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Kang C, Xiao Q, Wang X, Guo W, Zhang H, Yuan L, Zhao Z, Hao W. Chlormequat chloride induces hepatic steatosis by promoting mTOR/SREBP1 mediated lipogenesis via AMPK inhibition. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 190:114790. [PMID: 38849044 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Chlormequat chloride (CCC), a widely used plant growth regulator, is a choline analogue that has been shown to have endocrine-disrupting effects. Previous studies have shown that maternal exposure to CCC could induce hyperlipidemia and growth disruption in rat offspring. This study aims to further investigate the effects of peripubertal exposure to CCC on pubertal development and lipid homeostasis, as well as the underlying mechanisms. In vivo, male weanling rats were exposed to CCC (0, 20, 75 and 200 mg/kg bw/day) from post-natal day 21-60 via daily oral gavage. The results in rats showed that 75 mg/kg CCC treatment induced hepatic steatosis, predominantly microvesicular steatosis with a small amount of macrovesicular steatosis, in rat livers and 200 mg/kg CCC treatment induced liver damage including inflammatory infiltration, hepatic sinusoidal dilation and necrosis. In vitro, HepG2 cells were treated with CCC (0, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 μg/mL) for 24 h. And the results showed that CCC above 120 μg/mL induced an increase in triglyceride and neutral lipid levels of HepG2 cells. Mechanism exploration revealed that CCC treatment promoted the activation of mTOR/SREBP1 signalling pathway and inhibited activation of AMPK in both in vivo rat livers and in vitro HepG2 cells. Treatment with AMPK activator Acadesine (AICAR) could alleviate the lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells induced by CCC. Collectively, the present results indicate that CCC might induce hepatic steatosis by promoting mTOR/SREBP1 mediated lipogenesis via AMPK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengping Kang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qianqian Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Wanqian Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Lilan Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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Yang H, Geng Y, Lin S, Wang L, Peng Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Liu X. The determination of underivatized chlormequat, fosetyl-aluminium and phosphonic acid residues in maize and soybean by LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:237-243. [PMID: 38105742 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01874a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of chlormequat, fosetyl-aluminium and phosphonic acid residues in maize and soybean using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Analytes were extracted with acetic acid solution, purified on an HLB column, and then filtered through a 0.2 μm hydrophilic microporous filter membrane. They were then separated on an IC column using a separation phase consisting of polyvinyl alcohol particles with quaternary ammonium groups. The mobile phase optimised with water was denoted as mobile phase A and that optimised with 200 mmol L-1 ammonium bicarbonate solution containing 0.05% ammonium hydroxide was denoted as mobile phase B. The residues were detected by tandem mass spectrometry with negative electrospray ionization in a multi-reaction monitoring mode. The correlation coefficient (R ≥ 0.997) showed good linear regressions for all analytes in water as well as in maize and soybean matrices with a wide dynamic range of 0.001 to 0.5 mg L-1 for calibration. The mean recoveries (RSDs) of the analytes were in the range 85.0-106.4% (5.5-14.9%), 81.7-109.5% (2.7-11.0%) and 74.7-104.4% (2.9-6.1%) at three concentration levels (0.05, 0.1 and 1 mg kg-1) for the interday test (n = 15). The limit of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) of the method for different matrices were 0.01 and 0.003 mg kg-1, respectively. In conclusion, the established analytical approach has high sensitivity and good accuracy and precision and is suitable for monitoring chlormequat, fosetyl-aluminium and phosphonic acid residues in maize and soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Geng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
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Zhang H, Birch J, Pei J, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Yang H, Dias G, Abd El-Aty AM, Bekhit AED. Identification of Six Phytochemical Compounds from Asparagus officinalis L. Root Cultivars from New Zealand and China Using UAE-SPE-UPLC-MS/MS: Effects of Extracts on H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010107. [PMID: 30621005 PMCID: PMC6356627 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous identification and quantification of six major bioactive compounds, namely, caffeic acid, quercetin, apigenin, ferulic acid, baicalein, and kaempferol, from Asparagus officinalis roots (ARs) native to New Zealand (green and purple cultivars) and China (yellow, green, purple, and white cultivars) using ultrasound-assisted, solid-phase extraction (UASE-SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The method was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy (expressed as recovery %), and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD)). The retention times, ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) data, and mass spectral patterns of the detected peaks matched those of commercial standards, allowing characterization of the target compounds. The LODs and LOQs were 23 ng/mL and 70 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL and 150 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL and 30 ng/mL, 18 ng/mL and 54 ng/mL, 14.4 ng/mL and 43.6 ng/mL, and 7.5 ng/mL and 22.5 ng/mL for caffeic acid, quercetin, apigenin, ferulic acid, baicalein, and kaempferol, respectively, and the mean recovery rates were 85.8%, 73.0%, 90.2%, 80.6%, 76.7%, and 74.5% for the six compounds, respectively. The levels of the target compounds were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the six cultivars. The Chinese yellow AR had the highest levels of bioactive compounds: 6.0, 3.9, 0.4, 1.0, 0.86, and 0.8 mg/g for caffeic acid, quercetin, apigenin, ferulic acid, baicalein, and kaempferol, respectively. The AR extracts showed protective effects against oxidative stress in the HepG2 and L929 cell lines. The results indicate that AR extracts contain high flavonoid levels that provide protective functions against oxidative stress and support the potential commercial application of AR extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China.
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - John Birch
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Jinjin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Bioresources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China.
| | - Isam A Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 4545, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Haiyan Yang
- College of Food and Pharmacy Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830000, China.
| | - George Dias
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Alaa El-Din Bekhit
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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