1
|
Samide A, Tutunaru B, Varut RM, Oprea B, Iordache S. Interactions of Some Chemotherapeutic Agents as Epirubicin, Gemcitabine and Paclitaxel in Multicomponent Systems Based on Orange Essential Oil. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070619. [PMID: 34199041 PMCID: PMC8308819 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to anticipate the effect induced by a natural product on the chemical activity of medicines simultaneously administered, spontaneous interactions of certain cancer treatment drugs such as, epirubicin (EPR), gemcitabine (GCT), and paclitaxel (PTX) with limonene (LIM)—a natural compound extracted from orange peel and known as an anticancer agent—were investigated. To estimate the stability of the drugs over time, a current density of 50 mA cm−2 was applied as an external stimulus between two platinum electrodes immersed in hydrochloric acid solution containing ethyl alcohol/water in the volume ratio of 2/3, in the absence and presence of orange essential oil (limonene concentration of 95%). The concentration variation of chemotherapeutic agents over time was evaluated by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Kinetic studies have shown a delay in the decomposition reaction of epirubicin and gemcitabine and a paclitaxel activity stimulation. Thus, in the presence of limonene, the epirubicin half-life increased from 46.2 min to 63 min, and from 6.2 min to 8.6 min in gemcitabine case, while for paclitaxel a decrease of half-life from 35.9 min to 25.8 min was determined. Therefore, certain drug-limonene interactions took place, leading to the emergence of molecular micro-assemblies impacting decomposition reaction of chemotherapeutics. To predict drug–limonene interactions, the Autodock 4.2.6 system was employed. Thus, two hydrophobic interactions and five π-alkyl interactions were established between EPR-LIM, the GCT-LIM connection involves four π-alkyl interactions, and the PTX-LIM bridges take place through three hydrophobic interactions and the one π-alkyl. Finally, the decomposition reaction mechanism of drugs was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Samide
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Calea Bucuresti 107i, 200478 Craiova, Romania; (A.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Bogdan Tutunaru
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Calea Bucuresti 107i, 200478 Craiova, Romania; (A.S.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-251-597048
| | - Renata-Maria Varut
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Petru Rareş 2, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Oprea
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Petru Rareş 2, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Simona Iordache
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Calea Bucuresti 107i, 200478 Craiova, Romania; (A.S.); (S.I.)
- Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Sciences, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Semail NF, Abdul Keyon AS, Saad B, Noordin SS, Nik Mohamed Kamal NNS, Mohamad Zain NN, Azizi J, Kamaruzaman S, Yahaya N. Analytical method development and validation of anticancer agent, 5-fluorouracil, and its metabolites in biological matrices: An updated review. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1781654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadhiratul-Farihin Semail
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- Fundamental and Applied Science Department, Universiti Technologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Salmah Noordin
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nik Nur Syazni Nik Mohamed Kamal
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Juzaili Azizi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sazlinda Kamaruzaman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Noorfatimah Yahaya
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun Y, Wang J, Hao K. A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of the Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Compound 4- N-Carbobenzoxy-gemcitabine (Cbz-dFdC). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092218. [PMID: 32397338 PMCID: PMC7248705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (dFdC) demonstrates significant effectiveness against solid tumors in vitro and in vivo; however, its clinical application is limited because it tends to easily undergo deamination metabolism. Therefore, we synthesized 4-N-carbobenzoxy-gemcitabine (Cbz-dFdC) as a lead prodrug and conducted a detailed pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and pharmacodynamic evaluation. After intragastric Cbz-dFdC administration, the Cmax of Cbz-dFdC and dFdC was 451.1 ± 106.7 and 1656.3 ± 431.5 ng/mL, respectively. The Tmax of Cbz-dFdC and dFdC was 2 and 4 h, respectively. After intragastric administration of Cbz-dFdC, this compound was mainly distributed in the intestine due to low carboxylesterase-1 (CES1) activity. Cbz-dFdC is activated by CES1 in both humans and rats. The enzyme kinetic curves were well fitted by the Michaelis–Menten equation in rats’ blood, plasma, and tissue homogenates and S9 of the liver and kidney, as well as human liver S9 and CES1 recombinase. The pharmacodynamic results showed that the Cbz-dFdC have a good antitumor effect in the HepG2 cell and in tumor-bearing mice, respectively. In general, Cbz-dFdC has good pharmaceutical characteristics and is therefore a good candidate for a potential prodrug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kun Hao
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-83271170
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao S, Tao Z, Zhou J, Wang Z, Yun Y, Li M, Zhang F, Chen W, Miao Y. One-Step Solid Extraction for Simultaneous Determination of Eleven Commonly Used Anticancer Drugs and One Active Metabolite in Human Plasma by HPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:7967694. [PMID: 30046507 PMCID: PMC6036832 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7967694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring for anticancer drugs could timely reflect in vivo drug exposure, and it was a powerful tool for adjusting and maintaining drug concentration into a reasonable range, so that an enhanced efficacy and declined adverse reactions could be achieved. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method had been developed and fully validated for simultaneous determination of paclitaxel, docetaxel, vinblastine, vinorelbine, pemetrexed, carboplatin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, gemcitabine, irinotecan, and SN-38 (an active metabolite of irinotecan) in human plasma from cancer patients after intravenous drip of chemotherapy drugs. One-step solid-phase extraction was successfully applied using an Ostro sample preparation 96-well plate for plasma samples pretreated with acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Atlantis T3-C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.0 μm) with gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate plus 0.1% formic acid in water, and the flow rate was 0.25 mL/min. The Agilent G6410A triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system was operated under the multiple reaction monitoring mode with an electrospray ionization in the positive mode. Linear range was 25.0-2500.0 ng for paclitaxel, 10.0-1000.0 ng for docetaxel and SN-38, 100.0-10000.0 ng for vinorelbine and pemetrexed, 10.0-10000.0 ng for vinblastine and irinotecan, 1.0-1000.0 ng for cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, 50.0-5000.0 ng for carboplatin, etoposide, and gemcitabine. Linearity coefficients of correlation were >0.99 for all analytes. The intraday and interday accuracy and precision of the method were within ±15.0% and less than 15%. The mean recovery and matrix effect as well as stability of all the analytes ranged from 56.2% to 98.9% and 85.2% to 101.3% as well as within ±15.0%. This robust and efficient method was successfully applied to implement therapeutic drug monitoring for cancer patients in clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhengbo Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 155 Nan Jing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Jingya Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yunlei Yun
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yejun Miao
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankang Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun Y, Zhen L, Peng Y, Wang J, Fei F, Aa L, Jiang W, Pei X, Lu L, Liu J, Wang G, Hao K. Simultaneous determination of gemcitabine prodrug, gemcitabine and its major metabolite 2', 2'-difluorodeoxyuridine in rat plasma by UFLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:4-13. [PMID: 29558739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To improve bioavailability and provide resistance to deamination, an array of gemcitabine (dFdC) prodrugs carrying the acyl modifications has been successful in the optimization of pharmacokinetic properties of dFdC, but the reports about 4-N-carbobenzoxy-dFdC (Cbz-dFdC), a dFdC prodrug bearing alkyloxycarbonyl modification, are relatively rare. Notably, in vivo enzymatic hydrolysis was an absolutely essential factor for the activation of these prodrugs, which is correlated with the anti-tumor activity. Therefore, detailed metabolism studies of Cbz-dFdC should be carried out for a more authentic pharmacodynamic evaluation. In order to detect the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Cbz-dFdC, a selective, sensitive and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of Cbz-dFdC, along with dFdC and its major metabolite dFdU in rat plasma was developed and validated using UFLC-MS/MS techniques. Column was at 40 °C for separation using an eluent with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid, 1 mM ammonium formate at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Detection was performed using ESI source in positive ion selected reaction monitoring mode by monitoring the following ion transitions m/z 398.1 → 202.2 (Cbz-dFdC), m/z 264.1 → 112.0 (dFdC), m/z 265.3 → 113.2 (dFdU) and m/z 246.1 → 112.0 (IS). Analytes were extracted by simple precipitation with acetonitrile containing internal standards followed by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The calibration curves of Cbz-dFdC, dFdC and dFdU were linear in the concentration range of 2 to 500 ng/mL, 2 to 500 ng/mL and 40 to 10,000 ng/mL, respectively. The assay ranges selected for the three analytes were appropriate and minimized the need for reanalysis. All the validation data, such as intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, selectivity and stability, were within the required limits. In conclusion, the sensitive analytical assay was selective and accurate for the determination of rat plasma concentrations of Cbz-dFdC, dFdC and dFdU from a single LC-MS/MS analysis and well-suited to support pharmacokinetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Sun
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Zhen
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiankun Wang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Fei
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lixiang Aa
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjiao Jiang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Pei
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Lu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kun Hao
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Nuland M, Hillebrand MJX, Rosing H, Burgers JA, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of gemcitabine and its metabolite 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine in human plasma for a microdose clinical trial. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 151:25-31. [PMID: 29294409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In microdose clinical trials a maximum of 100 μg of drug substance is administered to participants, in order to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of the agents. Measuring low plasma concentrations after administration of a microdose is challenging and requires the use of ulta-sensitive equipment. Novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platforms can be used for quantification of low drug plasma levels. Here we describe the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for quantification of gemcitabine and its metabolite 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) in the low picogram per milliliter range to support a microdose trial. The validated assay ranges from 2.5-500 pg/mL for gemcitabine and 250-50,000 pg/mL for dFdU were linear, with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.996 or better. Sample preparation with solid phase extraction provided a good and reproducible recovery. All results were within the acceptance criteria of the latest US FDA guidance and EMA guidelines. In addition, the method was successfully applied to measure plasma concentrations of gemcitabine in a patient after administration of a microdose of gemcitabine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M van Nuland
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M J X Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A Burgers
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H M Schellens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gong X, Yang L, Zhang F, Liang Y, Gao S, Liu K, Chen W. Validated UHPLC-MS/MS assay for quantitative determination of etoposide, gemcitabine, vinorelbine and their metabolites in patients with lung cancer. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28409868 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Gong
- Department of Pharmacy; Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacy; Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy; Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Youtian Liang
- Department of Pharmacy; Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy; Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Oncology; Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy; Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rapid quantification of free and glucuronidated THCCOOH in urine using coated well plates and LC–MS/MS analysis. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:485-496. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Generally, urine drug testing for cannabis abuse involves measuring total concentrations of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) obtained by enzymatic and/or alkaline hydrolysis of THCCOOH-glucuronide. As hydrolysis can be inconsistent and incomplete, direct measurement of the two metabolites is preferable. Methodology & results: We developed a high-throughput LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of free and glucuronidated THCCOOH in urine using coated 96-well plates for analyte extraction and column-switching chromatography. Excellent separation of the two analytes was achieved within 2.5 min, with linear ranges from 5 to 2000 μg/l for THCCOOH and from 10 to 4000 μg/l for THCCOOH-glucuronide. Conclusion: The method was successfully validated and applied to authentic urine samples from cannabis consumers, demonstrating its applicability for routine cannabinoid testing.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang G, Zhao D, Chen H, Ding D, Kou L, Sun L, Hao C, Li X, Jia K, Kan Q, Liu X, He Z, Sun J. Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS assay for the determination of gemcitabine and its L-carnitine ester derivative in rat plasma and its application in oral pharmacokinetics. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 12:478-485. [PMID: 32104361 PMCID: PMC7032160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and rapid UPLC–MS/MS method to simultaneously determine gemcitabine and its L-carnitine ester derivative (2'-deoxy-2', 2'-difluoro-N-((4-amino-4-oxobutanoyl) oxy)-4-(trimethyl amm-onio) butanoate-cytidine, JDR) in rat plasma was developed and validated. The conventional plasma sample preparation method of nucleoside analogues is solid-phase extraction (SPE) which is time-consuming and cost-expensive. In this study, gradient elution with small particles size solid phase was applied to effectively separate gemcitabine and JDR, and protein precipitation pretreatment was adopted to remove plasma protein and extract the analytes with high recovery(>81%). Method validation was performed as per the FDA guidelines, and the standard curves were found to be linear in the range of 5–4000 ng/ml for JDR and 4–4000 ng/ml for gemcitabine, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of gemcitabine and JDR was 4 and 5 ng/ml, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy results were within the acceptable limits. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic studies of JDR and gemcitabine after oral administration to rats.
Collapse
Key Words
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- Gemcitabine
- IS, internal standard
- JDR, 2'-deoxy-2', 2'-difluoro-N-((4-amino-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy)-4-(trimethyl amm-onio) butanoate-cytidine
- L-carnitine
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantification
- OCTN2, organic cation/carnitine transporters 2
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- Pharmacokinetics
- Prodrug
- QC, quality control
- SPE, solid-phase extraction
- THU, Tetrahydrouridine
- UPLC/MS/MS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongyang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dawei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Longfa Kou
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lifang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenxia Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xincong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kai Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiming Kan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No.103, Shenyang 110016, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hädener M, Weinmann W, Schürch S, König S. Development of a rapid column-switching LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of THCCOOH and THCCOOH-glucuronide in whole blood for assessing cannabis consumption frequency. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1953-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|