The enrichment of chlorogenic acid from Eucommia ulmoides leaves extract by mesoporous carbons

Combination of a Deep Eutectic Solvent and Macroporous Resin for Green Recovery of Iridoids, Chlorogenic Acid, and Flavonoids from Eucommia ulmoides Leaves

To increase the effectiveness of using typical biomass waste as a resource, iridoids, chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids from the waste biomass of Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EULs) were extracted by deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in conjunction with macroporous resin. To optimize the extract conditions, the experiment of response surface was employed with the single-factor of DES composition molar ratio, liquid-solid ratio, water percentage, extraction temperature, and extraction time. The findings demonstrated that the theoretical simulated extraction yield of chlorogenic acid (CGA), geniposidic acid (GPA), aucubin (AU), geniposide (GP), rutin (RU), and isoquercetin (IQU) were 42.8, 137.2, 156.7, 5.4, 13.5, and 12.8 mg/g, respectively, under optimal conditions (hydrogen bond donor-hydrogen bond acceptor molar ratio of 1.96, liquid-solid ratio of 28.89 mL/g, water percentage of 38.44%, temperature of 317.36 K, and time of 55.59 min). Then, 12 resins were evaluated for their adsorption and desorption capabilities for the target components, and the HPD950 resin was found to operate at its optimum. Additionally, the HPD950 resin demonstrated significant sustainability and considerable potential in the recyclability test. Finally, the hypoglycemic in vitro, hypolipidemic in vitro, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects of EUL extract were evaluated, and the correlation analysis of six active components with biological activity and physicochemical characteristics of DESs by heatmap were discussed. The findings of this study can offer a theoretical foundation for the extraction of valuable components by DESs from waste biomass, as well as specific utility benefits for the creation and development of natural products.

Chlorogenic acids: A pharmacological systematic review on their hepatoprotective effects

BACKGROUND

Liver diseases have a negative impact on global health and are a leading cause of death worldwide. Chlorogenic acids (CGAs), a family of esters formed between certain trans-cinnamic acids and quinic acid, are natural polyphenols abundant in coffee, tea, and a variety of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). They are reported to have good hepatoprotective effects against various liver diseases.

PURPOSE

This review aims to analyze the available literature on the hepatoprotective effect of CGAs, with particular emphasis on their mechanisms.

METHODS

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. PubMed and Web of Science databases were adopted to retrieve all relevant literature on CGAs for liver disease from 2013 to March 2023.

RESULTS

Research has indicated that CGAs play a crucial role in improving different types of liver diseases, including drug-induced liver injury (DILI), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cholestatic liver disease (CLD), liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. CGAs display remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by activating erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Some important molecules such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and other key physiological processes like intestinal barrier and gut microbiota have also been discovered to participate in CGAs-provided amelioration on various liver diseases.

CONCLUSION

In this review, different studies indicate that CGAs have an excellent protective effect against various liver diseases associated with various signaling pathways.

Application of Chlorogenic acid as a substitute for antibiotics in Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli-induced mastitis

Mastitis affects animal welfare and causes economic losses in the dairy industry. It is caused mainly by bacterial pathogens, among which Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the prominent causative agents. To treat bovine mastitis, antibiotics were widely used. However, their extensive and uncontrolled use has led to the emergence of multi-antibiotic-resistant strains. Indeed, a superbug of E. coli was successfully isolated from a mastitis-suffering cow and found resistant to at least 10 antibiotics. Therefore, the development of a universal therapeutic agent used as a replacement for the antibiotic is an immediate need in the dairy industry. To do so, we examined whether chlorogenic acid (CGA), a natural and herbal extract, could be a perfect alternative in mastitis treatment. In this study, we observed that the combination of CGA and antibiotic had an additive or synergistic effect; CGA fought against the superbug by directly targeting bacterial cell wall and membrane; CGA can significantly alleviate the mastitis caused by the superbug E. coli via its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Collectively, these data indicated that CGA had a true potential to replace antibiotics during mastitis treatment.

The Biological Activity Mechanism of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Applications in Food Industry: A Review

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), also known as coffee tannic acid and 3-caffeoylquinic acid, is a water-soluble polyphenolic phenylacrylate compound produced by plants through the shikimic acid pathway during aerobic respiration. CGA is widely found in higher dicotyledonous plants, ferns, and many Chinese medicine plants, which enjoy the reputation of “plant gold.” We have summarized the biological activities of CGA, which are mainly shown as anti-oxidant, liver and kidney protection, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, regulation of glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory, protection of the nervous system, and action on blood vessels. We further determined the main applications of CGA in the food industry, including food additives, food storage, food composition modification, food packaging materials, functional food materials, and prebiotics. With a view to the theoretical improvement of CGA, biological activity mechanism, and subsequent development and utilization provide reference and scientific basis.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Chlorogenic Acid from Tobacco Waste

Using tobacco waste as raw material, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). After repeated freezing and thawing of tobacco waste twice, the effect of pH value, ethanol volume fraction, temperature and extraction time on the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid was investigated by a single factor experiment. On the basis of this, the factors affecting the yield of chlorogenic acid were further optimized by using RSM. The optimum extraction conditions for chlorogenic acid were set at pH = 4.1, ethanol volume fraction was 49.57% and extraction time was 2.06 h. Under the above conditions, the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid could reach 0.502%, which was higher than traditional extraction and unpretreated ultrasonic extraction. All these results can be used as a reference for the extraction of effective ingredients in tobacco waste.

Chlorogenic Acid Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Through Wnt Signaling

Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the main causes of periodontal bone resorption and tooth loss in adults. How to repair the alveolar bone effectively has always been a challenge. This study was designed to clarify the effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). In this study, we used CGA to treat hDPSCs. The osteogenic experiment showed that CGA can promote hDPSCs osteogenic differentiation. RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that CGA treatment enhanced the expression of the osteogenesis genes for frizzled-related protein (FRZB) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and inhibit the expression of the osteoclastogenesis genes such as those for asporin (ASPN) and cytokine-like 1 (CYTL1). Western blot analysis showed that besides FRZB, CGA treatment also caused reduction of both active and total β-catenin, while increased the total calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CamKII), the phosphorylated CamKII (pCamKII) and the phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein (pCREB). Likely, the increased osteogenesis was associated with reduced canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling but increased noncanonical Wnt/Ca²⁺ signaling. The results suggested that CGA can promote the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs by regulating Wnt signaling. These findings will serve as a foundation for further studies on how to repair defective alveolar bone for the patients with PD.

Synergistic effect of chlorogenic acid and levofloxacin against Klebsiella pneumonia infection in vitro and in vivo

The study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect and potential mechanisms of chlorogenic acid (CA) in Klebsiella pneumonia (KPN) induced infection in vitro and in vivo. 62 KPN strains were collected from the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province. CA and CA combined Levofloxacin (LFX) were detected for KPN biofilm (BF) formation in vitro. The lung infection mice model were established by KPN. The effect of CA (500 mg/kg), LFX (50 mg/kg) and CA combined LFX (250 mg/kg + 25 mg/kg) were evaluated through the survival of mice, the changes of inflammation factors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in serum, the histopathological analysis of lung and the protein expression of NLRP3 signaling pathway in vivo. A total of 62 KPNs were isolated and identified, of which 13 (21%) strains were BF positive. 8 (13%) strains were extended spectrum β-lactamase strains (ESBLs), and 20 (32%) strains are ESBLs biofilm positive. In vitro study, CA and LFX showed a synergistic effect on KPN biofilm formation. In vivo mice experiment, CA, especially CA + LFX treated group significantly decreased the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, improved the survival ratio and lung pathology changes, and also reduced the protein expression of ASC, caspase 1 p20, IL-1β and phosphor NF-κB p65. CA could effectively alleviate lung infection of KPN infected mice, and the antibacterial effection is strengthened by combined with LFX. The study provide a theroy basis for making rational and scientific antibacterial therapy strategy in clinic.

Nano Porous Carbon Derived from Citrus Pomace for the Separation and Purification of PMFs in Citrus Processing Wastes

The by-product of citrus juice processing is a huge source of bioactive compounds, especially polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) and fibers. In this study, a method for the separation and purification of PMFs from citrus pomace was established based on citrus nanoporous carbon (CNPC) enrichment. Different biomass porous carbons were synthesized, their adsorption/desorption characteristics were evaluated, and the CNPCs from the peel of Citrus tangerina Tanaka were found to be best for the enrichment of PMFs from the crude extracts of citrus pomace. Using this method, six PMF compounds including low-abundant PMFs in citrus fruits such as 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone can be simultaneously obtained, and the purities of these compounds were all higher than 95%, with the highest purity of nobiletin reaching 99.96%. Therefore, CNPCs have a great potential for the separation and purification of PMFs in citrus processing wastes, potentially improving the added value of citrus wastes. We also provide a method reference for disposing of citrus pomace in the future.

Efficient synthesis of boronate affinity-based chlorogenic acid-imprinted magnetic nanomaterials for the selective recognition of chlorogenic acid in fruit juices

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a cis-diol-containing compound, can exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial and anti-oxidation properties.

Highly Efficient Adsorption of Phenylethanoid Glycosides on Mesoporous Carbon

PhGs are the major active compounds of Cistanche tubulosa, and it is extremely desirable for obtaining high purification of PhGs by adsorption from their extracts. To explore highly efficient adsorption of PhGs, a novel adsorption material for the efficient separation and purification of phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) from Cistanche tubulosa was explored. The three mesoporous carbons of ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3), disordered mesoporous carbon (DMC), and three-dimensional cubic mesoporous carbon (CMK-8) were compared for adsorption of PhGs. Meanwhile, adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and the optimization of adsorption conditions were investigated. The results indicated that CMK-3 showed the highest adsorption capacity of 358.09 ± 4.13 mg/g due to its high specific surface area, large pore volume and oxygen-containing functional groups. The experimental data can be accurately described using the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model. The intra-particle diffusion model suggested that the rate-limiting steps of adsorption were intra-particle diffusion.