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Sobolewska E, Biesaga M. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods for Determining the Purity of Drugs with Weak UV Chromophores - A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38180794 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2291815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most useful techniques for the separation and determination of new drugs with a complex nature. The selection of an HPLC detector depends on the chemical nature of molecules, potential impurities, matrix of the sample, sensitivity, availability, and/or cost of the detector. HPLC methods with UV/Vis detectors are the most used and simple analytical procedures in pharmaceutical applications, but it is limited to compounds that possess a chromophore. Hence, this review provides an overview on the development of analytical methods for compounds with weak chromophores. The review described selected papers about HPLC based methods in the PubMed, Scopus, Semantic Scholar and ScienceDirect databases, basically between 2006 and 2023. Of the analytical studies, the HPLC methods with UV-Vis, FLD, CAD, ELSD, RID, ECD, CLND and MS detection were found. This study is a comparison of different types of detection that are described in scientific literature and are routinely used for compounds with weak chromophores. It is expected that this review will be helpful for scientists in the analytical development fields to improve research related to the drug candidates and to ensure its quality according to regulatory levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Sobolewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Molecure SA, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
To better control the quality of saponins, ensure their biological activity and clinical therapeutic effect, and expand the development and application of saponins, this paper systematically and comprehensively reviews the separation and analytical methods of saponins in the past decade. Since 2010, the electronic databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, CNKI (National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI), Wanfang Med online, and other databases have been searched systematically. As a result, it is found that ionic liquids and high-performance countercurrent chromatography are the most popular extraction and separation techniques for saponins, and the combined chromatography technique is the most widely used method for the analysis of saponins. Liquid chromatography can be used in combination with different detectors to achieve qualitative or quantitative analysis and quality control of saponin compounds in medicinal materials and their preparations. This paper provides the latest valuable insights and references for the analytical methods and continued development and application of saponins.
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Kong S, Ou S, Liu Y, Xie M, Mei T, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang Q, Yang B. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Astragalus Saponins and Identification of Metabolites After Oral Administration in Rats by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828449. [PMID: 35370646 PMCID: PMC8965511 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Fabaceae) is an ancient Chinese herbal medicine, and Astragalus saponins are the main active components, which have a wide range of biological activities, such as immunomodulation, antioxidation, and neuroprotection. In this study, silver nanoparticles obtained by sodium borohydride reduction were used as the enhanced substrate to detect astragaloside I (1), astragaloside II (2), astragaloside III (3), astragaloside IV (4), isoastragaloside I (5), and isoastragaloside II (6) in the phloem, xylem, and cork by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In the SERS spectrum of Astragalus slices, the characteristic peaks were observed at 562, 671, 732, 801, 836, 950, 1,026, 1,391, and 1,584 cm−1, among which 950 cm−1 and 1,391 cm−1 were strong SERS signals. Subsequently, the metabolites of the six kinds of Astragalus saponins were identified by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS. Totally, 80, 89, and 90 metabolites were identified in rat plasma, urine, and feces, respectively. The metabolism of saponins mainly involves dehydration, deacetylation, dihydroxylation, dexylose reaction, deglycosylation, methylation, deacetylation, and glycol dehydration. Ten metabolites (1-M2, 1-M11, 2-M3, 2-M12, 3-M14, 4-M9, 5-M2, 5-M17, 6-M3, and 6-M12) were identified by comparison with reference standards. Interestingly, Astragalus saponins 1, 2, 5, and 6 were deacetylated to form astragaloside IV (4), which has been reported to have good pharmacological neuroprotective, liver protective, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Six kinds of active Astragalus saponins from different parts of Astragalus mongholicus were identified by SERS spectroscopy. Six kinds of active Astragalus saponins from different parts of Astragalus mongholicus were identified by SERS spectrum, and the metabolites were characterized by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS, which not only provided a new method for the identification of traditional Chinese medicine but also provided a theoretical basis for the study of the pharmacodynamic substance basis of Astragalus mongholicus saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Ou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Minzhen Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Mei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingshuo Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jincheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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Xiao S, Yang Y, Miao W, Lyu C, Tao J, Yu Y. Activation of the STAT5 Signaling Pathway by Yiqi Jiedu Formula Induces Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Alleviation of Corneal Immunopathological Damage in Mice With Recurrent Herpes Simplex Keratitis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:790787. [PMID: 35126129 PMCID: PMC8814580 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.790787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Yiqi Jiedu (YQJD) formula on the repair of corneal lesions in mice with recurrent herpes simplex virus keratitis (HSK). Sixty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups: a normal control group (Naive), a recurrence model group (Re), and a YQJD group. After inducing recurrence by ultraviolet irradiation, the ocular surfaces of different groups of mice were observed using a slit lamp and photographed, and ocular surface scores were calculated. The abundance of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells was determined by flow cytometry in peripheral blood and spleen cells. The CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs were assessed by immunofluorescence in the cornea. The levels of the cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in serum and splenocyte culture supernatants were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the activation status of the STAT5 signaling pathway was examined by protein blotting, and the effect of YQJD on Treg cells through inhibition of the STAT5 pathway was observed in vitro. YQJD alleviated corneal inflammation by enhancing the STAT5 signaling pathway, thereby promoting the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells, increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, and maintaining immune tolerance. YQJD increased the proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells; also, in the cornea, YQJD inhibited the aggregation of macrophages and CD4+ cells and reduced the proportion of Th17 cells and other pro-inflammatory cells. Moreover, YQJD promoted the secretion of IL-4 to protect the cornea, leading to the mitigation of corneal immunopathological damage. YQJD reduced corneal lesions in recurrent HSK mice by stimulating Treg cells, inducing immune tolerance, and inhibiting corneal immunopathological responses via modulation of the STAT5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanhong Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunming Lyu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Tao
- Shanghai Eye Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yu X, Nai J, Guo H, Yang X, Deng X, Yuan X, Hua Y, Tian Y, Xu F, Zhang Z, Huang Y. Predicting the grades of Astragali radix using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and machine learning. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:611-616. [PMID: 34765274 PMCID: PMC8572717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragali radix (AR, the dried root of Astragalus) is a popular herbal remedy in both China and the United States. The commercially available AR is commonly classified into premium graded (PG) and ungraded (UG) ones only according to the appearance. To uncover novel sensitive and specific markers for AR grading, we took the integrated mass spectrometry-based untargeted and targeted metabolomics approaches to characterize chemical features of PG and UG samples in a discovery set (n=16 batches). A series of five differential compounds were screened out by univariate statistical analysis, including arginine, calycosin, ononin, formononetin, and astragaloside Ⅳ, most of which were observed to be accumulated in PG samples except for astragaloside Ⅳ. Then, we performed machine learning on the quantification data of five compounds and constructed a logistic regression prediction model. Finally, the external validation in an independent validation set of AR (n=20 batches) verified that the five compounds, as well as the model, had strong capability to distinguish the two grades of AR, with the prediction accuracy > 90%. Our findings present a panel of meaningful candidate markers that would significantly catalyze the innovation in AR grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jingxue Nai
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biological Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xuping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoying Deng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yunfei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Durazzo A, Nazhand A, Lucarini M, Silva AM, Souto SB, Guerra F, Severino P, Zaccardelli M, Souto EB, Santini A. Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus Bunge): botanical, geographical, and historical aspects to pharmaceutical components and beneficial role. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-021-01003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMedicinal plants always are part of folk medicine and are nowadays receiving worldwide attention for prophylaxis, management, and treatment of several diseases, as an alternative to chemical drugs. The current work provided a comprehensive overview and analysis of the Astragalus and health relationship in literature. The analysis of their therapeutic potential is thus instrumental to understand their bioactivity. Among these, the flowering medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus has raised interest due to several beneficial health effects. This perspective review discussed the botanical, geographical, historical, and the therapeutic properties of A. membranaceus, with a special focus on its health improving effects and medicinal applications both in vitro and in vivo.
Graphic abstract
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Yin M, Chu S, Shan T, Zha L, Peng H. Full-length transcriptome sequences by a combination of sequencing platforms applied to isoflavonoid and triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:61. [PMID: 34130711 PMCID: PMC8207730 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragalus mongholicus Bunge is an important medicinal plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is rich in isoflavonoids and triterpenoid saponins. Although these active constituents of A. mongholicus have been discovered for a long time, the genetic basis of isoflavonoid and triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in this plant is virtually unknown because of the lack of a reference genome. Here, we used a combination of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing to identify genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites in A. mongholicus. RESULTS In this study, NGS, SMRT sequencing, and targeted compound analysis were combined to investigate the association between isoflavonoid and triterpenoid saponin content, and specific gene expression in the root, stem, and leaves of A. mongholicus. Overall, 643,812 CCS reads were generated, yielding 121,107 non-redundant transcript isoforms with an N50 value of 2124 bp. Based on these highly accurate transcripts, 104,756 (86.50%) transcripts were successfully annotated by any of the seven databases (NR, NT, Swissprot, KEGG, KOG, Pfam and GO). Levels of four isoflavonoids and four astragalosides (triterpenoid saponins) were determined. Forty-four differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis and 44 DEGs from 16 gene families that encode enzymes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis were identified. Transcription factors (TFs) associated with isoflavonoid and triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, including 72 MYBs, 53 bHLHs, 64 AP2-EREBPs, and 11 bZIPs, were also identified. The above transcripts showed different expression trends in different plant organs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important genetic information on the A. mongholicus genes that are essential for isoflavonoid and triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, and provides a basis for developing the medicinal value of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhen Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Research Unit of DAO-DI Herbs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU57, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Tingyu Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Huasheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Research Unit of DAO-DI Herbs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU57, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Wang CJ, He F, Huang YF, Ma HL, Wang YP, Cheng CS, Cheng JL, Lao CC, Chen DA, Zhang ZF, Sang Z, Luo P, Xiao SY, Xie Y, Zhou H. Discovery of chemical markers for identifying species, growth mode and production area of Astragali Radix by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 67:153155. [PMID: 31901890 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragali Radix (AR) is a well-known Chinese herbal medicine. The quality of AR can be affected by many factors such as species, growth mode and production area, but there are still no chemical markers to distinguish it. PURPOSE To explore chemical markers for improving the quality assessment of AR and discover chemical markers for identifying species, growth mode and production area of AR. METHODS A highly sensitive, efficient and accurate method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) for simultaneous quantitative determination of 14 major chemical components (five flavonoids and nine triterpene saponins) in 94 batches of AR from China, Republic of Korea and Germany was developed for the first time. To explore chemical markers and assess changes in the contents of 14 compounds in the 94 batches of AR samples from different regions, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. RESULTS Astragaloside III was not only an important chemical marker for distinguishing two species of AR, i.e.: Astragalus mongholicus and A. membranaceus, but also a potential chemical marker for the classification of cultivated and semi-wild AR. In addition, in the batches of cultivated AR, the content of isoastragaloside II and cyclocephaloside II were greater in batches from the region of Shaanxi Province than that of other Provinces in China, but the content of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and astragaloside IV, which are the quality control markers of AR required by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, were higher than that of other Provinces in China. In addition, the content of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, ononin, calycosin and astragaloside I could be used to identify samples of AR collected from China, Republic of Korea and Germany. CONCLUSION This UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS method could be applied to the quantitative evaluation of AR and could be an important and meaningful reference to develop chemical markers for quality control of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China
| | - Fan He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China; Institute of International Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Ma
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 513508, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Technology of Breaking Cell Wall and Application in Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces, Zhongshan 513508, PR China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Chun-Song Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China
| | - Jin-Le Cheng
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 513508, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Technology of Breaking Cell Wall and Application in Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces, Zhongshan 513508, PR China
| | - Chi-Chou Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China
| | - Di-An Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China
| | - Zhen Sang
- Institute of International Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Xiao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China.
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Tay KC, Tan LTH, Chan CK, Hong SL, Chan KG, Yap WH, Pusparajah P, Lee LH, Goh BH. Formononetin: A Review of Its Anticancer Potentials and Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:820. [PMID: 31402861 PMCID: PMC6676344 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a complex yet common disease, is caused by uncontrolled cell division and abnormal cell growth due to a variety of gene mutations. Seeking effective treatments for cancer is a major research focus, as the incidence of cancer is on the rise and drug resistance to existing anti-cancer drugs is major concern. Natural products have the potential to yield unique molecules and combinations of substances that may be effective against cancer with relatively low toxicity/better side effect profile compared to standard anticancer therapy. Drug discovery work with natural products has demonstrated that natural compounds display a wide range of biological activities correlating to anticancer effects. In this review, we discuss formononetin (C16H12O4), which originates mainly from red clovers and the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus. The compound comes from a class of 7-hydroisoflavones with a substitution of methoxy group at position 4. Formononetin elicits antitumorigenic properties in vitro and in vivo by modulating numerous signaling pathways to induce cell apoptosis (by intrinsic pathway involving Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins) and cell cycle arrest (by regulating mediators like cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1), suppress cell proliferation [by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B (PI3K/AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway], and inhibit cell invasion [by regulating growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 proteins]. Co-treatment with other chemotherapy drugs such as bortezomib, LY2940002, U0126, sunitinib, epirubicin, doxorubicin, temozolomide, and metformin enhances the anticancer potential of both formononetin and the respective drugs through synergistic effect. Compiling the evidence thus far highlights the potential of formononetin to be a promising candidate for chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ching Tay
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery (NBDD) Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Sok Lai Hong
- Centre for Research Services, Institute of Research Management and Services, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Medical Health and Translational Research Group (MHTR), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery (NBDD) Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
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10
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Li Y, Guo S, Zhu Y, Yan H, Qian DW, Wang HQ, Yu JQ, Duan JA. Comparative analysis of twenty-five compounds in different parts of Astragalus membranaceus var . mongholicus and Astragalus membranaceus by UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:392-399. [PMID: 31890338 PMCID: PMC6931072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese medicine, the root of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (AMM) or A. membranaceus (AM) has been widely used in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. Till now, the flavonoids, phenolic acids and saponins are considered as the main active components contributing to their therapeutic effect in these plants. In order to clarify the distribution and contents of these compounds in different organs of these plants, a rapid and sensitive analytical method for simultaneous determination of 25 active compounds including seven types (i.e. dihydroflavones, isoflavane, isoflavones, flavones, pterocarpans, phenolic acid and saponins) within 10 min was established using ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). Then, the established method was fully validated and successfully applied to the determination of the contents of these analytes in different parts (root, rhizome, stem, leaf and flower) of AMM and AM. The results indicated that the contents of the same type of compounds in two different species plants were significantly different. Moreover, the obvious differences were also found for the distribution and contents of different type of compounds in five organs of the same species. The present study could provide necessary information for the rational development and utilization of AMM and AM resource. A sensitive UPLC–MS/MS method was established for analysis of Astragalus plants. Total 25 analytes such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and saponins were determined. The contents of these analytes in different parts of the two plants were compared. A scientific information for the utilization of two Astragalus plants was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Da-Wei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Han-Qing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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11
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Prospects of pulsed amperometric detection in flow-based analytical systems - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:10-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Wang S, Jiao J, Wang X, Gai Q, Kou P, Xu W, Luo M, Zhao C, Fu YJ. An integrated strategy for extraction and pre-concentration of four astragalosides from Radix Astragali by a formulated surfactant aqueous system. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Nguyen LTH, Nguyen UT, Kim YH, Shin HM, Yang IJ. Astragali Radix and its compound formononetin ameliorate diesel particulate matter-induced skin barrier disruption by regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:132-141. [PMID: 30243826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragali Radix (AR), the root of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge, is widely applied in traditional medicine to promote skin health and tissue regeneration. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the effects of AR and its active compound, formononetin (FMT), on skin barrier defects in keratinocytes exposed to diesel particulate matter (PM). MATERIALS AND METHODS HaCaT cells and three-dimensional (3D) human skin reconstructed model were pre-treated with AR (50, 100 μg/ml) and FMT (30, 50 μM), then treated with PM (200 μg/ml). RESULTS AR and FMT significantly enhanced the expression of Keratin (KRT) 16 in PM stimulated HaCaT cells. PM increased p53 and Bax expression as well as the subsequent cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP in HaCaT cells, while this was inhibited by AR and FMT treatment. In vitro studies using the PM stimulated 3D human skin reconstructed model revealed that AR and FMT increased the expression of KRT 16 and KRT 17. Histological examination of the 3D human skin reconstructed model showed that AR and FMT up-regulated the expression of Ki67, but down-regulated the expression of cleaved caspase 3. Both AR and FMT significantly inhibited phosphorylation of ERK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK in PM stimulated HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AR and FMT act as anti-pollution agents and alleviate PM induced skin barrier defects through regulation of apoptosis and proliferation in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Thi Huong Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Thai Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoun-Hee Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Medical School, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Mook Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Lim HS, Kim YJ, Sohn E, Yoon J, Kim BY, Jeong SJ. Bojungikgi-Tang, a Traditional Herbal Formula, Exerts Neuroprotective Effects and Ameliorates Memory Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease-Like Experimental Models. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121952. [PMID: 30544702 PMCID: PMC6316759 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bojungikgi-tang (BJIGT; Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang in China, Hochuekkito in Japan) is a traditional Oriental herbal formula comprised of eight medicinal herbs that has long been used for the treatment of digestive disorders. A recent clinical study from South Korea reported that BJIGT-gamibang administration may be effective in treating dementia. We aimed to establish scientific evidence for the anti-dementia effects of BJIGT using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. We measured amyloid- β (Aβ) aggregation, β-secretase (BACE), and antioxidant activity in a cell free system. Neuroprotective effects were assessed using CCK-8. Imprinting control region (ICR) mice were divided into the following six groups: Normal control, Aβ-injected, Aβ-injection + oral BJIGT gavage (200, 400, or 800 mg/kg/day), and Aβ-injection + oral morin administration (10 mg/kg/day). Subsequently, behavioral evaluations were conducted and brain samples were collected from all the animals and assessed. BJIGT enhanced inhibition of Aβ aggregation and BACE activity in vivo, as well as antioxidant activity in in vitro, cell-free systems. BJIGT also exerted neuroprotective effects in a hydroperoxide (H₂O₂)-induced damaged HT22 hippocampal cell line model. In addition, BJIGT administration significantly ameliorated cognitive impairments in Aβ-injected mice, as assessed by the passive avoidance and Y-maze tests. Furthermore, BJIGT treatment suppressed Aβ aggregation and expression, as well as expression of Aβ, NeuN, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampi of Aβ-injected mice. Overall, our results demonstrate that, with further testing in clinical populations, BJIGT may have great utility for the treatment of dementia and especially Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Lim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea.
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Eunjin Sohn
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Jiyeon Yoon
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Bu-Yeo Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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Lei X, Zhang L, Li Z, Ren J. Astragaloside IV/lncRNA-TUG1/TRAF5 signaling pathway participates in podocyte apoptosis of diabetic nephropathy rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2785-2793. [PMID: 30233141 PMCID: PMC6132489 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s166525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to figure out the mechanism of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) in the protection of podocyte apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats. Materials and methods Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetes in rats, and the diabetic rats were treated with 5 mg/kg/d of AS-IV for 12 weeks. Albuminuria level, relative TUG1 and TRAF5 levels, and TRAF5 and cleaved-caspase-3 protein levels were examined by ELISA, quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR, and Western blot analyses, respectively. The interaction between TUG1 and TRAF5 was confirmed by RNA pull-down and RNA precipitation. TUNEL assay was used to detect podocyte apoptosis. Results Compared with control rats, DN rats had higher albuminuria and TRAF5 levels and lower TUG1 level. AS-IV treatment attenuated albuminuria and TRAF5 levels and improved TUG1 level in DN rats. TUG1 was downregulated and TRAF5 was upregulated in high-glucose-treated MPC5 cells, and AS-IV ameliorated the TUG1 level. In addition, TUG1 interacted with TRAF5, and TUG1 overexpression promoted degradation of TRAF5 protein. Besides, AS-IV modulated TRAF5 expression through regulating TUG1. AS-IV decreased podocyte apoptosis via the TUG1/TRAF5 pathway. Finally, in vivo experiment proved that si-TUG1 abrogated the protective effect of AS-IV on DN. Conclusion AS-IV attenuated podocyte apoptosis and protected diabetic rats from DN via the lncRNA-TUG1/TRAF5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lei
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Limei Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zonglin Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jigang Ren
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China,
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