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Malig TC, Ashkin MR, Burman AL, Barday M, Heyne BJM, Back TG. Comparison of free-radical inhibiting antioxidant properties of carvedilol and its phenolic metabolites. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:606-615. [PMID: 30108776 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carvedilol is a widely prescribed drug for the treatment of heart failure and the prevention of associated ventricular arrhythmias. It has also been reported to function as a biological antioxidant via hydrogen atom transfer from its carbazole N-H moiety to chain-propagating radicals. Metabolites of the drug include phenolic derivatives, such as 3-hydroxy-, 4'-hydroxy- and 5'-hydroxycarvedilol, which are also potential antioxidants. A comparison of the radical-inhibiting activities of the parent drug and the three metabolites was carried out in two separate assays. In the first, hydrogen atom transfer from these four compounds to the stable radical DPPH was measured by the decrease in the UV-visible absorption at 515 nm of the latter. The known radical inhibitors BHT, 4-hydroxycarbazole and α-tocopherol were employed as benchmarks in parallel experiments. In the second assay, inhibition of the photoinduced free-radical 1,2-addition of Se-phenyl p-tolueneselenosulfonate to cyclopropylacetylene, along with competing ring-opening of the cyclopropane ring, was monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy in the presence of the carvedilol-based and benchmark antioxidants. In both assays, carvedilol displayed negligible antioxidant activity, while the three metabolites all proved superior radical inhibitors to BHT, with radical-quenching abilities in the order 3-hydroxy- > 5'-hydroxy > 4'-hydroxycarvedilol. Among the metabolites, 3-hydroxycarvedilol displayed even stronger activity in both assays than α-tocopherol, the best of the benchmark antioxidants. These results suggest that the radical-inhibiting antioxidant properties that have been attributed to carvedilol are largely or exclusively due to its metabolites and not to the parent drug itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Malig
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W. , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada .
| | - Mitchell R Ashkin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W. , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada .
| | - Austin L Burman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W. , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada .
| | - Manuel Barday
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W. , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada .
| | - Belinda J M Heyne
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W. , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada .
| | - Thomas G Back
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W. , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada .
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Kumar S, Singh SK. In silico-in vitro-in vivo studies of experimentally designed carvedilol loaded silk fibroin-casein nanoparticles using physiological based pharmacokinetic model. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 96:403-420. [PMID: 28013012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to design and develop carvedilol loaded silk fibroin-casein nanoparticles using 32 full factorial design. Silk fibroin and casein concentration were selected as the independent variables and their effect were observed on dependent variables: particle size, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, drug release, and dissolution efficiency. The developed optimized formulation was characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Powder X-ray diffraction. Surface morphology of optimized formulation using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy revealed spherical nature of particles without any evidence of aggregation. The optimized formulation showed a 2.04-fold increase in Cmax, and 6.87-fold increase in bioavailability as compared to aqueous suspension. The formulation showed sustained release as confirmed by increases in mean residence time. The in vivo in silico simulation using physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) model and population simulation (100 subjects) revealed a reasonable degree of superimposition of simulated and observed pharmacokinetic parameters based on overall fold error (≤2.0). The enhanced bioavailability with sustained effect demonstrates potential of silk fibroin as an alternative carrier for drug delivery and presents Gastoplus™ as efficient tool for in vivo in silico simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India.
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Huang Y, Zheng S, Pan Y, Li T, Xu ZS, Shao MM. Simultaneous quantification of vortioxetine, carvedilol and its active metabolite 4-hydroxyphenyl carvedilol in rat plasma by UPLC–MS/MS: Application to their pharmacokinetic interaction study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:184-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhou T, Zeng D, Zhao T, Yang Y, Liu S, Wu J, Xu L, Tan W. In vivo metabolism study of (R)-bambuterol in humans using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2896-906. [PMID: 27273913 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
(R)-Bambuterol, a selective β2-adrenoceptor agonist, has been approved as a new drug for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by the China Food and Drug Administration and is currently under phase I clinical trials. In this study, a combined method based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed for the identification of the major metabolites of (R)-bambuterol in human plasma and urine after an oral dose of 10 mg. The metabolites were separated by gradient elution program and different sample preparation methods were compared. Totally, 12 metabolites of (R)-bambuterol were identified, including four metabolites in plasma and all 12 metabolites in urine. Among these, four metabolites are reported for the first time. The possible metabolic pathways of (R)-bambuterol were subsequently proposed. The results indicated that (R)-bambuterol was metabolized via hydrolysis, demethylation, oxygenation, glucuronidation, and sulfation pathways in vivo. This study revealed that this combined method was accurate and sensitive to identify the possible metabolites and to better understand the metabolism of (R)-bambuterol in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Keyharma Biomedical Inc, Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industry Park, Dongguan, China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Nardotto GHB, Coelho EB, Marques MP, Lanchote VL. Chiral analysis of carvedilol and its metabolites hydroxyphenyl carvedilol and O-desmethyl carvedilol in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:173-180. [PMID: 26927877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug, which is available in clinical practice as a racemic mixture. (S)-(-)-carvedilol is a β- and α1-adrenergic antagonist, while (R)-(+)-carvedilol only acts as an α1-adrenergic antagonist. Carvedilol is metabolized mainly by glucuronidation and, to a lesser extent, by CYP2D6 to hydroxyphenyl carvedilol (OHC) and by CYP2C9 to O-desmethyl carvedilol (DMC). This study describes the development and validation of a method for the sequential analysis of the enantiomers of carvedilol, OHC and DMC in plasma using a Chirobiotic(®) V chiral-phase column coupled to an LC-MS/MS system. The method was linear in the range of 0.05-100, 0.05-10 and 0.02-10 ng/mL for the carvedilol, OHC and DMC enantiomers, respectively. Application of the method to the investigation of a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with a single oral dose of 25mg racemic carvedilol showed plasma accumulation of the (R)-(+)-carvedilol, (R)-(+)-DMC and (R)-(+)-OHC enantiomers. These results suggest that plasma accumulation of (R)-(+)-carvedilol cannot be explained by its oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauco Henrique Balthazar Nardotto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Barbosa Coelho
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Marques
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Lanchote
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Wu H, Zhang L, Gao N, Li Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Tian L, Du LM. Magnetic Retrieval of Ionic Liquids: High Sensitivity Fluorescence Determination of Carvedilol in Tablets, Plasma, and Urine. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1070165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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