1
|
Soliman SS, Sedik GA, Elghobashy MR, Zaazaa HE, Saad AS. Greenness Assessment Profile of a QbD Screen-Printed Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Sodium Valproate. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
2
|
Tůma P. Monitoring of biologically active substances in clinical samples by capillary and microchip electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1225:340161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
3
|
Parys W, Pyka-Pająk A. Use of TLC-Densitometric Method for Determination of Valproic Acid in Capsules. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030752. [PMID: 35164016 PMCID: PMC8839749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of valproic acid in the drug was carried out on the aluminum silica gel 60F254 plates and using acetone-water-chloroform-ethanol-ammonia at a volume ratio of 30:1:8:5:11 as the mobile phase, respectively. Two methods of detection of valproic acid were used. The first was a 2% aqueous CuSO4×5H2O solution, and the second was a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-aluminum chloride-iron (III) chloride system. The applied TLC-densitometric method is selective, linear, accurate, precise, and robust, regardless of the visualizing reagent used for the determination of valproic acid in Convulex capsules. It has low limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ), which are equal to 5.8 μg/spot and 17.4 μg/spot using a 2% aqueous CuSO4×5H2O solution as visualizing agent and also 0.32 μg/spot and 0.97 μg/spot using a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-aluminum chloride-iron (III) chloride system as visualizing reagent, respectively. The described analytical method can additionally be used to study the identity of valproic acid in a pharmaceutical preparation. The linearity range was found to be 20.00-80.00 μg/spot and 1.00-2.00 μg/spot for valproic acid detected on chromatographic plates using a 2% aqueous CuSO4×5H2O solution and the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-aluminum chloride-iron (III) chloride system, respectively. A coefficient of variation that was less than 3% confirms the satisfactory accuracy and precision of the proposed method. The results of the assay of valproic acid equal 96.2% and 97.0% in relation to the label claim that valproic acid fulfill pharmacopoeial requirements. The developed TLC-densitometric method can be suitable for the routine analysis of valproic acid in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed TLC-densitometry may be an alternative method to the modern high-performance liquid chromatography and square wave voltammetry in the control of above-mentioned substances, and it can be applied when other analytical techniques is not affordable in the laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Parys
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (A.P.-P.); Tel.: +48-32-364-15-34 (W.P.); +48-32-364-15-30 (A.P.-P.)
| | - Alina Pyka-Pająk
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (A.P.-P.); Tel.: +48-32-364-15-34 (W.P.); +48-32-364-15-30 (A.P.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Online Column Extraction Coupled with Double-Trap Column System for HPLC Determination of Valproic Acid in Human Plasma Without Derivatization. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Jouyban A, Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Nemati M, Khoubnasabjafari M, Jouyban-Gharamaleki V. Molecularly imprinted polymer based-solid phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using new deep eutectic solvent; selective extraction of valproic acid from exhaled breath condensate samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
6
|
Kumlert R, Pawestri AR, Linsuwanon P, Morand S. Innovative Distance Learning Tool for Morphological Identification of Chigger Mites (Actinotrichida) as Vectors of Scrub Typhus: A Pilot Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5020055. [PMID: 32260591 PMCID: PMC7345848 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus, a disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, affects more than one billion people globally with an average fatality rate of 6%. Humans are accidentally infected through the bite of trombiculid mite larvae (chiggers). Chiggers feed on hosts’ extracellular fluid for survival and development. O. tsutsugamushi is maintained throughout the chigger’s lifespan and over several generations. Although disease-related knowledge is essential in designing effective control strategies, many personnel in related sectors are unfamiliar with this disease and its vector. To tackle this issue, we developed a distance learning tool using educational videos on scrub typhus- and vector-related topics. The learning method is facilitated online, and students and tutors are not required to be physically present at the same place and time, thus allowing flexibility and accessibility. Knowledge improvement of 34 participants from related sectors was evaluated by pre- and post-test questionnaires. Although 54% of participants had prior knowledge of scrub typhus, 76.5% still lack basic knowledge of vector identification. After the distance learning, the average score increased significantly from the baseline (p < 0.05). Most participants showed interest in the topic and learning method. These results suggest that the distance learning method was promising in distributing health-related information and might be applied to other diseases and communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rawadee Kumlert
- The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla Province (ODPC12), Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Songkhla 90000, Thailand;
| | - Aulia Rahmi Pawestri
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University (FTM, MU), Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Piyada Linsuwanon
- United States Medical Directorate-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (US-AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Serge Morand
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University (FTM, MU), Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution—Montpellier University—National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)—French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), 34090 Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart Univesity, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-8-7040-5616
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ganesan T, Lim HN, See HH. Automated Mixed Matrix Membrane Microextraction Prior to Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Chlorophenoxy Acid Herbicides in Sewage Water Samples. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
Thormann W. Capillary electrophoresis for the determination of drugs in biological fluids. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64066-6.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
9
|
Mabrouk MM, Hammad SF, Abdel Hamid MA, Mahana MH. Precolumn fluorescence labelling of sodium valproate using 9-chloromethyl anthracene: Application to dosage form and spiked human plasma. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Rahimpour K, Jouyban A, Teimuri-Mofrad R. Derivatization of valproic acid using ferrocene derivatives: Synthesis, characterization and investigation of optical and electrochemical properties. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keshvar Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Reza Teimuri-Mofrad
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zakerian R, Bahar S. Molecularly imprinted based solid phase microextraction method for monitoring valproic acid in human serum and pharmaceutical formulations. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Mukhtar NH, Mamat NA, See HH. Monitoring of tobramycin in human plasma via mixed matrix membrane extraction prior to capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:184-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Synergistic effect of MoS 2 and diamond nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors: determination of the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:334. [PMID: 29934854 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe an electrochemical sensor based on the use of diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) platelets. The sensor was applied to the voltammetric determination of the anticonvulsant valproic acid which was previously derivatized with ferrocene. The MoS2 platelets were obtained by an exfoliation method, and the DNPs were directly dispersed in water and subsequently deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The sensor response was optimized in terms of the solvent employed for dispersing the MoS2 nanomaterial and the method for modifying the GCE. Sensors consisting of a first layer of MoS2 dispersed in ethanol/water and a second layer of DNPs give better response. The single steps of sensor construction were characterized by atomic force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The differential pulse voltammetric response of the GCE (measured at +0.18 V vs. Ag/AgCl) was compared to that of sensors incorporating only one of the nanomateriales (DNPs or MoS2). The formation of a hybrid MoS2-DNP structure clearly improves performance. The GCE containing both nanomaterials exhibits high sensitivity (740 µA ⋅ mM-1 ⋅ cm-2), a 0.27 μM detection limit, and an 8% reproducibility (RSD). The sensor retained 99% of its initial response after 45 days of storage. Graphical abstract Electrochemical sensor by co-immobilization of MoS2 and diamond nanoparticles (DNP). The formation of a hybrid MoS2-DNP structure enhances the performance of the sensor towards valproic acid derivatized with a ferrocene group, when compared with sensors incorporating only DNP or MoS2.
Collapse
|
14
|
The Influence of Plasma Albumin Concentration on the Analysis Methodology of Free Valproic Acid by Ultrafiltration and Its Application to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 37:776-82. [PMID: 26035137 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free drug analysis is increasingly becoming popular in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Centrifugal ultrafiltration (CF-UF) is the primary method to separate free drug from that of bound drug. However, the volume ratio of ultrafiltrate to sample solution (Vu/Vs) affects the accuracy of CF-UF, which highly depends on the different plasma conditions. Plasma protein concentrations in patients are different from those observed in healthy subjects, and there are also significant differences among patients with different diseases. Only very few studies have reported on the effect of protein concentration on the analysis methodology of free drug by CF-UF. METHODS In this study, valproic acid was used as the representative drug, and plasma samples with different albumin concentrations were analyzed by CF-UF and hollow fiber centrifugal ultrafiltration (HFCF-UF). RESULTS There was no significant difference of free drug concentrations by HFCF-UF and CF-UF when plasma albumin concentrations ranged 40-60 g/L. However, at low albumin concentrations (<40 g/L), a considerable difference was detected, and the difference was increased with the decrease of plasma albumin concentration. When the albumin concentration was as low as 10 g/L, the free drug concentration was 17.3 mcg/mL by CF-UF, whereas it was 10.2 mcg/mL by HFCF-UF. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of free drug measurement by CF-UF was albumin concentration dependent. However, such an effect was not observed when samples were prepared by HFCF-UF, which was more suitable for TDM of plasma samples from different patients. Therefore, this method could be readily applied to the measurement of free valproic acid plasma concentrations for TDM in patients.
Collapse
|
15
|
Belal TS, El-Kafrawy DS, Mahrous MS, Abdel-Khalek MM, Abo-Gharam AH. Validated spectrophotometric methods for determination of sodium valproate based on charge transfer complexation reactions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 155:47-53. [PMID: 26574649 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the development, validation and application of four simple and direct spectrophotometric methods for determination of sodium valproate (VP) through charge transfer complexation reactions. The first method is based on the reaction of the drug with p-chloranilic acid (p-CA) in acetone to give a purple colored product with maximum absorbance at 524nm. The second method depends on the reaction of VP with dichlone (DC) in dimethylformamide forming a reddish orange product measured at 490nm. The third method is based upon the interaction of VP and picric acid (PA) in chloroform resulting in the formation of a yellow complex measured at 415nm. The fourth method involves the formation of a yellow complex peaking at 361nm upon the reaction of the drug with iodine in chloroform. Experimental conditions affecting the color development were studied and optimized. Stoichiometry of the reactions was determined. The proposed spectrophotometric procedures were effectively validated with respect to linearity, ranges, precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness, detection and quantification limits. Calibration curves of the formed color products with p-CA, DC, PA and iodine showed good linear relationships over the concentration ranges 24-144, 40-200, 2-20 and 1-8μg/mL respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the assay of sodium valproate in tablets and oral solution dosage forms with good accuracy and precision. Assay results were statistically compared to a reference pharmacopoeial HPLC method where no significant differences were observed between the proposed methods and reference method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek S Belal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Elmessalah, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
| | - Dina S El-Kafrawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Elmessalah, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Mahrous
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Elmessalah, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Magdi M Abdel-Khalek
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Elmessalah, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Amira H Abo-Gharam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Elmessalah, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: trends in the analysis of biological samples. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2211-25. [PMID: 26395171 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a recent microextraction technique that was first developed by Rezaee and co-workers in 2006. It allows the simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of analytes into a micro-volume of extracting solvent based on a ternary solvent system involving an aqueous phase, a nonpolar water immiscible high-density solvent that acts as extraction phase, and a disperser solvent, which is often polar and water miscible. This article presents an overview of DLLME applications in the analysis of biological samples (e.g., plasma and urine). Aside from the classical DLLME applications using high density extraction solvents, recent advances in the use of low density solvents and ionic liquids are also discussed. Although most of the applications deal with the analysis of organic target compounds, a few applications on the bioanalysis of inorganic substances are also included.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sáiz J, Koenka IJ, García-Ruiz C, Müller B, Chwalek T, Hauser PC. Micro-injector for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1941-4. [PMID: 25752271 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel micro-injector for capillary electrophoresis for the handling of samples with volumes down to as little as 300 nL was designed and built in our laboratory for analyses in which the available volume is a limitation. The sample is placed into a small cavity located directly in front of the separation capillary, and the injection is then carried out automatically by controlled pressurization of the chamber with compressed air. The system also allows automated flushing of the injection chamber as well as of the capillary. In a trial with a capillary electrophoresis system with contactless conductivity detector, employing a capillary of 25 μm diameter, the results showed good stability of migration times and peak areas. To illustrate the technique, the fast separation of five inorganic cations (Na(+) , K(+) , NH4 (+) , Ca(2+) , and Mg(2+) ) was set up. This could be achieved in less than 3 min, with good limits of detection (10 μM) and linear ranges (between about 10 and 1000 μM). The system was demonstrated for the determination of the inorganic cations in porewater samples of a lake sediment core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sáiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beat Müller
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Chwalek
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sensitive determination of four β2-agonists in pig feed by capillary electrophoresis using on-line sample preconcentration with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 973C:29-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
19
|
Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques-Developments from 2012 to 2014. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:195-211. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ji H, Li M, Guo L, Yuan H, Wang C, Xiao D. Design and evaluation of capillary coupled with optical fiber light-emitting diode induced fluorescence detection for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2546-52. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Ji
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Lihong Guo
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|