1
|
Baglietto M, Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Magi E. Polar licit and illicit ingredients in dietary supplements: chemometric optimization of extraction and HILIC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1679-1695. [PMID: 38334794 PMCID: PMC10899327 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Many dietary supplements claim the ability to enhance sports performance and to improve the fitness of the consumers. Occasionally, along with legal ingredients, illicit compounds may be added without being labelled, leading to unintended doping. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop an analytical method to determine a set of 12 polar (logDpH=7 from -2.0 to +0.3) compounds including diuretics, stimulants, β2-agonists, methylxanthines, and sweeteners. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was chosen as separation strategy, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The instrumental method was optimized using a two-step design of experiments (DoE). Firstly, a Plackett-Burman (PB) DoE was performed to identify the more influencing variables affecting peak areas and chromatographic resolution among temperature, water percentage in the mobile phase, and flow rate, as well as type and concentration of buffers. Secondly, a D-optimal DoE was set, considering only the most significant variables from the PB-DoE results, achieving a deeper understanding of the retention mechanism. Sample processing by salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction was studied through DoE as well, and the whole method showed recoveries in the range 40-107% and procedural precision ≤11% for all analytes. Finally, it was applied to real samples, in which the four methylxanthines and two artificial sweeteners were detected and quantified in the range of 0.02-192 mg g-1. These values were compared to the quantities declared on the DS labels, when possible. Furthermore, a sequence of MS/MS scans allowed detection of a signal in one of the samples, structurally similar to the β2-agonist clenbuterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Baglietto
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kalisz O, Dembek M, Studzińska S, Bocian S. Beta-Blocker Separation on Phosphodiester Stationary Phases-The Application of Intelligent Peak Deconvolution Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073249. [PMID: 37050011 PMCID: PMC10096687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-blockers are a class of medications predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms. They are also widely used to treat high blood pressure. From the liquid chromatography separation point of view, beta-blockers are interesting molecules due to their hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the beta-blocker separation selectivity on four phosphodiester stationary phases in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP LC) and hydrophilic interactions liquid chromatography (HILIC). On tested stationary phases, beta-blockers provide retention in both chromatographic systems, RP LC and HILIC. Additionally, it was found that cation-exchange mechanisms have a significant contribution to retention. Separations were enhanced by applying ChromSword software for gradient optimization and Intelligent Peak Deconvolution Analysis to separate unseparated peaks digitally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Kalisz
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Dembek
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
An Update on the Use of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Beta-Blocker Drug Analysis as a Selective Separation Method in Biological and Environmental Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092880. [PMID: 35566233 PMCID: PMC9104958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-blockers are antihypertensive drugs and can be abused by athletes in some sport competitions; it is therefore necessary to monitor beta-blocker levels in biological samples. In addition, beta-blocker levels in environmental samples need to be monitored to determine whether there are contaminants from the activities of the pharmaceutical industry. Several extraction methods have been developed to separate beta-blocker drugs in a sample, one of which is molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MIP-SPE). MIPs have some advantages, including good selectivity, high affinity, ease of synthesis, and low cost. This review provides an overview of the polymerization methods for synthesizing MIPs of beta-blocker groups. The methods that are still widely used to synthesize MIPs for beta-blockers are the bulk polymerization method and the precipitation polymerization method. MIPs for beta-blockers still need further development, especially since many types of beta-blockers have not been used as templates in the MIP synthesis process and modification of the MIP sorbent is required, to obtain high throughput analysis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dmitrienko SG, Apyari VV, Gorbunova MV, Tolmacheva VV, Zolotov YA. Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Organic Compounds. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
5
|
Wang Y, Li S, Zhang L, Qi S, Guan H, Liu W, Cheng X, Liu L, Cheng L, Wang C. Chemical Fingerprint Analysis and Simultaneous Determination of Nucleosides and Amino Acids in Kang Fu Xin Liquid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190328215231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective:
Kang Fu Xin liquid (KFX) is an official preparation made from
the ethanol extract product from P. Americana. The present quality control method cannot control the
quality of the preparation well. The aim of the present study is to establish a convenient HPLC method
for multicomponents determination combined with fingerprint analysis for quality control of KFX.
Methods:
An HPLC-DAD method with gradient elution and detective wavelength switching program
was developed to establish HPLC fingerprints of KFX, and 38 batches of KFX were compared and
evaluated by similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and principal component
analysis (PCA). Meanwhile, six nucleosides and three amino acids, including uracil, hypoxanthine, uric
acid, adenosine, xanthine, inosine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan in KFX were determined
based on the HPLC fingerprints.
Results:
An HPLC method assisted with gradient elution and wavelength switching program was established
and validated for multicomponents determination combined with fingerprint analysis of KFX.
The results demonstrated that the similarity values of the KFX samples were more than 0.845. PCA
indicated that peaks 4 (hypoxanthine), 7 (xanthine), 9 (tyrosine), 11, 13 and 17 might be the characteristic
contributed components. The nine constituents in KFX, uracil, hypoxanthine, uric acid, adenosine,
xanthine, inosine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan, showed good regression (R2 > 0.9997) within
test ranges and the recoveries of the method for all analytes were in the range from 96.74 to 104.24%.
The limits of detections and quantifications for nine constituents in DAD were less than 0.22 and 0.43
μg•mL-1, respectively.
Conclusion:
The qualitative analysis of chemical fingerprints and the quantitative analysis of multiple
indicators provide a powerful and rational way to control the KFX quality for pharmaceutical companies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuping Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuhong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglan Qi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Inner Mongolia Jingxin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Innermongolia, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Inner Mongolia Jingxin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Innermongolia, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saki N, Bagherpour S, Vosoughi T, Birgani M, Ehsanpour A. Coexistence of ten-eleven translocation 2 and calreticulin mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms: Possible prognostic value. CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ccij.ccij_114_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
7
|
Micro-extraction by packed sorbent coupled on-line to a column-switching chromatography system – A case study on the determination of three beta-blockers in human urine. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Mokhtar HI, Abdel-Salam RA, Hadad GM. Tolerance intervals modeling for design space of a salt assisted liquid-liquid microextraction of trimethoprim and six common sulfonamide antibiotics in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1586:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
9
|
Recent advances in biological sample preparation methods coupled with chromatography, spectrometry and electrochemistry analysis techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
10
|
Alshishani A, Salhimi SM, Saad B. Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction coupled with hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the determination of biguanides in biological and environmental samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1073:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
11
|
Sun S, Wang Y, Liu X, Fu R, Yang L. Rapid and sensitive tapered-capillary microextraction combined to on-line sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis for extraction and quantification of two beta-blockers in human urine. Talanta 2017; 180:90-97. [PMID: 29332838 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A tapered-capillary microextraction (tCap-μEx) combining with field-amplified stacking (FASI) method for CE analysis was developed. The tCap-μEx method is based on the construction of a micro solid phase extraction (SPE) column by narrowing the end of a silica capillary from 530µm (inner diameter) to 20µm, enabling the packing of 45µm sorbent particles without a frit. Various parameters that may affect the microextraction and FASI-CE analysis have been investigated and optimized. This study shows that microextraction exhibits advantages of small sample and sorbent volumes (less than 200μL sample and 2μL sorbent) and fast extraction time of 6min. The method was successfully applied for efficient determination of atenolol and metoprolol in human urine samples, with recovery of 93.7-105.5% and RSD (n=3) lower than 8.5%. Twenty-one-fold and nineteen-fold average enhancement of detection sensitivity was achieved for atenolol and metoprolol, respectively, versus the CE method without tCap-μEx and FASI. The method is environmentally friendly and allows reuse of the sorbent at least 8 times without an obvious loss in performance. The results indicate that the proposed method could be potentially applied in a wide range of doping control, clinical, forensic toxicology, food analysis and environmental analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Rao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tu X, Sun F, Wu S, Liu W, Gao Z, Huang S, Chen W. Comparison of salting-out and sugaring-out liquid-liquid extraction methods for the partition of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid in royal jelly and their co-extracted protein content. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1073:90-95. [PMID: 29247927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction (h-LLE) has been receiving considerable attention as a sample preparation method due to its simple and fast partition of compounds with a wide range of polarities. To better understand the differences between the two h-LLE extraction approaches, salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) and sugaring-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SULLE), have been compared for the partition of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) from royal jelly, and for the co-extraction of proteins. Effects of the amount of phase partition agents and the concentration of acetonitrile (ACN) on the h-LLE were discussed. Results showed that partition efficiency of 10-HDA depends on the phase ratio in both SALLE and SULLE. Though the partition triggered by NaCl and glucose is less efficient than MgSO4 in the 50% (v/v) ACN-water mixture, their extraction yields can be improved to be similar with that in MgSO4 SALLE by increasing the initial concentration of ACN in the ACN-water mixture. The content of co-extracted protein was correlated with water concentration in the obtained upper phase. MgSO4 showed the largest protein co-extraction at the low concentration of salt. Glucose exhibited a large protein co-extraction in the high phase ratio condition. Furthermore, NaCl with high initial ACN concentration is recommended because it produced high extraction yield for 10-HDA and the lowest amount of co-extracted protein. These observations would be valuable for the sample preparation of royal jelly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Tu
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Bee Products Processing and Application, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fanyi Sun
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Wu
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhaosheng Gao
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaokang Huang
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Bee Products Processing and Application, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Bee Products Processing and Application, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Taraji M, Haddad PR, Amos RIJ, Talebi M, Szucs R, Dolan JW, Pohl CA. Chemometric-assisted method development in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1000:20-40. [PMID: 29289311 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
With an enormous growth in the application of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), there has also been significant progress in HILIC method development. HILIC is a chromatographic method that utilises hydro-organic mobile phases with a high organic content, and a hydrophilic stationary phase. It has been applied predominantly in the determination of small polar compounds. Theoretical studies in computer-aided modelling tools, most importantly the predictive, quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) modelling methods, have attracted the attention of researchers and these approaches greatly assist the method development process. This review focuses on the application of computer-aided modelling tools in understanding the retention mechanism, the classification of HILIC stationary phases, prediction of retention times in HILIC systems, optimisation of chromatographic conditions, and description of the interaction effects of the chromatographic factors in HILIC separations. Additionally, what has been achieved in the potential application of QSRR methodology in combination with experimental design philosophy in the optimisation of chromatographic separation conditions in the HILIC method development process is communicated. Developing robust predictive QSRR models will undoubtedly facilitate more application of this chromatographic mode in a broader variety of research areas, significantly minimising cost and time of the experimental work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Taraji
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia.
| | - Ruth I J Amos
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Mohammad Talebi
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Roman Szucs
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CT13 9NJ, Sandwich, UK
| | - John W Dolan
- LC Resources, 1795 NW Wallace Rd., McMinnville, OR 97128, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Q, Yang FQ, Ge L, Hu YJ, Xia ZN. Recent applications of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:49-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Liya Ge
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Yuan-Jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ning Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|