolites, mainly T-2 toxin, affect the quality and safety of raw material and final products such as beer. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce Fusarium spp. proliferation and T-2 toxin contamination during the brewing process. The addition of Geotrichum candidum has been previously demonstrated to reduce the proliferation of Fusarium spp. and the production of toxic metabolites, but the mechanism of action is still not known. Thus, this study focuses on the elucidation of the interaction mechanism between G.candidum and Fusarium spp. in order to improve this bioprocess. First, over a period of 168 h, the co-culture kinetics showed an almost 90% reduction in T-2 toxin concentration, starting at 24 h. Second, sequential cultures lead to a reduction in Fusarium growth and T-2 toxin concentration. Simultaneously, it was demonstrated that G. candidum produces phenyllactic acid (PLA) at the early stages of growth, which could potentially be responsible for the reduction in Fusarium growth and T-2 toxin concentration. To prove the PLA effect, F. sporotrichioides and F.langsethiae were cultivated in PLA supplemented medium. The expected results were achieved with 0.3 g/L of PLA. These promising results contribute to a better understanding of the bioprocess, allowing its optimization at an up-scaled industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Florence Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France; (H.K.); (S.P.S.); (S.H.); (J.B.); (P.T.)
| | - Sandra Beaufort
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France; (H.K.); (S.P.S.); (S.H.); (J.B.); (P.T.)
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Influence of Two Garlic-Derived Compounds, Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTS) and Propyl Propane Thiosulfinate (PTSO), on Growth and Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium Species In Vitro and in Stored Cereals. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090495. [PMID: 31461909 PMCID: PMC6783911 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two garlic-derived compounds, Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTS) and Propyl Propane Thiosulfinate (PTSO), were examined for their efficacy against mycotoxigenic Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. langsethiae, F. verticillioides). The objectives were to assess the inhibitory effect of these compounds on growth and mycotoxin production in vitro, and in situ in artificially inoculated wheat, oats and maize with one isolate of each respectively, at different water activity (aw) conditions when stored for up to 20 days at 25 °C. In vitro, 200 ppm of either PTS or PTSO reduced fungal growth by 50-100% and mycotoxin production by >90% depending on species, mycotoxin and aw conditions on milled wheat, oats and maize respectively. PTS was generally more effective than PTSO. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) were decreased by 50% with 80 ppm PTSO. One-hundred ppm of PTS reduced DON and ZEN production in wheat stored at 0.93 aw for 20 days, although contamination was still above the legislative limits. Contrasting effects on T-2/HT-2 toxin contamination of oats was found depending on aw, with PTS stimulating production under marginal conditions (0.93 aw), but at 0.95 aw effective control was achieved with 100 ppm. Treatment of stored maize inoculated with F. verticilliodies resulted in a stimulation of total fumonsins in most treatments. The potential use of such compounds for mycotoxin control in stored commodities is discussed.
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Li L, Xia LR, Zhao YF, Wang HY. Development of immune-affinity 96 spots monolith array for multiple mycotoxins detection in food samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1029-1030:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Krska R, Malachova A, Berthiller F, van Egmond H. Determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food and feed: an update. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the recent scientific opinion of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food and feed that was published by EFSA in the EFSA Journal, this article provides an update on the determination of these Fusarium mycotoxins. After a brief introduction into the chemistry of these toxins, both chromatographic and immuno-analytical methods are discussed for the determination of these type A trichothecenes. During the last decade, liquid chromatography with (tandem) mass spectrometry has become the most frequently used method for the determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, often within a multi-analyte approach. However, complex matrices and the resulting signal suppression effects, as observed particularly in electrospray-mass spectrometry methods owing to matrix effects, may require careful optimisation of clean-up, usage of matrix matched standards, or e.g. the use of internal standards. For specific purposes where extremely low limits of quantification are needed, e.g. for the analysis of duplicate diets, a dedicated gas chromatography method with multistage mass spectrometry has become available. Other novel analytical approaches to determine T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food and feed include biosensor-based methods in surface plasmon resonance and electrochemical formats, as well as DNA microchip assays. For rapid screening, several immunochemical methods (mostly ELISAs) have become available and some are sold as commercial test kits. Whereas these methods work fast, cross-reactivities with other trichothecenes can have an undesired effect on their accuracy. While proficiency tests including T-2 and HT-2 toxins have been carried out, none of the chromatographic or immunochemical methods have been formally validated in interlaboratory validation studies. There are no certified reference materials available for T-2 and HT-2 toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - A. Malachova
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - F. Berthiller
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Kokkonen M, Magan N, Medina A. Comparative effects of fungicides and environmental factors on growth and T-2 + HT-2 toxin production by Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium langsethiae strains on an oat-based matrix. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of the fungicides prochloraz and tebuconazole (0-1 µg/ml) on lag phase, growth rate, and T-2 + HT-2 toxin production by strains of Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium langsethiae on oat-based media under different conditions of water activity (aw; 0.98 and 0.95) × temperature (15 and 25 °C). Relative effective dose values for the fungicides required to inhibit growth by 50% (ED50) and 90% (ED90) and T-2 + HT-2 production were determined. The lag phases prior to growth were prolonged at the marginal aw × temperature conditions tested and by the presence of the fungicides. The growth rates of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae were similarly inhibited by prochloraz compared with the controls. However, in the presence of tebuconazole, F. langsethiae was much more tolerant with very little inhibitory effects of the fungicide. The ED50 values ranged from 0.08 to ≯1.0 µg/ml for prochloraz and from 0.34 to ≯1.0 µg/ml for tebuconazole in the case of F. sporotrichioides. For F. langsethiae, these values were 0.09 to ≯1.0 and 0.31 to ≯1.0 µg/ml at the two temperatures and aw levels tested. Prochloraz (0.2-0.4 µg/ml) effectively inhibited toxin production at 15 °C and the two aw levels examined. However, at 25 °C the fungicide was less effective, regardless of the aw level. For tebuconazole, there were significant differences in efficacy against the F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae strains. The latter species produced consistently higher amounts of T-2 + HT-2 toxin at both 15 and 25 °C and 0.98 aw. The differential tolerance to the fungicides between the fungal species is discussed in terms of growth and toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kokkonen
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Chemistry and Toxicology Unit, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - N. Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - A. Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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Mateo E, Valle-Algarra F, Jiménez M, Magan N. Impact of three sterol-biosynthesis inhibitors on growth of Fusarium langsethiae and on T-2 and HT-2 toxin production in oat grain under different ecological conditions. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen D, Cao X, Tao Y, Wu Q, Pan Y, Peng D, Liu Z, Huang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Yuan Z. Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with ultrasound-assisted extraction and auto solid-phase clean-up method for the determination of Fusarium toxins in animal derived foods. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:21-9. [PMID: 24011505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 19 Fusarium toxins and their metabolites including deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), neosolaniol (NEO), fusarenon-X (F-X), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), zearalanone (ZAN), zearalenone (ZON), α-Zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-Zearalenol (β-ZOL), a-Zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-Zearalanol (β-ZAL), T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol, deepoxy-deoxynialenol (DOM-1) in the muscle, liver, kidney, fat of swine, bovine and sheep, muscle and liver of chicken, muscle and skin of fish, as well as milk and eggs. Sample preparation procedure includes ultrasound-assisted extraction with acetonitrile/water (90/10, v/v), defatting with n-hexane and final clean-up with auto solid phase extraction (SPE) on Bond Elut Mycotoxin cartridges. The detection and quantification of the analytes were performed by a reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). DON, NIV, DOM-1, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, F-X, ZON, ZAN, α-ZOL, β-ZOL, α-ZAL, β-ZAL, T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol were detected in a negative ion mode, while T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, NEO, DAS and MAS were detected in a positive ion mode. The CCα and CCβ of the analytes in different samples varied from 0.16 to 1.37μg/kg and 0.33 to 2.34μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of spiked sample from 0.5μg/kg to 8μg/kg ranged from 64.8% to 108.2% with the relative standard deviations of less than 19.4%. Performances of the whole analytical procedure meet the criteria established by the European Commission for mass spectrometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues and National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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12
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Kokkonen M, Medina A, Magan N. Comparative study of water and temperature relations of growth and T-2/HT-2 toxin production by strains of Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium langsethiae. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study has compared the effect of water activity (aw, 0.995-0.93) and two temperatures (15, 25 °C) on the growth and HT-2 and T-2 toxin production by three strains of Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium langsethiae in an oat-based medium. There were very little intra-strain differences for each of the species in relation to growth at 0.995-0.93 aw and 15 and 25 °C. Inter-species comparisons showed that at 0.995 and 0.98 aw growth was similar at both temperatures. However, under water stress at 0.95 and 0.93 awF. sporotrichioides strains were more tolerant than those of F. langsethiae. Statistical analyses showed that aw and temperature were significant factors for both species, while strain differences were not (P=0.05). In contrast, the patterns of production of T-2 and HT-2 toxins were very different from that for growth. For F. sporotrichioides, a generally higher amount of toxin was produced at 15 than at 25 °C, with a maximum produced at 0.995 aw, while the production decreased with water stress. Interestingly, maximum production of T-2+HT-2 toxin was achieved by F. langsethiae at 0.98 aw and 25 °C, with very little produced at 0.93 aw. Statistically, aw was the most significant (P=0.05) factor for the mean of the three strains of both species with a significant inter-species difference in terms of toxin production. This was confirmed by the changes in the ratio of HT-2:T-2 toxin in relation to the aw × temperature conditions studied. These results are discussed in the context of the effect of environment on the relative importance of these two species in contaminating oats with these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kokkonen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Chemistry and Toxicology Unit, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Vincent Building, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - A. Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Vincent Building, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - N. Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Vincent Building, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2010-2011. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2010 and mid-2011. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Analytical methods for mycotoxins continue to be developed and published. Despite much interest in immunochemical methods and in the rapid development of LC-MS methodology, more conventional methods, sometimes linked to novel clean-up protocols, have also been the subject of research publications over the above period. Occurrence of mycotoxins falls outside the main focus of this review; however, where relevant to analytical method development, this has been mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Ctra. Pozuelo a Majadahonda km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jonker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
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Determination of HT-2 and T-2 toxins in oats and wheat by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. Talanta 2012; 89:231-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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16
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Mateo EM, Valle-Algarra F, Mateo R, Jiménez M, Magan N. Effect of fenpropimorph, prochloraz and tebuconazole on growth and production of T-2 and HT-2 toxins by Fusarium langsethiae in oat-based medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:289-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Medina A, Magan N. Temperature and water activity effects on production of T-2 and HT-2 by Fusarium langsethiae strains from north European countries. Food Microbiol 2010; 28:392-8. [PMID: 21356443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study has examined the effect of ecophysiological factors, water activity (a(w), 0.995-0.90) and temperature (10-37 °C), on the T-2 and HT-2 toxins production by Fusarium langsethiae. Two dimensional profiles for optimum and marginal conditions have been built for two strains from each of four northern European countries (UK, Norway, Sweden, Finland) on an oat-based medium. This showed that the optimum a(w) and temperature conditions for T-2 + HT-2 production was between 0.98-0.995, and 20-30 °C respectively. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of ranks showed a statistically significant differences between the different a(w) levels examined (P < 0.001) but no significant effect of the temperatures examined. The ratio of HT-2/T-2 was investigated and non-uniform distribution of HT-2 toxin was found under different ecological conditions. No statistically significant differences were found for the mean toxin production between strains from the different countries. Intra-strain differences in toxin production was only found for those from Finland (P-value = 0.0247). The growth/no growth and toxin/no toxin conditions in relation to a(w) x temperature have been constructed for the first time. This knowledge will be useful in developing prevention strategies to minimise T-2 and HT-2 toxin contamination by strains of F. langsethiae on important small grain cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
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