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Development and multicenter validation of an LC–MS-based bioanalytical method for antisense therapeutics. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1213-1227. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many bioanalytical methods for antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) using LC–MS have been reported. However, no data have been available on the reproducibility and robustness of a single bioanalytical method for ASOs. As such, in the current study, we evaluated the reproducibility and robustness of LC–MS-based bioanalytical methods for ASOs in multiple laboratories. Methods/Results: Seven independent laboratories were included in this study. Mipomersen was measured by ion-pairing LC–MS (IP-LC–MS) as a model ASO using different LC–MS. The validation results of calibration curve, accuracy, precision and selectivity met the criteria of conventional bioanalytical method validation guidelines using LC/GC–MS for drugs in all laboratories. Meanwhile, carryover (>20%) was detected in three laboratories. Conclusion: We first demonstrated the multicenter-validated IP-LC–MS bioanalytical method for ASOs. Our data showed that the method was sensitive, robust and reproducible. However, the occurrence of carryover should be carefully monitored in its future application.
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Highlights of the 12th Japan Bioanalysis Forum Symposium. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1653-1657. [PMID: 34657482 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 300 people associated with pharmaceutical industries, contractors, academic institutions and regulatory authorities attended the 12th Japan Bioanalysis Forum Symposium. The webinar was conducted from 9 to 11 March 2021. The theme of the symposium was 'for the next generation', and the event provided 'an opportunity for young researchers in bioanalysis (including students)' and 'an opportunity to discuss new frontiers of bioanalysis'. The speakers focused on hot topics of bioanalysis, including biomarker analysis, patient centric sampling, virtual clinical trials, gene therapy, cancer genome medicine and therapeutic middle molecules. The symposium presented a platform for the discussion of the prospects and challenges facing bioanalysts working in the field of pharmacokinetics. This report presents the key issues discussed.
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Bioanalysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibody by peptide adsorption-controlled LC-MS. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:265-276. [PMID: 33543661 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to develop an easy, low-cost and versatile mass spectrometric method for the bioanalysis of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) in human serum that employs peptide adsorption-controlled (PAC)-LC/MS using selected reaction monitoring mode (LC-MS/MS-SRM). Materials & methods: Rituximab was used as a model mAb. To apply the method to human serum samples, a peptide of the complementarity-determining region was selected as the surrogate peptide. The usefulness of PAC-LC-MS/MS-SRM was evaluated by a collaborative study. Results: The calibration curve ranged from 0.5 (or 1.0) to 1000.0 μg/ml. The selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision met the predefined acceptance criteria. Conclusion: Our method could be a useful bioanalytical method for the quantification of mAbs in clinical samples.
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Seino Y, Nakamura T, Harada T, Nakahata N, Kawarabayashi T, Ueda T, Takatama M, Shoji M. Quantitative Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-β Species by Mass Spectrometry. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 79:573-584. [PMID: 33337370 PMCID: PMC7902963 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: High sensitivity liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was recently introduced to measure amyloid-β (Aβ) species, allowing for a simultaneous assay that is superior to ELISA, which requires more assay steps with multiple antibodies. Objective: We validated the Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-43 assay by LC-MS/MS and compared it with ELISA using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples to investigate its feasibility for clinical application. Methods: CSF samples from 120 subjects [8 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with dementia (ADD), 2 mild cognitive dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI), 14 cognitively unimpaired (CU), and 96 neurological disease subjects] were analyzed. Aβ species were separated using the Shimadzu Nexera X2 system and quantitated using a Qtrap 5500 LC-MS/MS system. Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels were validated using ELISA. Results: CSF levels in CU were 666±249 pmol/L in Aβ1-38, 2199±725 pmol/L in Aβ1-40, 153.7±79.7 pmol/L in Aβ1-42, and 9.78±4.58 pmol/L in Aβ1-43. The ratio of the amounts of Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-43 was approximately 68:225:16:1. Linear regression analyses showed correlations among the respective Aβ species. Both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 values were strongly correlated with ELISA measurements. No significant differences were observed in Aβ1-38 or Aβ1-40 levels between AD and CU. Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 levels were significantly lower, whereas the Aβ1-38/1-42, Aβ1-38/1-43, and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-43 ratios were significantly higher in AD than in CU. The basic assay profiles of the respective Aβ species were adequate for clinical usage. Conclusion: A quantitative LC-MS/MS assay of CSF Aβ species is as reliable as specific ELISA for clinical evaluation of CSF biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Seino
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki National Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomoo Harada
- Bioanalysis Department, LSI Medience Corporation, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakahata
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Therapy, Hirosaki University of Health and Welfare, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Ueda
- Bioanalysis Department, LSI Medience Corporation, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Takatama
- Dementia Center, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Dementia Center, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Iwamoto M, Yamaguchi T, Sekiguchi Y, Oishi S, Shiiki T, Soma M, Nakamura K, Yoshida M, Chaya H, Mori Y, Miyauchi R, Hasegawa J, Nagayama T, Honda T. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Glyco-Modified Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Derivatives Synthesized Using Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis Approaches. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2829-2837. [PMID: 30107743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) exerts beneficial pharmacological effects in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders, such as acute congestive heart failure (ADHF). However, the clinical use of ANP is limited to the continuous intravenous infusion owing to its short half-life (2.4 ± 0.7 min). In the present study, we conjugated the glyco-modified ANP with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) or an Fc via chemo-enzymatic glyco-engineering using EndoS D233Q/Q303L. The most potent derivative SG-ANP-Fc conjugate extended the half-life to 14.9 d and the duration of blood pressure lowering effect to over 28 d. This new biologic modality provides an opportunity to develop outpatient therapy after ADHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Iwamoto
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Yukiko Sekiguchi
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Shohei Oishi
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiiki
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Masako Soma
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Chaya
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Yutaka Mori
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Ryuki Miyauchi
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Jun Hasegawa
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagayama
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Honda
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
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Lin PP, Chen WL, Yuan F, Sheng L, Wu YJ, Zhang WW, Li GQ, Xu HR, Li XN. An UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of human amyloid beta peptides Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid using micro-elution solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1070:82-91. [PMID: 29102244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in cerebrospinal fluid are extensively estimated for identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as diagnostic biomarkers. Unfortunately, their pervasive application is hampered by interference from Aβ propensity of self-aggregation, nonspecifically bind to surfaces and matrix proteins, and by lack of quantitive standardization. Here we report on an alternative Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous measurement of human amyloid beta peptides Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using micro-elution solid phase extraction (SPE). Samples were pre-processing by the mixed-mode micro-elution solid phase extraction and quantification was performed in the positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using electrospray ionization. The stable-isotope labeled Aβ peptides 15N51- Aβ1-38, 15N53- Aβ1-40 and 15N55- Aβ1-42 peptides were used as internal standards. And the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing 5% rat plasma was used as a surrogate matrix for calibration curves. The quality control (QC) samples at 0.25, 2 and 15ng/mL were prepared. A "linear" regression (1/x2 weighting): y=ax+b was used to fit the calibration curves over the concentration range of 0.1-20ng/mL for all three peptides. Coefficient of variation (CV) of intra-batch and inter-batch assays were all less than 6.44% for Aβ1-38, 6.75% for Aβ1-40 and 10.74% for Aβ1-42. The precision values for all QC samples of three analytes met the acceptance criteria. Extract recoveries of Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 were all greater than 70.78%, both in low and high QC samples. The stability assessments showed that QC samples at both low and high levels could be stable for at least 24h at 4°C, 4h at room temperature and through three freeze-thaw cycles without sacrificing accuracy or precision. And no significant carryover effect was observed. This validated UHPLC/MS/MS method was successfully applied to the quantitation of Aβ peptides in real human CSF samples. Our work may provide a reference method for simultaneous quantitation of human Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 from CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Li Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Hong-Rong Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xue-Ning Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Miyachi A, Kondo F, Kurita M, Tsuji K, Harada KI. Microbial degradation of linear peptides by strain B-9 of Sphingosinicella and its application in peptide quantification using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:724-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Amao M, Kitahara Y, Tokunaga A, Shimbo K, Eto Y, Yamada N. Simultaneous quantification of intracellular and secreted active and inactive glucagon-like peptide-1 from cultured cells. Anal Biochem 2015; 472:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Yao JF, Zhou N, Bai L, Xu PX, Liu KL, Xue M. Simultaneous determination of five novel luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists by LC-MS and pharmacokinetics in rats following cassette dosing. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 962:94-101. [PMID: 24911546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Long acting luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonists designed to be protease-resistant were a series of novel decapeptides structurally similar to LHRH. In the present work, a high-throughput method based on a LC-MS/MS has been developed for the simultaneous determination of pharmacokinetics of five LHRH antagonists in rat via cassette dosing. The method was performed under selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in positive ion mode. The analytes were extracted from rat plasma by liquid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation of the analytes was successfully achieved on a Hypersil Gold (100mm×2.1mm, 3μm) using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-water (30:70) containing 0.05% (v/v) formic acid. The result showed good linearity and selectivity were obtained for all antagonists. The limits of quantification of the five LHRH antagonists were from 5 to 10ng/mL. The average extract recoveries in the rat plasma were all over 72%. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (R.S.D. %) were all within 10% and the accuracy was ranged from 92.54 to 109.05%. This method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of the five LHRH antagonists. The results indicated that the plasma drug concentrations versus time curves after intravenous injection of five antagonists via cassette dosing were all fitted to a two-compartment model. The pharmacokinetic parameters of five LHRH antagonists suggested that LY616 could be the more stable candidate drugs and optimized as the candidate drug for further study. Our studies enabled high-throughput rapid screening for pharmacokinetic assessment of new peptide candidates, and provided abundant information on the metabolic properties of these LHRH antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China; Yanjing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China; Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing, China
| | - Ping-Xiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China; Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Liang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ming Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China; Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing, China.
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10
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Shin YG, Hamm L, Murakami S, Buirst K, Buonarati MH, Cox A, Regal K, Hunt KW, Scearce-Levie K, Watts RJ, Liu X. Qualification and application of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of human Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 peptides in transgenic mouse plasma using micro-elution solid phase extraction. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:636-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Richter M, Hoffmann R, Singer D. T-cell epitope-dependent immune response in inbred (C57BL/6J, SJL/J, and C3H/HeN) and transgenic P301S and Tg2576 mice. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:441-51. [PMID: 23728915 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the intracellular deposition of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein and the extracellular deposition of Aβ1-40/42 , both being targets for immunotherapy. This study evaluates the immunogenic properties of three AD-specific B-cell epitopes (Tau229-237 [pT231/pS235], pyroGluAβ3-8 , and Aβ37/38-42/43 ) linked to five foreign T-cell epitopes (MVFP, TT, TBC Ag85B, PvT19, and PvT53) by immunizing inbred C57BL/6J (H-2(b) ), SJL/J (H-2(s2) ), and C3H/HeN (H-2(k) ) mice. Two promising candidates with respect to MHC II restriction were selected, and two transgenic mouse models of AD, P301S (H-2(b/) (k) ) and Tg2576 (H-2(b/) (s) ) animals, were immunized with one B-cell epitope in combination with two T-cell epitopes. Responders displayed an enhanced immune response compared with wild-type animals, which supports the vaccine design and the vaccination strategy. The immune response was also characterized by specific IgG subtype titers, which revealed a strong polarization toward the humoral pathway for immunization of phospho-Tau, whereas for both Aβ vaccines, a mixed cellular/humoral pathway response was observed. Despite the diversity and unpredictability of the immunogenicity of the peptide vaccines, all three peptide vaccine formulations appear to be promising constructs for future evaluation of their therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Richter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Sandebring A, Welander H, Winblad B, Graff C, Tjernberg LO. The pathogenic aβ43 is enriched in familial and sporadic Alzheimer disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55847. [PMID: 23409063 PMCID: PMC3569467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-cascade hypothesis posits that the role of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in Alzheimer disease (AD) involves polymerization into structures that eventually are deposited as amyloid plaques. During this process, neurotoxic oligomers are formed that induce synaptic loss and neuronal death. Several different isoforms of Aβ are produced, of which the 40 and 42 residue variants (Aβ40 and Aβ42) are the most common. Aβ42 has a strong tendency to form neurotoxic aggregates and is involved in AD pathogenesis. Longer Aβ isoforms, like the less studied Aβ43, are gaining attention for their higher propensity to aggregate into neurotoxic oligomers. To further investigate Aβ43 in AD, we conducted a quantitative study on Aβ43 levels in human brain. We homogenized human brain tissue and prepared fractions of various solubility; tris buffered saline (TBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and formic acid (FA). Levels of Aβ43, as well as Aβ40 and Aβ42, were quantified using ELISA. We compared quantitative data showing Aβ levels in occipital and frontal cortex from sporadic (SAD) and familial (FAD) AD cases, as well as non-demented (ND) controls. Results showed Aβ43 present in each fraction from the SAD and FAD cases, while its level was lower than the detection limit in the majority of the ND-cases. Aβ42 and Aβ43 were enriched in the less soluble fractions (SDS and FA) of SAD and FAD cases in both occipital and frontal cortex. Thus, although the total levels of Aβ43 in human brain are low compared to Aβ40 and Aβ42, we suggest that Aβ43 could initiate the formation of oligomers and amyloid plaques and thereby be crucial to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sandebring
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research center (KI-ADRC), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Welander
- Department of Public Health/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research center (KI-ADRC), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research center (KI-ADRC), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars O. Tjernberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research center (KI-ADRC), Huddinge, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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