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Szumska M, Mroczek P, Tyrpień-Golder K, Pastuszka B, Janoszka B. Determination of Cotinine, 3'-Hydroxycotinine and Nicotine 1'-Oxide in Urine of Passive and Active Young Smokers by LC-Orbitrap-MS/MS Technique. Molecules 2024; 29:3643. [PMID: 39125048 PMCID: PMC11313786 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is probably the most significant factor conducing to toxic xenobiotics exposure to humans. The aim of the study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of selected nicotine metabolites in urine of tobacco smokers and passive smokers. The method for removing protein and extracting the metabolites involved the centrifugation of urine with acetonitrile. Cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and (2'S)-nicotine 1'-oxide in the supernatant were determined using the LC-Orbitrap-MS/MS technique, with the selected ion monitoring (SIM) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) modes used. The recovery of these analytes added to the urine samples ranged from 72% to 101%. Repeatability and reproducibility were less than 3.1% and 10.1%, respectively. The study was carried out among medical students. The group was selected as representatives of young people and who as future physicians should be more aware of the effects of nicotine use. Concentration levels of cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine determined in ng/mL in the urine of cigarette smokers were 70- and 58-fold higher, respectively, compared to passive smokers. Higher concentrations were recorded in the urine of those passively exposed to tobacco smoke than in non-smokers, confirming that passive exposure to tobacco smoke is not harmless to the human body. However, no significant differences were observed in the concentration of (1'S,2'S)-nicotine 1'-oxide in the samples of individuals from various groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szumska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (P.M.); (K.T.-G.)
- Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Paweł Mroczek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (P.M.); (K.T.-G.)
| | - Krystyna Tyrpień-Golder
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (P.M.); (K.T.-G.)
| | - Beata Pastuszka
- Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Beata Janoszka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (P.M.); (K.T.-G.)
- Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
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Mallock-Ohnesorg N, Rabenstein A, Stoll Y, Gertzen M, Rieder B, Malke S, Burgmann N, Laux P, Pieper E, Schulz T, Franzen K, Luch A, Rüther T. Small pouches, but high nicotine doses-nicotine delivery and acute effects after use of tobacco-free nicotine pouches. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1392027. [PMID: 38841367 PMCID: PMC11150668 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1392027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco-free nicotine pouches are new nicotine products for oral consumption. They can contain very high nicotine amounts that have not been addressed with clinical studies yet. Thus, nicotine delivery, effects on craving, and side effects were assessed using pouches with up to 30 mg nicotine. In this single-center, five-arm, crossover study, 15 regular cigarette smokers consumed tobacco-free nicotine pouches from different brands with 6, 20, and 30 mg for 20 min. Comparators were nicotine-free pouches and tobacco cigarettes. At baseline and predefined time points over a study period of 240 min, plasma nicotine concentrations, effects on cigarette craving, and side effects were assessed. Cardiovascular parameters including arterial stiffness were measured using a MobilOGraph. Consumption of 30 mg nicotine pouches has led to a higher nicotine uptake compared with the cigarette (Cmax: 29.4 vs 15.2 ng/mL; AUC: 45.7 vs 22.1 ng/mL × h). Nicotine uptake in the acute phase was rapid during use of the 30 mg pouch and cigarette. Extraction rate of nicotine differed between pouches. Use of all products has reduced acute cigarette craving, even the nicotine-free pouch. During consumption of the cigarette and the pouches with 20 and 30 mg, heart rate increased about 27, 12, and 25 bpm, respectively. Parameters for arterial stiffness were elevated and all pouches have induced mouth irritations. The pouches with 30 mg nicotine had overall the strongest side effects and may induce addiction. As craving was also reduced by products with less nicotine, it is questionable whether such high nicotine contents should be allowed on the market. A limit of nicotine content is warranted. The nicotine release rate varies across products and needs to be known to estimate the nicotine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock-Ohnesorg
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Rabenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Stoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Gertzen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Rieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malke
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nestor Burgmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Pieper
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaas Franzen
- Medical Clinic III, Campus Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Li W, Zhang XS, Noguez J. Quantitation of Urine Nicotine, Cotinine, and 3-OH-Cotinine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2737:337-345. [PMID: 38036835 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3541-4_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a naturally occurring and highly addictive chemical used in e-cigarettes, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and other tobacco products as well as in nicotine replacement therapies. The negative health consequences of using nicotine-containing products are well known. In fact, smoking remains the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States. Measurement of nicotine and its metabolites, cotinine and 3-OH-cotinine, offers an objective method to evaluate nicotine exposure and the associated health risks. In this chapter, we describe a quick and reliable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of these three compounds in 60 μL of human urine following a simple sample preparation procedure. Electrospray Ionization (ESI) in positive mode is used to introduce the analytes into the mass spectrometer and quantitation is achieved using Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM). The analytical measurable ranges for nicotine and cotinine are 10-2500 ng/mL and 20-5000 ng/mL for 3-OH-cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaochun Susan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jaime Noguez
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Vukas J, Mallock-Ohnesorg N, Rüther T, Pieper E, Romano-Brandt L, Stoll Y, Hoehne L, Burgmann N, Laux P, Luch A, Rabenstein A. Two Different Heated Tobacco Products vs. Cigarettes: Comparison of Nicotine Delivery and Subjective Effects in Experienced Users. TOXICS 2023; 11:525. [PMID: 37368625 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) produce aerosol using a different mechanism than tobacco cigarettes, leading to lower emissions of some harmful substances, but also of nicotine as reported by some independent studies. Lower nicotine delivery could lead to compensatory puffing when product use does not sufficiently satisfy cravings. Thus, this three-arm crossover study was conducted to characterize the potential of two different HTPs to deliver nicotine and satisfy cravings compared with conventional cigarettes in users who had already switched to HTPs. Fifteen active, non-exclusive HTP users consumed the study products according to a pre-directed puffing protocol. At predetermined time points, venous blood was sampled and the subjective effects of consumption were assessed. Nicotine delivery by both HTPs was comparable, but significantly lower than that by conventional cigarettes, suggesting a lower addictive potential. Cravings were reduced by all products, with no statistically significant differences between them, despite the different nicotine deliveries. This indicated that HTPs do not necessarily need high nicotine deliveries with high addictive potential, as are characteristic of tobacco cigarettes. These results were followed up on with an ad libitum use study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Vukas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nadja Mallock-Ohnesorg
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Pieper
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luna Romano-Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Stoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Hoehne
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nestor Burgmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Rabenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Rabenstein A, Rahofer A, Vukas J, Rieder B, Störzenhofecker K, Stoll Y, Burgmann N, Pieper E, Laux P, Luch A, Rüther T, Mallock-Ohnesorg N. Usage Pattern and Nicotine Delivery during Ad Libitum Consumption of Pod E-Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050434. [PMID: 37235249 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many different nicotine delivery products, such as e-cigarettes (e-cigs) or heated tobacco products (HTPs), are available on the market. To better understand these products, it is crucial to learn how consumers use them and how much nicotine they deliver. Therefore, a pod e-cig, an HTP, and a conventional cigarette (CC) were each used by 15 experienced users of the respective product category for 90 min without special use instructions ("ad libitum"). Sessions were video recorded to analyze usage patterns and puff topography. At defined time points, blood was sampled to determine nicotine concentrations, and subjective effects were inquired about using questionnaires. During the study period, the CC and HTP groups averaged the same number of consumption units (both 4.2 units). In the pod e-cig group, the highest number of puffs was taken (pod e-cig 71.9; HTP: 52.2; CC: 42.3 puffs) with the most extended mean puff duration (pod e-cig: 2.8 s; HTP: 1.9 s; CC: 1.8 s). Pod e-cigs were predominantly used with single puffs or in short clusters of 2-5 puffs. The maximum plasma nicotine concentration was highest for CCs, followed by HTPs, and then pod e-cigs with 24.0, 17.7, and 8.0 ng/mL, respectively. Craving was reduced by all products. The results suggest that the high nicotine delivery known for tobacco-containing products (CCs and HTPs) may not be needed for non-tobacco-containing products (pod e-cigs) to satisfy cravings in experienced users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rabenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Rahofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Vukas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Rieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristin Störzenhofecker
- Department of Social Services, Katholische Hochschule Nordrhein-Westfalen, Standort Köln, Wörthstraße 10, 50668 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yvonne Stoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nestor Burgmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Pieper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nadja Mallock-Ohnesorg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Gurrani S, Prakasham K, Zii Ying JL, Shiea J, Ku YJ, Lin YC, Huang PC, Andaluri G, Lee KC, Ponnusamy VK. A low-cost eco-friendly fast drug extraction (FaDEx) technique for environmental and bio-monitoring of psychoactive drug in urban water and sports-persons' urine samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114787. [PMID: 36410459 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is the most prominent psychoactive/addictive chemical substance consumed worldwide among young players in team sports. Moreover, urinary nicotine discharge and nicotine-based products disposal in environmental waters has been unavoidable in recent years. Therefore, sensitive monitoring of nicotine content in environmental waters and human urine samples is essential. In this study, we developed a miniaturized novel green, low-cost, sensitive, in-syringe-based semi-automated fast drug extraction (FaDEx) protocol coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) for the efficient environmental and bio-monitoring of nicotine in aqueous samples. The FaDEx method consists of two steps; firstly, the target analyte was extracted using dimethyl carbonate (a green solvent) and extraction salts. After that, the extraction solvent was passed automatically through the solid-phase extraction cartridge at a constant flow rate for the cleanup process to achieve the sensitive nicotine analysis by GC-FID. Under optimized experimental conditions, the developed method showed excellent linearity over the concentration ranges between 20-2000 ng mL-1 with a correlation coefficient >0.99. The detection and quantification limits were 4 and 20 ng mL-1, respectively. The presented method was applied to monitor and assess nicotine exposure in sports-persons' urine and environmental water samples. The method accuracy and precision in terms of relative recovery and relative standard deviation (for triplicate analysis) were 85.4-110.2% and ≤8%, respectively. Finally, the impact of our procedure on the environment from a green analytical chemistry view was assessed using a novel metric system called AGREE, and obtained the greenness score of 0.87, indicating its an efficient alternative green analytical protocol for routine environmental and bio-monitoring of nicotine in environmental and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Gurrani
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, and Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Karthikeyan Prakasham
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, and Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Jess Lim Zii Ying
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, and Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jia Ku
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City, 813, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Lin
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City, 813, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, and Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Gangadhar Andaluri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Kung-Che Lee
- Department of Athletic Performace, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung City, 811, Taiwan.
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, and Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
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de Faria HD, Silveira AT, Carvalhodo Prado B, Nacif JLM, Rosa MA, da Rocha dos Santos J, Santos PCJL, Figueiredo EC, Martins I. ONLINE BIOLOGICAL SAMPLE PREPARATION WITH RESTRICTED ACCESS HYBRID CARBON NANOTUBES FOR DETERMINATION OF ANTI-SMOKING DRUGS. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mallock N, Rabenstein A, Gernun S, Laux P, Hutzler C, Karch S, Koller G, Henkler-Stephani F, Parr MK, Pogarell O, Luch A, Rüther T. Nicotine delivery and relief of craving after consumption of European JUUL e-cigarettes prior and after pod modification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12078. [PMID: 34103661 PMCID: PMC8187405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of e-cigarettes on the consumer market led to a tremendous rise in e-cigarette consumption among adolescents in the United States. The success of JUUL and other pod systems was linked to its high nicotine delivery capacity. In compliance with the European Tobacco Product directive, liquid nicotine contents in the European JUUL variants are limited to 20 mg/mL or below. A short time after launching the initial version in Europe, JUUL pods have been modified in terms of the wick material used. This modification has been demonstrated previously to lead to an elevated aerosol generation, consequently, to a larger amount of nicotine per puff generated. The present study was designed to assess whether the mentioned differences between the "initial" and "modified" JUUL versions may cause a significant difference during consumption, and how nicotine delivery compares with tobacco cigarettes. In this single-center three-arm study, nicotine pharmacokinetics and influence on urge to smoke/vape were compared for tobacco cigarettes, the "initial" version of the European JUUL, and the "modified" version of the European JUUL. Participants, 15 active smokers and 17 active e-cigarette users, were instructed to consume their study product according to a pre-directed puffing protocol. Venous blood was sampled for nicotine analysis to cover the acute phase and the first 30 min after starting. Nicotine delivery and the reduction of urge to smoke/vape upon usage of both European JUUL variants were lower in comparison to tobacco cigarettes. This suggests a lower addictive potential. Modification of the pod design did not result in significant differences at the first ten puffs, as confirmed by a vaping machine experiment. Apparently, the limitations by the initially used wick material only come into effect after longer usage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andrea Rabenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Solveig Gernun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Karch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Koller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Henkler-Stephani
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Pogarell
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
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