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Palagama DSW, Baliu-Rodriguez D, Lad A, Levison BS, Kennedy DJ, Haller ST, Westrick J, Hensley K, Isailovic D. Development and applications of solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for quantification of microcystins in urine, plasma, and serum. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1573:66-77. [PMID: 30201162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protocols for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of six microcystins (MCs; MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA, MC-LF, MC-LW, and MC-YR) from mouse urine, mouse plasma, and human serum are reported. The quantification of those MCs in biofluids was achieved using HPLC-orbitrap-MS in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode, and MCs in urine samples were also quantified by ultra-HPLC-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Under optimal conditions, the extraction recoveries of MCs from samples spiked at two different concentrations (1 μg/L and 10 μg/L) ranged from 90.4% to 104.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 4.7% for mouse urine, 90.4-106.9% with RSDs ≤ 6.3% for mouse plasma, and 90.0-104.8% with RSDs ≤ 5.0% for human serum. Matrix-matched internal standard calibration curves were linear with R2 ≥ 0.9950 for MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR, and R2 ≥ 0.9883 for MC-LA, MC-LF, and MC-LW. The limits of quantification (LOQs) in spiked urine samples were ∼0.13 μg/L for MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR, and ∼0.50 μg/L for MC-LA, MC-LF, and MC-LW, while the LOQs in spiked plasma and serum were ∼0.25 μg/L for MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR, and ∼1.00 μg/L for MC-LA, MC-LF, and MC-LW. The developed methods were applied in a proof-of-concept study to quantify urinary and blood concentrations of MC-LR after oral administration to mice. The urine of mice administered 50 μg of MC-LR per kg bodyweight contained on average 1.30 μg/L of MC-LR (n = 8), while mice administered 100 μg of MC-LR per kg bodyweight had average MC-LR concentration of 2.82 μg/L (n = 8). MC-LR was also quantified in the plasma of the same mice. The results showed that increased MC-LR dosage led to larger urinary and plasma MC-LR concentrations and the developed methods were effective for the quantification of MCs in mouse biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilrukshika S W Palagama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - David Baliu-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Apurva Lad
- Department of Medicine, Health Science Campus, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Bruce S Levison
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Campus, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - David J Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Health Science Campus, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Steven T Haller
- Department of Medicine, Health Science Campus, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, AR 72916, United States
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
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Analysis of microcystin-LR and nodularin using triple quad liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and histopathology in experimental fish. Toxicon 2017; 138:82-88. [PMID: 28803056 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic cyanobacterial metabolites produced sporadically in aquatic environments under favorable environmental conditions. Affinity of these toxins to covalently bind with protein phosphatases poses a challenge in their detection. Lemieux oxidation to release 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB), a common moiety to all MCs congeners, has been used in detection of these compounds, however a lack of sensitivity has limited the usefulness of the method. In this study, modifications of the oxidation and solid phase extraction procedures, combined with a sensitive LC/MS/MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) detection, have resulted in 25 ng/g method detection limits in both liver and plasma samples. Samples harvested from six fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) dosed intraperitoneally with a sublethal MC-LR dose of 250 μg/kg were analyzed, and microcystin concentrations ranging from 370 to 670 ng/g in plasma and 566-1030 ng/g in liver were detected. Similarly, 250 μg/kg nodularin-dosed channel catfish fish were found to contain 835-1520 ng/g in plasma and 933-1140 ng/g in liver. Detection of the toxins in serum and liver combined with the presence of histopathological lesions consistent with these hepatocellular toxin in exposed fish and no positive findings in the control fish demonstrates the usefulness of this analytical procedure for the diagnosis of suspected algal toxicity cases.
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Bogialli S, Bortolini C, Di Gangi IM, Di Gregorio FN, Lucentini L, Favaro G, Pastore P. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric methods for the surveillance monitoring of cyanotoxins in freshwaters. Talanta 2017; 170:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wei H, Yang F, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Yan Y, Liang G, Yin L, Pu Y. Electrospun polymer nanofibres as solid-phase extraction sorbents for extraction and quantification of microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:2796-2802. [PMID: 25978348 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1049213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun polymer nanofibres were used as novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents to extract and quantify the microcystins (MCs) including microcystin-RR (MC-RR) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) from in-suit water samples. The parameters that influenced the extraction efficiency were studied, including the amount of nanofibre, eluted solvent, eluted volume, pH, and the water sample volume. Under optimized conditions, a linear response for MC-RR and MC-LR over the range of 0.25-4 µg/L was achieved with r(2) values of 0.998 and 0.997, respectively. The extraction recovery of MC-RR and MC-LR was 97-102% and 98-100%, respectively, when the MC concentration was 0.25-4 µg/L. When their concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.25 µg/L, the MCs could be detected with high accuracy by the nanofibre SPE sorbent combined with nitrogen gas. Due to its simplicity, environment-friendliness, high efficiency, reusability, and sensitivity, the electrospun polymer nanofibre can be applied as a novel SPE sorbent to extract and detect the MCs from in-suit water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiYan Wei
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education , School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- b Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , School of Public Health, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410078 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- c Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education , Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , People's Republic of China
| | - YuanLong Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education , School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yan
- c Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education , Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , People's Republic of China
| | - GeYu Liang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education , School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - LiHong Yin
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education , School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - YuePu Pu
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education , School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
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Li W, Xie P, Chen J, He J, Guo X, Yu D, Chen L. Quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of microcystin-RR and its glutathione and cysteine conjugates in fish plasma and bile. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 963:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Geis-Asteggiante L, Lehotay SJ, Fortis LL, Paoli G, Wijey C, Heinzen H. Development and validation of a rapid method for microcystins in fish and comparing LC-MS/MS results with ELISA. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2617-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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