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Laera D, HogenEsch H, O'Hagan DT. Aluminum Adjuvants-'Back to the Future'. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1884. [PMID: 37514070 PMCID: PMC10383759 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants will continue to be a key component of currently approved and next generation vaccines, including important combination vaccines. The widespread use of aluminum adjuvants is due to their excellent safety profile, which has been established through the use of hundreds of millions of doses in humans over many years. In addition, they are inexpensive, readily available, and are well known and generally accepted by regulatory agencies. Moreover, they offer a very flexible platform, to which many vaccine components can be adsorbed, enabling the preparation of liquid formulations, which typically have a long shelf life under refrigerated conditions. Nevertheless, despite their extensive use, they are perceived as relatively 'weak' vaccine adjuvants. Hence, there have been many attempts to improve their performance, which typically involves co-delivery of immune potentiators, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. This approach has allowed for the development of improved aluminum adjuvants for inclusion in licensed vaccines against HPV, HBV, and COVID-19, with others likely to follow. This review summarizes the various aluminum salts that are used in vaccines and highlights how they are prepared. We focus on the analytical challenges that remain to allowing the creation of well-characterized formulations, particularly those involving multiple antigens. In addition, we highlight how aluminum is being used to create the next generation of improved adjuvants through the adsorption and delivery of various TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatello Laera
- Technical Research & Development, Drug Product, GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Global Manufacturing Division, Corporate Industrial Analytics, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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Lu Z, Li S, Aa N, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Xu C, Zhang S, Kong X, Wang G, Aa J, Zhang Y. Quantitative analysis of 20 purine and pyrimidine metabolites by HILIC-MS/MS in the serum and hippocampus of depressed mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114886. [PMID: 35715372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purine and pyrimidine metabolism are vital metabolic pathways in the development, proliferation or repairment of cells or tissues associated with various diseases. Here, a simple, all-in-one injection hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of 20 metabolites: adenine, adenosine, deoxyadenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine, deoxyinosine, xanthosine, xanthosine 5'-monophosphate and uric acid, which are products of purine metabolism; uridine, deoxyuridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate and uracil, are products of pyrimidine metabolism; and corticosterone, methionine, acetylcholine and serotonin. To minimize interference of endogenous molecules in sample matrixes, a combination of activated carbon adsorption and a serum substitute matrix (5% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline) was utilized and jointly applied. The sensitivity, linearity, stability, precision, accuracy and extraction recovery were evaluated, and the method was demonstrated to be accurate, sensitive and reliable. An analytical strategy was successfully applied to quantitatively determine 20 metabolite levels in the serum and hippocampus of mice with chronic social defeat stress-induced depression. The results showed greatly perturbed purine metabolism in the depressed mice, which was primarily characterized by dramatic increases in hypoxanthine, xanthine and inosine in serum and reduced levels of adenine, adenosine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that this novel strategy can facilitate the quantitative analysis of adenine and other purine and pyrimidine metabolites in tissue and serum and exhibits great potential in the exploration of metabolism-related mechanisms of relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Nan Aa
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanmao Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shize Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiye Aa
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Sándor V, Berkics BV, Kilár A, Kocsis B, Kilár F, Dörnyei Á. NACE–ESI‐MS/MS method for separation and characterization of phosphorylation and acylation isomers of lipid A. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1178-1188. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sándor
- Institute of Bioanalysis Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Balázs Viktor Berkics
- Institute of Bioanalysis Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Anikó Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
- Department of Bioengineering Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania Miercurea Ciuc Romania
| | - Ágnes Dörnyei
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
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Kaurav M, Kumar R, Jain A, Pandey RS. Novel Biomimetic Reconstituted Built-in Adjuvanted Hepatitis B Vaccine for Transcutaneous Immunization. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3550-3559. [PMID: 31348940 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization is the administration of a vaccine on the skin to generate efficient systemic and mucosal immune responses against an antigen. In the present study, reconstituted hepatitis B surface antigen vesicles (HBsAg-REVs) integrated with monophosphoryl lipid A were prepared by the delipidation-reconstitution method and tested as built-in adjuvanted vaccine, system for transcutaneous immunization using a combined approach of tape strippings, and enhanced antigen skin contact time. Prepared vesicles were extensively characterized for size, shape, zeta potential, and antigen protein loading efficiency. Following topical application, HBsAg-REVs skin permeation on isolated rat skin and cell uptake by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. The humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by HBsAg-REVs via transcutaneous immunization were comparable to the marketed intramuscular hepatitis B vaccine formulation with predefined immunization protocols. This study supports that delivery of reconstituted HBsAg vesicles via transcutaneous route may open a new vista for designing topical vaccines with possible immune protection against hepatitis B in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaurav
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- National UGC Centre of Excellence in NanoBiomedical Applications, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Atul Jain
- National UGC Centre of Excellence in NanoBiomedical Applications, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India.
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Nemutlu E, Eroğlu İ, Eroğlu H, Kır S. In Vitro Release Test of Nano-drug Delivery Systems Based on Analytical and Technological Perspectives. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180912125931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:Nanotech products are gaining more attention depending on their advantages for improving drug solubility, maintenance of drug targeting, and attenuation of drug toxicity. In vitro release test is the critical physical parameter to determine the pharmaceutical quality of the product, to monitor formulation design and batch-to-batch variation.Methods:Spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods are mostly used in quantification studies from in vitro release test of nano-drug delivery systems. These techniques have advantages and disadvantages with respect to each other considering dynamic range, selectivity, automation, compatibility with in vitro release media and cost per sample.Results:It is very important to determine the correct kinetic profile of active pharmaceutical substances. At this point, the analytical method used for in vitro release tests has become a very critical parameter to correctly assess the profiles. In this review, we provided an overview of analytical methods applied to the in vitro release assay of various nanopharmaceuticals.Conclusion:This review presents practical direction on analytical method selection for in vitro release test on nanopharmaceuticals. Moreover, precautions on analytical method selection, optimization and validation were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İpek Eroğlu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Eroğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sedef Kır
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Bobbala S, Gibson B, Gamble AB, McDowell A, Hook S. Poloxamer 407-chitosan grafted thermoresponsive hydrogels achieve synchronous and sustained release of antigen and adjuvant from single-shot vaccines. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:656-665. [PMID: 29499080 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sustained-release vaccine delivery systems may enhance the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines and reduce the need for multiple vaccinations. The aim of this study was to develop a thermoresponsive hydrogel using poloxamer 407-chitosan (CP) grafted copolymer as a delivery system for single-shot sustained-release vaccines. The CP copolymer was synthesized using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The CP copolymer was a free flowing solution at ambient temperature and transformed rapidly into a gel at body temperature. The hydrogels were loaded with vaccine antigen and adjuvants or the vaccine components were encapsulated in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles in order to ensure synchronous release. The CP hydrogels were stable for up to 18 days in vitro. Release of both nanoparticles and the individual components was complete, with release of the individual components being modulated by incorporation into nanoparticles. In vivo, a single dose of CP hydrogel vaccine induced strong, long lasting, cellular and humoral responses that could protect against the development of tumors in a murine melanoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan Bobbala
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Blake Gibson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Arlene McDowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Twin-screw extruded lipid implants containing TRP2 peptide for tumour therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 114:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sándor V, Dörnyei Á, Makszin L, Kilár F, Péterfi Z, Kocsis B, Kilár A. Characterization of complex, heterogeneous lipid A samples using HPLC-MS/MS technique I. Overall analysis with respect to acylation, phosphorylation and isobaric distribution. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:1043-1063. [PMID: 27506631 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We established a new reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography method combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination and structural characterization of different lipid A types in bacteria (Escherichia coli O111, Salmonella adelaide O35 and Proteus morganii O34) showing serological cross-reactivity. The complex lipid A mixtures (obtained by simple extraction and acid hydrolysis of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharides) were separated and detected without phosphate derivatization. Several previously unidentified ions were detected, which differed in the number and type of acyl chains and number of phosphate groups. In several cases, we observed the different retention of isobaric lipid A species, which had different secondary fatty acyl distribution at the C2' or the C3' sites. The fragmentation of the various, C4' monophosphorylated lipid A species in deprotonated forms provided structural assignment for each component. Fragmentation pathways of the tri-acylated, tetra-acylated, penta-acylated, hexa-acylated and hepta-acylated lipid A components and of the lipid A partial structures are suggested. As standards, the hexa-acylated ion at m/z 1716 with the E. coli-type acyl distribution and the hepta-acylated ion at m/z 1954 with the Salmonella-type acyl distribution were used. The results confirmed the presence of multiple forms of lipid A in all strains analyzed. In addition, the negative-ion mode MS permitted efficient detection for non-phosphorylated lipid A components, too. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sándor
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Dörnyei
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lilla Makszin
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Péterfi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kilár
- MTA-PTE Molecular Interactions in Separation Science Research Group, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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Bobbala S, Tamboli V, McDowell A, Mitra AK, Hook S. Novel Injectable Pentablock Copolymer Based Thermoresponsive Hydrogels for Sustained Release Vaccines. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 18:261-9. [PMID: 26589309 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The need for multiple vaccinations to enhance the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines may be reduced by delivering the vaccine over an extended period of time. Here, we report two novel injectable pentablock copolymer based thermoresponsive hydrogels made of polyethyleneglycol-polycaprolactone-polylactide-polycaprolactone-polyethyleneglycol (PEG-PCL-PLA-PCL-PEG) with varying ratios of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactide (PLA), as single shot sustained release vaccines. Pentablock copolymer hydrogels were loaded with vaccine-encapsulated poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (PLGA-NP) or with the soluble vaccine components. Incorporation of PLGA-NP into the thermoresponsive hydrogels increased the complex viscosity of the gels, lowered the gelation temperature, and minimized the burst release of antigen and adjuvants. The two pentablock hydrogels stimulated both cellular and humoral responses. The addition of PLGA-NP to the hydrogels sustained immune responses for up to 49 days. The polymer with a higher ratio of PCL to PLA formed a more rigid gel, induced stronger immune responses, and stimulated effective anti-tumor responses in a prophylactic melanoma tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan Bobbala
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Viral Tamboli
- School of Pharmacy, UMKC, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Arlene McDowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- School of Pharmacy, UMKC, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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Even MP, Bobbala S, Kooi KL, Hook S, Winter G, Engert J. Impact of implant composition of twin-screw extruded lipid implants on the release behavior. Int J Pharm 2015; 493:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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