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Potashnikova DM, Tvorogova AV, Saidova AA, Sotnikova TN, Arifulin EA, Lipina TV, Shirokova OM, Melnikov ES, Rodina TA, Valyaeva AA, Zharikova AA, Zayratyants GO, Zayratyants OV, Sheval EV, Vasilieva EJ. Lung inflammation is associated with lipid deposition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.12.30.522299. [PMID: 36789445 PMCID: PMC9928036 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.30.522299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation, pneumonia, is an acute respiratory disease of varying etiology that has recently drawn much attention during the COVID-19 pandemic as lungs are among the main targets for SARS-CoV-2. Multiple other etiological agents are associated with pneumonias. Here, we describe a newly-recognized pathology, namely abnormal lipid depositions in the lungs of patients who died from COVID-19 as well as from non-COVID-19 pneumonias. Our analysis of both semi-thin and Sudan III-stained lung specimens revealed extracellular and intracellular lipid depositions irrespective of the pneumonia etiology. Most notably, lipid depositions were located within vessels adjacent to inflamed regions, where they apparently interfere with the blood flow. Structurally, the lipid droplets in the inflamed lung tissue were homogeneous and lacked outer membranes as assessed by electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis of lipid droplet deposition area allowed us to distinguish the non-pneumonia control lung specimens from the macroscopically intact area of the pneumonia lung and from the inflamed area of the pneumonia lung. Our measurements revealed a gradient of lipid deposition towards the inflamed region. The pattern of lipid distribution proved universal for all pneumonias. Finally, lipid metabolism in the lung tissue was assessed by the fatty acid analysis and by expression of genes involved in lipid turnover. Chromato-mass spectrometry revealed that unsaturated fatty acid content was elevated at inflammation sites compared to that in control non-inflamed lung tissue from the same individual. The expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was altered in pneumonia, as shown by qPCR and in silico RNA-seq analysis. Thus, pneumonias of various etiologies are associated with specific lipid abnormalities; therefore, lipid metabolism can be considered to be a target for new therapeutic strategies.
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Eroshchenko NN, Veselov VV, Pirogov AV, Danilova EY, Kirushin AN, Paravyan AL, Cravotto G. Development and validation of a HPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of fatty acids - in the form of FAME ammonium adducts - in human whole blood and erythrocytes to determine omega-3 index. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1227:123799. [PMID: 37379757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent scientific studies in the field of health and nutrition have unanimously affirmed the importance of consuming the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), because of their cardioprotective properties. Fatty acid profiling in erythrocyte membranes allows the omega-3 index, which is a recognized indicator of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, to be calculated. One consequence of the upward trend in healthy lifestyles and longevity is an increase in the number of studies into the omega-3 index, which requires a reliable method for the quantitative analysis of fatty acids. This article describes the development and validation of a sensitive and reproducible liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative analysis of 23 fatty acids (in the form of fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) in 40 µl of whole blood and erythrocytes. The list of acids includes saturated, omega-9 unsaturated, omega-6 unsaturated and omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids as well as their trans-isomers. The limit of quantitation was 250 ng ml-1 for C12:0, C16:0 and C18:0; and 62.5 ng ml-1 for other FAMEs, including EPA, DHA and trans-isomers of FAME C16:1, C18:1 and C18:2 n-6. Sample preparation for fatty acid (FA) esterification/methylation with boron trifluoride-methanol (BF3) has been optimized. Chromatographic separation has been carried out on a C8 column in gradient mode using a mixture of acetonitrile, isopropanol and water with the addition of 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate. As a result, the problem of separating the cis- and trans-isomers of FAME C16:1, C18:1 and C18:2 n-6 has been solved. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection of FAMEs, in the form of ammonium adducts, has been optimized for the first time, which has made the method more sensitive that when the protonated species are used. This method has been applied to 12 samples from healthy subjects that consumed omega-3 supplements and has proven to be a reliable tool for determining the omega-3 index.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Eroshchenko
- Biomedical Science and Technology Park, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - V V Veselov
- Biomedical Science and Technology Park, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Pirogov
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenih Hills, d. 1, str. 3., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - E Y Danilova
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenih Hills, d. 1, str. 3., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Kirushin
- Biomedical Science and Technology Park, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Paravyan
- Biomedical Science and Technology Park, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Gong M, Wei W, Hu Y, Jin Q, Wang X. Structure determination of conjugated linoleic and linolenic acids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1153:122292. [PMID: 32755819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic and linolenic acids (CLA and CLnA) can be found in dairy, ruminant meat and oilseeds, these types of unsaturated fatty acids consist of various positional and geometrical isomers, and have demonstrated health-promoting potential for human beings. Extensive reviews have reported the physiological effects of CLA, CLnA, while little is known regarding their isomer-specific effects. However, the isomers are difficult to identify, owing to (i) the similar retention time in common chromatographic methods; and (ii) the isomers are highly sensitive to high temperature, pH changes, and oxidation. The uncertainties in molecular structure have hindered investigations on the physiological effects of CLA and CLnA. Therefore, this review presents a summary of the currently available technologies for the structural determination of CLA and CLnA, including the presence confirmation, double bond position determination, and the potential stereo-isomer determination. Special focus has been projected to the novel techniques for structure determination of CLA and CLnA. Some possible future directions are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Gong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yulin Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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Heidari M, Talebpour Z, Abdollahpour Z, Adib N, Ghanavi Z, Aboul-Enein HY. Discrimination between vegetable oil and animal fat by a metabolomics approach using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 57:3415-3425. [PMID: 32728289 PMCID: PMC7374695 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adulteration of olive oil with the other cheap oils and fats plays an important role in economics and has nutritional benefits. In this work, metabolite profiling was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and quantify animal fat (lard) adulteration in vegetable oil (olive oil). Principal component analysis could correctly identify and clustering olive oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, lard, and adulterated samples through the changes in their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) profile. A targeted metabolomics method was then optimized and validated through construction of calibration curves of known FAMSs in olive oil and lard. The method was presented high linearity (R2 > 0.96) and good intra and inter day accuracy and precision (79-101 and 86-102% and 2-7 and 3-7, respectively) for determination of FAMEs. Afterwards the absolute concentration and relative percentage of FAMEs were successfully determined in 12 commercial olive oils and 3 lards samples. Methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl stearate were selected as discriminant markers to identify and quantify lard adulteration even at a low level of lard (5%w/w), with errors less than 2% in the comparison of the absolute or relative concentrations of FAMEs using several statistical methods. The proposed methodology allowed us to quantify the FAMEs simultaneously and also could predict small amount of lard in the adulterated olive oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Talebpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Abdollahpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zohre Ghanavi
- Iranian National Standards Organization, Standard Square, Karaj, Alborz Iran
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12662 Egypt
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Jialin Du, Pei X, Zhao H, Gong C, Xu X. Identification of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols in Schisandrae chinensis fructus Oil. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820080079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Todorov H, Kollar B, Bayer F, Brandão I, Mann A, Mohr J, Pontarollo G, Formes H, Stauber R, Kittner JM, Endres K, Watzer B, Nockher WA, Sommer F, Gerber S, Reinhardt C. α-Linolenic Acid-Rich Diet Influences Microbiota Composition and Villus Morphology of the Mouse Small Intestine. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030732. [PMID: 32168729 PMCID: PMC7146139 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is well-known for its anti-inflammatory activity. In contrast, the influence of an ALA-rich diet on intestinal microbiota composition and its impact on small intestine morphology are not fully understood. In the current study, we kept adult C57BL/6J mice for 4 weeks on an ALA-rich or control diet. Characterization of the microbial composition of the small intestine revealed that the ALA diet was associated with an enrichment in Prevotella and Parabacteroides. In contrast, taxa belonging to the Firmicutes phylum, including Lactobacillus, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Lachnospiraceae and Streptococcus, had significantly lower abundance compared to control diet. Metagenome prediction indicated an enrichment in functional pathways such as bacterial secretion system in the ALA group, whereas the two-component system and ALA metabolism pathways were downregulated. We also observed increased levels of ALA and its metabolites eicosapentanoic and docosahexanoic acid, but reduced levels of arachidonic acid in the intestinal tissue of ALA-fed mice. Furthermore, intestinal morphology in the ALA group was characterized by elongated villus structures with increased counts of epithelial cells and reduced epithelial proliferation rate. Interestingly, the ALA diet reduced relative goblet and Paneth cell counts. Of note, high-fat Western-type diet feeding resulted in a comparable adaptation of the small intestine. Collectively, our study demonstrates the impact of ALA on the gut microbiome and reveals the nutritional regulation of gut morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo Todorov
- Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Center for Computational Sciences in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (H.T.); (S.G.)
- Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Borkenberg 14, 61440 Oberursel, Germany
| | - Bettina Kollar
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.K.); (I.B.); (A.M.); (J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Franziska Bayer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.K.); (I.B.); (A.M.); (J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Inês Brandão
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.K.); (I.B.); (A.M.); (J.M.); (G.P.)
- Centro de Apoio Tecnológico Agro Alimentar (CATAA), Zona Industrial de Castelo Branco, Rua A, 6000-459 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.K.); (I.B.); (A.M.); (J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Julia Mohr
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.K.); (I.B.); (A.M.); (J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.K.); (I.B.); (A.M.); (J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Henning Formes
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.K.); (I.B.); (A.M.); (J.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Roland Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Jens M. Kittner
- Medical Department 2 (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology, Endocrinology) Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Grafenstr. 9, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Watzer
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Andreas Nockher
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Center for Computational Sciences in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (H.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.K.); (I.B.); (A.M.); (J.M.); (G.P.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-17-8280
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Lin CC, Sengee A, Mjøs SA. Minor compounds and potential interferents in gas chromatographic analyses of human serum fatty acids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1138:121963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wu F, Guo X, Zhang M, Ou Z, Wu D, Deng L, Lu Z, Zhang J, Deng G, Chen S, Li S, Yi J, Peng Y. An Akkermansia muciniphila subtype alleviates high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders and inhibits the neurodegenerative process in mice. Anaerobe 2019; 61:102138. [PMID: 31830598 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and diabetes, and their complicating mental disorders, severely affect public health. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of an Akkermansia muciniphila subtype (A. muciniphilasub) on high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes, and to evaluate whether this subtype can alleviate their complicated mental disorders. Whole genome sequencing and short chain fatty acid production analysis in supernatant of pure culture were performed. Female adult C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet or a normal chow diet and were gavaged with A. muciniphilasub or phosphate-buffered saline daily for 10 months. Body weight, food consumption and blood glucose were measured. At the end of the treatment period, all mice were subjected to the Y-maze test, sucrose preference test, analyses of serum, fecal microbiota analysis and histological examination. This A. muciniphilasub had 278 unique genes compared to the type strain (A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835) and produced short chain fatty acids both. A. muciniphilasub administration significantly reduced body weight gain and improved the spatial memory of high-fat diet-fed mice. A. muciniphilasub increased Nissl bodies in neurons of the hippocampus, and restored the high-fat diet-inhibited tryptophan metabolism. The high-fat diet led to decreased serum 5-hydroxytryptamine and induced depression, which were not alleviated by A. muciniphilasub. A. muciniphilasub increased the relative fecal abundance of Bifidobacterium, and was negatively correlated with the fecal abundance of Bacteroides. The present study demonstrated the beneficial effects of this A. muciniphilasub on body weight, blood glucose control and the alleviation of the memory decay caused by a high-fat diet in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianfeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zihao Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiachun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guihua Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengqiang Chen
- Key Lab Neurogenet & Channelopathies Guangdong Pr, Minist Educ, Institute Neurosci, Affiliated Hospital 2, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghui Li
- Shenzhen Puensum Genetech Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangfeng Yi
- Guangzhou Kangze Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzheng Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies for fatty acid analysis in biological samples. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 28:60-73. [PMID: 31883609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids play critical roles in biological systems. Imbalances in fatty acids are related to a variety of diseases, which makes the measurement of fatty acids in biological samples important. Many analytical strategies have been developed to investigate fatty acids in various biological samples. Due to the structural diversity of fatty acids, many factors need to be considered when developing analytical methods including extraction methods, derivatization methods, column selections, and internal standard selections. This review focused on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based methods. We reviewed several commonly used fatty acid extraction approaches, including liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase microextraction. Moreover, both acid and base derivatization methods and other specially designed methods were comprehensively reviewed, and their strengths and limitations were discussed. Having good separation efficiency is essential to building an accurate and reliable GC-MS platform for fatty acid analysis. We reviewed the separation performance of different columns and discussed the application of multidimensional GC for improving separations. The selection of internal standards was also discussed. In the final section, we introduced several biomedical studies that measured fatty acid levels in different sample matrices and provided hints on the relationships between fatty acid imbalances and diseases.
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Gong M, Hu Y, Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. Production of conjugated fatty acids: A review of recent advances. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107454. [PMID: 31639444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) have received a deal of attention due to the increasing understanding of their beneficial physiological effects, especially the anti-cancer effects and metabolism-regulation activities. However, the production of CFAs is generally difficult. Several challenges are the low CFAs content in natural sources, the difficulty to chemically synthesize target CFA isomers in high purity, and the sensitive characteristics of CFAs. In this article, the current technologies to produce CFAs, including physical, chemical, and biotechnical approaches were summarized, with a focus on the conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs) which are the most common investigated CFAs. CFAs usually demonstrate stronger physiological effects than other non-conjugated fatty acids; however, they are more sensitive to heat and oxidation. Consequently, the quality control throughout the entire production process of CFAs is significant. Special attention was given to the micro- or nano-encapsulation which presented as an emerging technique to improve the bioavailability and storage stability of CFAs. The current applications of CFAs and the potential research directions were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Gong
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yulin Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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