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Liu Z, Liang F, Gao S, Zhu X, Song X, Chen W, Tao X, Wang Z, Xu D. Separation and quantification of Azvudine in plasma of patients with COVID-19 using LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115736. [PMID: 37776627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Azvudine (FNC) is a new drug conditionally approved in 2022 for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. However, the exposure level of FNC in COVID-19 patients in clinical practice is still obscure, and there is no liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or LC method reported for quantifying the FNC. In this study, a simple, fast, and reliable LC-MS/MS method using L-phenylalanine-D5 (Phe-D5) as the internal standard (IS) was developed for the quantification of FNC in plasma from COVID-19 patients. After simple protein precipitation with methanol, the analyte in the supernatant was separated on Waters Atlantis® T3 (2.1 ×100 mm, 3.0 µm) column with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (ACN) - aqueous solution (containing 0.03% heptafluorobutyric acid and 0.2% formic acid). The mobile phase was delivered at 0.3 mL/min in an isocratic elution program (15:85, V: V). The linear relationship of FNC was good within the calibration range of 2.0 - 2000.0 ng/mL, with the recovery of FNC ranging from 81.37% to 103.31% and the matrix effect was 94.77%- 109.83%. The short-term, long-term, and freeze-thaw stability of the FNC assessed in method was acceptable, and all other items met the requirements of validation of the biological analytical method. Finally, the method was applied to detect the exposure level of FNC in plasma samples from patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and the results, which are within the linear range of the method, showed huge inter-individual variation, supporting the significance of therapeutic drug monitoring of FNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Fengying Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiujing Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xia Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Deduo Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Highly Sensitive Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Patients Urine—Comparative Electroanalytical Studies Using Different Sensing Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061992. [PMID: 35335355 PMCID: PMC8949160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the electrochemical behavior of antiviral drug Tenofovir (TFV) and its possible applicability towards electroanalytical determination with diverse detection strategies using square-wave voltammetry. Namely, oxidation processes were investigated using glassy carbon electrode with graphene oxide surface modification (GO/GCE), while the reduction processes, related to the studied analyte, were analyzed at a renewable silver amalgam electrode (Hg(Ag)FE). Scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed the successful deposition of GO at the electrode surface. Catalytic properties of graphene oxide were exposed while being compared with those of bare GCE. The resultant modification of GCE with GO enhanced the electroactive surface area by 50% in comparison to the bare one. At both electrodes, i.e., GO/GCE and Hg(Ag)FE, the TFV response was used to examine and optimize the influence of square-wave excitation parameters, i.e., square wave frequency, step potential and amplitude, and supporting electrolyte composition and its pH. Broad selectivity studies were performed with miscellaneous interfering agents influence, including ascorbic acid, selected saccharides and aminoacids, metal ions, non-opioid analgesic metamizole, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug omeprazole, and several drugs used along with TFV treatment. The linear concentration range for TFV determination at GO/GCE and Hg(Ag)FE was found to be 0.3–30.0 µmol L–1 and 0.5–7.0 µmol L–1, respectively. The lowest LOD was calculated for GO/GCE and was equal to 48.6 nmol L–1. The developed procedure was used to detect TFV in pharmaceutical formulations and patient urine samples and has referenced utilization in HPLC studies.
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Ashok Bhairav B, Jayram Chavan M. Method Development and Validation for Estimation of TinofovirDisproxil Fumarate in Pharmaceutical Preparation by UV-Spectroscopy and HPLC With Force Degradation Study. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND HEALTH CARE 2021. [DOI: 10.18311/ajprhc/2021/26050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Acquavia MA, Foti L, Pascale R, Nicolò A, Brancaleone V, Cataldi TRI, Martelli G, Scrano L, Bianco G. Detection and quantification of Covid-19 antiviral drugs in biological fluids and tissues. Talanta 2020; 224:121862. [PMID: 33379073 PMCID: PMC7642756 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as a fast-spreading pandemic, causing a huge number of deaths worldwide, several therapeutic options have been tested to counteract or reduce the clinical symptoms of patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, no specific drugs for COVID-19 are available, but many antiviral agents have been authorised by several national agencies. Most of them are under investigation in both preclinical and clinical trials; however, pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies are needed to identify the most suitable dose to achieve the desired effect on SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the efforts of the scientific community have focused on the screening of therapies able to counteract the most severe effects of the infection, as well as on the search of sensitive and selective analytical methods for drug detection in biological matrices, both fluids and tissues. In the last decade, many analytical methods have been proposed for the detection and quantification of antiviral compounds currently being tested for COVID-19 treatment. In this review, a critical discussion on the overall analytical procedure is provided, i.e (a) sample pre-treatment and extraction methods such as protein precipitation (PP), solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe), (b) detection and quantification methods such as potentiometry, spectrofluorimetry and mass spectrometry (MS) as well as (c) methods including a preliminary separation step, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to UV–Vis or MS detection. Further current trends, advantages and disadvantages and prospects of these methods have been discussed, to help the analytical advances in reducing the harm caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Fourteen antiviral drugs were tested to counteract the effects of COVID-19. A review of analytical methods for antivirals detection is presented. Method validation, drugs extraction, separation and detection are discussed. LC-MS and MS/MS is mostly used for accurate and sensitive drugs quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Acquavia
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy; ALMAGISI S.r.l Corso Italia, 27-39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Luca Foti
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Pascale
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Antonia Nicolò
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Brancaleone
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via E. Orabona, 4-70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Martelli
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Laura Scrano
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento Delle Culture Europee e Del Mediterraneo: Arch., Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali, Via Lanera, 20-75100, Matera, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Bianco
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
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5
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Gollu G, Gummadi S. Simultaneous Quantification of Lamivudine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Doravirine in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Vaikosen EN, Kashimawo AJ, Soyinka JO, Orubu S, Elei S, Ebeshi BU. Simple thin layer chromatography–ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for quality assessment of binary fixed‐dose‐combinations of lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and lamivudine/zidovudine in tablet formulations. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2228-2239. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edebi N. Vaikosen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island Nigeria
| | - Adesegun J. Kashimawo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island Nigeria
| | - Julius O. Soyinka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyObafemi Awolowo University Ile‐Ife Nigeria
| | - Samuel Orubu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of PharmacyNiger Delta University Wilberforce Island Nigeria
| | - Simeon Elei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island Nigeria
| | - Benjamin U. Ebeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island Nigeria
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7
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Li CL, Hsieh CH, Tsai TH. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Lamivudine and Its Interaction with Schisandra chinensis Extract in Rats. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1997-2004. [PMID: 32039337 PMCID: PMC7003501 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis) extract and its active ingredient, schizandrin, have been used as a botanical medicine and dietary supplement for the treatment of hepatitis. Lamivudine is an antiretroviral drug and is used to treat hepatitis B viral infection. The aim of this study was to develop an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the measurement of lamivudine and to determine the pharmacokinetic behaviors of an aqueous-ethanol extract of S. chinensis in rats. The separation was performed on a phenyl column maintained at 40 °C. The experimental animals were distributed into three groups: (1) lamivudine alone (10 mg/kg, i.v.); (2) lamivudine (10 mg/kg, i.v.) + pretreatment with S. chinensis (3 g/kg, p.o.); and (3) lamivudine (10 mg/kg, i.v.) + pretreatment with S. chinensis (10 g/kg, p.o.). The experimental results indicated that neither treatment with lamivudine alone nor pretreatment with S. chinensis (3 or 10 g/kg) significantly changed the pharmacokinetic parameters. In conclusion, based on the above preclinical experimental model, the combination of lamivudine with the herbal extract of S. chinensis did not exhibit significant pharmacokinetic interactions. These data offer useful information for assessing the preclinical safety of nutritional supplementation with lamivudine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lin Li
- Institute
of Traditional Medicine, School
of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsi Hsieh
- Institute
of Traditional Medicine, School
of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Division
of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei 220, Taiwan
- Faculty
of Medicine, School of Medicine, National
Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute
of Traditional Medicine, School
of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Graduate
Institute of Acupuncture Science, China
Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- School
of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National United
University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
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8
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Ahmadi E, Eyvani MR, Riahifar V, Momeneh H, Karami C. Amperometric determination of nevirapine by GCE modified with c-MWCNTs and synthesized 11-mercaptoundecanoyl hydrazinecarbothioamide coated silver nanoparticles. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Chen X, Bu F, Li R, Yuan G, Wang Y, Wang B. Overview of the Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometry Analytical Methods for Determination of Lamivudine in Biological Fluids. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412913666171017150427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Lamivudine was approved by Food and Drug Administration of the United
States for the treatment of both HIV and HBV infection, which has been widely used as monotherapy or
a component of combination therapy in clinics in many countries and nationalities.
Methods:
In this paper, the recent chromatographic and mass spectrometry analytical methods for the
determination of lamivudine individually or combination with other drugs simultaneously were presented.
These methods were widely applied in pharmacokinetics studies, bioequivalence studies, therapeutic
drug monitoring studies, cell and animal experiments.
Conclusion:
The review paper might provide references for determining lamivudine in biological fluids,
the intracorporal process of lamivudine, and the clinical practice by monitoring plasma concentration
of lamivudine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fanlong Bu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Guiyan Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Benjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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10
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Morawska K, Popławski T, Ciesielski W, Smarzewska S. Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of the interaction of antiviral drug Tenofovir with single and double stranded DNA. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 123:227-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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11
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Wiriyakosol N, Puangpetch A, Manosuthi W, Tomongkon S, Sukasem C, Pinthong D. A LC/MS/MS method for determination of tenofovir in human plasma and its application to toxicity monitoring. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:89-95. [PMID: 29635209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a pro-drug of the active metabolite tenofovir widely used against the HIV1, HIV2, and Hepatitis B virus. Several studies have been conducted and found kidney injury associated with tenofovir exposure. High tenofovir plasma concentration correlated with kidney injury in tenofovir-exposed patients. The present study developed and validated a simple and cost-effective LC/MS/MS method to determine tenofovir level in human plasma. A small plasma volume of 80 μl is utilized for the sample preparation. The samples were separated by Luna C18 (100 mm × 2.0 mm, 3 μm) using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile (90:10, v/v). The detection was achieved through multiple reaction monitoring using positive ionization mode on the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with a run time of 10 min. The monitoring transitions were set at m/z 288.0 → 176.1 and 136.1 for tenofovir and m/z 226.1 → 152.0 for acyclovir (as the internal standard). This standard curve was linear from 10 to 640 ng/ml, with the lower limit of quantification of 10 ng/ml. The inter- and intra-day precision results were less than 12.3% and their accuracies were within the acceptable range of 84.9-113.1%. The validated method was successfully applied to the study of tenofovir induced kidney injury in HIV-1 infected patients taking 300 mg once daily for more than 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narit Wiriyakosol
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; National Doping Control Centre, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichaya Puangpetch
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramatibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramatibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Darawan Pinthong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Wu Y, Yang J, Duan C, Chu L, Chen S, Qiao S, Li X, Deng H. Simultaneous determination of antiretroviral drugs in human hair with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:209-221. [PMID: 29550683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the concentrations of antiretroviral drugs in hair is believed to be an important means for the assessment of the long-term adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy. At present, the combination of tenofovir, lamivudine and nevirapine is widely used in China. However, there was no research reporting simultaneous determination of the three drugs in hair. The present study aimed to develop a sensitive method for simultaneous determination of the three drugs in 2-mg and 10-mg natural hair (Method 1 and Method 2). Hair samples were incubated in methanol at 37 °C for 16 h after being rinsed with methanol twice. The analysis was performed on high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electronic spray ionization in positive mode and multiple reactions monitoring. Method 1 and Method 2 showed the limits of detection at 160 and 30 pg/mg for tenofovir, at 5 and 6 pg/mg for lamivudine and at 15 and 3 pg/mg for nevirapine. The two methods showed good linearity with the square of correlation coefficient >0.99 at the ranges of 416-5000 and 77-5000 pg/mg for tenofovir, 12-5000 and 15-5000 pg/mg for lamivudine and 39-50,000 and 6-50,000 pg/mg for nevirapine. They gave intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation <15% and the recoveries ranging from 80.6 to 122.3% and from 83.1 to 114.4%. Method 2 showed LOD and LOQ better than Method 1 for tenofovir and nevirapine and matched Method 1 for lamivudine, but there was high consistency between them in the determination of the three drugs in hair. The population analysis with Method 2 revealed that the concentrations in hair were decreased with the distance of hair segment away from the scalp for the three antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cailing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Liuxi Chu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shenghuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Huihua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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13
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Ouyang B, Zhou F, Zhen L, Peng Y, Sun J, Chen Q, Jin X, Wang G, Zhang J. Simultaneous determination of tenofovir alafenamide and its active metabolites tenofovir and tenofovir diphosphate in HBV-infected hepatocyte with a sensitive LC-MS/MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:147-153. [PMID: 28881311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV), a first-line anti-viral agent, has been prepared as various forms of prodrugs for better bioavailability, lower systemic exposure and higher target cells loading of TFV to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity. TFV undergoes intracellular phosphorylation to form TFV diphosphate (TFV-DP) in target cell to inhibit viral DNA replication. Hence, TFV-DP is the key active metabolite that exhibits anti-virus activity, its intracellular exposure and half-life determine the final activity. Therefore, simultaneous monitoring prodrug, TFV and TFV-DP in target cells will comprehensively evaluate TFV prodrugs, both considering the stability of ester prodrug, and the intracellular exposure of TFV-DP. Thus we intended to develop a convenient general analytical method, taking tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) as a representative of TFV prodrugs. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed, and TAF, TFV and TFV-DP were separated on a XSelect HSS T3 column (4.6mm×150mm, 3.5μm, Waters) with gradient elution after protein precipitation. The method provided good linearity for all the compounds (2-500nM for TFV and TAF; 20-5000nM for TFV-DP) with the correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.999. Intra- and inter-day accuracies (in terms of relative error, RE<10.4%) and precisions (in terms of coefficient of variation, CV<14.1%) satisfied the standard of validation. The matrix effect, recovery and stability were also within acceptable criteria. Finally, we investigated the intracellular pharmacokinetics of TAF and its active metabolites in HepG2.2.15 cells with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Ouyang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Zhen
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianying Chen
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Jin
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Nováková L, Pavlík J, Chrenková L, Martinec O, Červený L. Current antiviral drugs and their analysis in biological materials - Part II: Antivirals against hepatitis and HIV viruses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:378-399. [PMID: 29031512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is a Part II of the series aiming to provide comprehensive overview of currently used antiviral drugs and to show modern approaches to their analysis. While in the Part I antivirals against herpes viruses and antivirals against respiratory viruses were addressed, this part concerns antivirals against hepatitis viruses (B and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many novel antivirals against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV have been introduced into the clinical practice over the last decade. The recent broadening portfolio of these groups of antivirals is reflected in increasing number of developed analytical methods required to meet the needs of clinical terrain. Part II summarizes the mechanisms of action of antivirals against hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and HIV, their use in clinical practice, and analytical methods for individual classes. It also provides expert opinion on state of art in the field of bioanalysis of these drugs. Analytical methods reflect novelty of these chemical structures and use by far the most current approaches, such as simple and high-throughput sample preparation and fast separation, often by means of UHPLC-MS/MS. Proper method validation based on requirements of bioanalytical guidelines is an inherent part of the developed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Pavlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Chrenková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Martinec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Červený
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Is a New Substrate of ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 11. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01725-16. [PMID: 28167562 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01725-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, after conversion to tenofovir (TFV), is mainly eliminated by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. The major adverse effect of tenofovir is nephrotoxicity; however, the exact mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, the ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 11 (ABCC11; multidrug resistance protein 8 [MRP8]) transporter, which is abundant in proximal tubular cells, was demonstrated to act as an efflux transporter of tenofovir. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assays were used to determine MRP8 overexpression in a continuous cell line. Tenofovir accumulations were assessed by cytotoxicity, cellular transport, and vesicular uptake assays. Substrate specificity was confirmed using MK-571, an MRP-specific inhibitor, and methotrexate, which served as a known substrate. Intracellular and intravesicular concentrations of tenofovir were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of TDF in MRP8-overexpressing cells was 4.78 times higher than that of parental cells. Transport assays also showed that the intracellular accumulation of tenofovir in MRP8-overexpressing cells was 55 times lower than that in parental cells and was partly reversed by MK-571. Similarly, an "inside-out" vesicular uptake assay, using Sf9 inverted membrane vesicles to allow measuring of accumulation of the substrates into the vesicles, demonstrated a higher intravesicular concentration of tenofovir in MRP8-overexpressing vesicles than in Sf9 insect control vesicles. These effects were effectively reversed by increasing concentrations of the specific inhibitor MK-571. In conclusion, tenofovir is a new substrate of the MRP8 transporter. An alteration in the activity of this efflux pump may increase the intracellular accumulation of tenofovir in proximal renal tubular cells.
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A novel pretreatment method combining sealing technique with direct injection technique applied for improving biosafety. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:173-182. [PMID: 27960549 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM People today have a stronger interest in the risk of biosafety in clinical bioanalysis. A safe, simple, effective method of preparation is needed urgently. METHODOLOGY/RESULTS To improve biosafety of clinical analysis, we used antiviral drugs of adefovir and tenofovir as model drugs and developed a safe pretreatment method combining sealing technique with direct injection technique. The inter- and intraday precision (RSD %) of the method were <4%, and the extraction recoveries ranged from 99.4 to 100.7%. Meanwhile, the results showed that standard solution could be used to prepare calibration curve instead of spiking plasma, acquiring more accuracy result. CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION Compared with traditional methods, the novel method not only improved biosecurity of the pretreatment method significantly, but also achieved several advantages including higher precision, favorable sensitivity and satisfactory recovery. With these highly practical and desirable characteristics, the novel method may become a feasible platform in bioanalysis.
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Identification of a novel human circulating metabolite of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:643-52. [PMID: 25871584 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is an antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B infections. RESULTS A metabolite that has previously not been observed in the circulation of humans was detected by LC-MS/MS in early time point plasma samples following administration of TDF to healthy volunteers. The metabolite was identified using a range of LC-MS/MS-based techniques as a monoester of TDF, derived from the partially hydrolyzed bis-ester prodrug. TDF, when spiked into plasma, was observed to degrade first to the putative monoester and subsequently to tenofovir. CONCLUSION The presence of this unstable metabolite in some samples has implications for sample collection, handling and storage in studies of tenofovir where serum concentrations are determined.
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Pottabathini V, Gugulothu V, Kaliyaperumal M, Battu S. Identification, Isolation and Characterization of Unknown Acid Degradation Product of Nevirapine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2016.79061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yamada E, Takagi R, Sudo K, Kato S. Determination of abacavir, tenofovir, darunavir, and raltegravir in human plasma and saliva using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:390-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reddy AVB, Jaafar J, Aris AB, Majid ZA, Umar K, Talib J, Madhavi G. Development and validation of a rapid ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of darunavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir in human plasma: Application to human pharmacokinetics. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2580-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafariah Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Azmi Bin Aris
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Abdul Majid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Khalid Umar
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Juhaizah Talib
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
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De Nicolò A, Simiele M, Pensi D, Boglione L, Allegra S, Di Perri G, D'Avolio A. UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of anti-HBV nucleos(t)ides analogs: Entecavir, lamivudine, telbivudine and tenofovir in plasma of HBV infected patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:127-32. [PMID: 26037161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B infection affects two billion people worldwide and 350 million of these are chronically infected. Chronic hepatitis B virus is one of the most important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. If it is left untreated, about one-third of affected people will develop progressive and possibly fatal liver disease, like hepatic cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, five nucleos(t)ide analogs are approved for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. They are: lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, telbivudine, entecavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. In this work, we developed and validated an UPLC-Tandem mass spectrometry assay method capable of monitoring lamivudine, telbivudine, tenofovir and entecavir plasma concentrations. Both standards and quality controls (high, medium and low) were prepared in human plasma. Each sample was added with internal standard (5'amino-5'deoxy-thymidine) and then drugs were extracted through a protein precipitation protocol with acetonitrile+0.1% formic acid and then dried. The extracts were resuspended in water and then injected into the chromatographic system. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 1.8 μm 2.1 × 150 mm column, with a gradient of water and acetonitrile, both added with formic acid (0.05%). Accuracy, intra-day and inter-day precision at quality controls levels fitted all FDA guidelines for all analytes, while matrix effects and recoveries resulted stable between samples for each analyte. Finally, we tested this method by monitoring plasma concentrations in 30 HBV+ patients with good results. This simple analytical method could represent a useful tool for the management of anti-HBV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo De Nicolò
- Unit of Infectious Diseases(2), University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Marco Simiele
- Unit of Infectious Diseases(2), University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Debora Pensi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases(2), University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucio Boglione
- Unit of Infectious Diseases(2), University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Sarah Allegra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases(2), University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases(2), University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases(2), University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Wang L, Xu X, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Liu X, Zhang L. Green sample clean-up based on magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the determination of lamivudine by high performance liquid chromatography. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zang M, Liu X, Chen L, Xiao Q, Yuan L, Yang J. Determination of BmKCT-13, a chlorotoxin-like peptide, in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS: Application to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 947-948:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Comparative chromatography–mass spectrometry studies on the antiretroviral drug nevirapine—Analytical performance characteristics in human plasma determination. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:101-9. [PMID: 24325830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Djerada Z, Feliu C, Tournois C, Vautier D, Binet L, Robinet A, Marty H, Gozalo C, Lamiable D, Millart H. Validation of a fast method for quantitative analysis of elvitegravir, raltegravir, maraviroc, etravirine, tenofovir, boceprevir and 10 other antiretroviral agents in human plasma samples with a new UPLC-MS/MS technology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 86:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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