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Chai B, Shen Y, Li Y, Wang X. Meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of ezetimibe for coronary atherosclerotic plaque compositions. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1166762. [PMID: 37050908 PMCID: PMC10084938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1166762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipid aggregation, inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrous cap formation, and disruption are the major causes of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and the pathologic features of atherosclerotic plaques. Although ezetimibe’s role in decreasing blood lipids is widely known, there are insufficient data to determine which part of the drug has an effect on atherosclerotic plaque compositions.Objective: The study aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy of ezetimibe for coronary atherosclerotic plaque compositions.Methods: Two researchers independently searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of ezetimibe for coronary atherosclerotic plaques from inception until 22 January 2023. The meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were performed using Stata 14.0 and TSA 0.9.5.10 Beta software, respectively.Results: Four RCTs were finally included this study, which comprised 349 coronary artery disease patients. Meta-analysis findings showed that, compared with the control group, intervention measures could effectively reduce the fibro-fatty plaque (FFP) volume [WMD = −2.90, 95% CI (−4.79 and −1.00), and p = 0.003 < 0.05]; there were no significant difference in the reduction of fibrous plaque (FP) volume [WMD = −4.92, 95% CI (−11.57 and 1.74), and p = 0.15 > 0.05], necrotic core (NC) volume [WMD = −2.26, 95% CI (−6.99 and 2.46), and p = 0.35 > 0.05], and change dense calcification (change DC) volume [WMD = −0.07, 95% CI (−0.34 and 0.20), and p = 0.62 > 0.05] between the treatment group and the control group. TSA findings showed more studies are still required to confirm the efficacy of ezetimibe for FP and NC in the future.Conclusion: Compared to the control group, ezetimibe significantly decreased FFP, but it had no statistically significant difference on FP, NC, or change DC. According to TSA, further research will be required to confirm the efficacy of ezetimibe for FP and NC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofeng Chai
- Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Youlu Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Youlu Shen, ; Yuhong Li,
| | - Yuhong Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Youlu Shen, ; Yuhong Li,
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- The Third People’s Hospital of Tianshui, Tianshui, China
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Gao D, Hua R, Jiesisibieke D, Ma Y, Li C, Wu S, Ma Q, Xie W. C-reactive protein and coronary atheroma regression following statin therapy: A meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:989527. [PMID: 36440015 PMCID: PMC9691666 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.989527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several clinical trials have indicated that statins stabilize and reverse atherosclerotic plaque. However, different studies have provided inconsistent findings regarding mechanisms and influencing factors of plaque regression under statin therapy. Apart from lipid-lowering effect, statins have pleiotropic effects including anti inflammation in humans. In this study, meta-analysis and meta-regression were used to determine the effects of statin medications on coronary plaque volume. Meanwhile, to assess whether statins promote plaque regression effect was related to their anti-inflammatory ability, the impact of CRP/hsCRP reduction during statin therapy on plaque regression was investigated. METHODS Up to June 15, 2022, a systematic PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane search was performed for randomized controlled trials that assessed treatment effect using total atheroma volume (TAV), percent atheroma volume (PAV), or plaque volume (PV). Only CRP/hsCRP and LDL-C values reported before and after treatment were considered. RESULTS 12 studies (2,812 patients with heart and/or vascular disease) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. A meta-analysis of 15 statin-treated arms reported a significant reduction in change of TAV/PV [standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.27, 95% confidence intervals (-CI): -0.42, -0.12, p < 0.001], compared with the control arms. Another meta-analysis of 7 trials also found that patients in the intervention group had a significant reduction in change of PAV (SMD: -0.16, 95% CI: -0.29, -0.03, p = 0.019), compared with those in the control group. Meta-regressionanalysis revealed that the percent change of CRP/hsCRP was significantly associated with SMD in change of TAV/PV after adjusting for percent change of LDL-C, age, gender and study duration. Meta-regression analysis showed that percent change of CRP/hsCRP statistically influenced SMD in change of PAV, when percent change of CRP/hsCRP was included separately. However, the percent change of CRP/hsCRP was not significantly associated with SMD of PAV change after adjusting for all covariates. CONCLUSION In conclusion, statin therapy is beneficial for plaque regression. Statins promote plaque regression, which might be associated to their anti-inflammatory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darui Gao
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute Heart and Vascular Health Research Center at Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute Heart and Vascular Health Research Center at Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yanjun Ma
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute Heart and Vascular Health Research Center at Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute Heart and Vascular Health Research Center at Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Sijing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wuxiang Xie
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute Heart and Vascular Health Research Center at Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Dawson LP, Lum M, Nerleker N, Nicholls SJ, Layland J. Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:66-82. [PMID: 34991791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 3 decades there have been substantial improvements in treatments aimed at reducing cardiovascular (CV) events. As these treatments have been developed, there have been parallel improvements in coronary imaging modalities that can assess plaque volumes and composition, using both invasive and noninvasive techniques. Plaque progression can be seen to precede CV events, and therefore, many studies have longitudinally assessed changes in plaque characteristics in response to various treatments, aiming to demonstrate plaque regression and improvements in high-risk features, with the rationale being that this will reduce CV events. In the past, decisions surrounding treatments for atherosclerosis have been informed by population-based risk scores for initiation in primary prevention and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels for titration in secondary prevention. If outcome data linking plaque regression to reduced CV events emerge, it may become possible to directly image plaque treatment response to guide management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke P Dawson
- Department of Cardiology, Peninsula Health, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Lum
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitesh Nerleker
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Baker Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Layland
- Department of Cardiology, Peninsula Health, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Oh PC, Jang AY, Ha K, Kim M, Moon J, Suh SY, Lee K, Han SH, Kang WC. Effect of Atorvastatin (10 mg) and Ezetimibe (10 mg) Combination Compared to Atorvastatin (40 mg) Alone on Coronary Atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2021; 154:22-28. [PMID: 34238445 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It remains inconclusive whether the additional low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effects of ezetimibe added to statin on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical outcomes are similar to those of statin monotherapy in the setting of comparable LDL-C reduction. We aimed to determine whether there were distinguishable differences in their effects on coronary atherosclerosis with intermediate stenosis between the combination of moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe and high-intensity statin monotherapy. Forty-one patients with stable angina undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized to receive either atorvastatin 10 mg plus ezetimibe 10 mg (ATO10/EZE10) or atorvastatin 40 mg alone (ATO40). The intermediate lesions were evaluated using a near-infrared spectroscopy-intravascular ultrasonography at baseline and after 12 months in 37 patients. The primary endpoint was percent atheroma volume (PAV). Mean LDL-C levels were significantly reduced by 40% and 38% from baseline in the ATO10/EZE10 group (n = 18, from 107 mg/dL to 61 mg/dL) and ATO40 group (n = 19, from 101 mg/dL to 58 mg/dL), respectively, without between-group difference. The absolute change of PAV was -2.9% in the ATO10/EZE10 group and -3.2% in the ATO40 group. The mean difference (95% confidence interval) for the absolute change in PAV between the 2 groups was 0.5% (-2.4% to 2.8%), which did not exceed the pre-defined non-inferiority margin of 5%. There was no significant reduction in lipid core burden index in both groups. In conclusion, the combination of atorvastatin 10 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg showed comparable LDL-C lowering and regression of coronary atherosclerosis in the intermediate lesions, compared with atorvastatin 40 mg alone.
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Xu M, Demuyakor A, Hu S, Liu H, Zhao C, Chen T, Qin Y, Xu Y, Feng X, Zeng M, Weng Z, Gao Z, Hou J, Jia H, Zhang S, Yu B. Is the effect of atorvastatin 60 mg on stabilization of lipid-rich plaque equivalent to that of rosuvastatin 10 mg? A serial optical coherence tomography combined with intravascular ultrasound imaging. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 97 Suppl 2:1097-1107. [PMID: 33864710 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.29654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the effect of atorvastatin 60 (AT60) mg to that of rosuvastatin 10 (RT10) mg on the morphological changes in lipid-rich plaques (LRPs) and plaque volume, using serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS). BACKGROUND Intensive lipid lowering therapy by statin provides more clinical benefit compared to that of moderate lipid lowering therapy. METHODS Fifty patients who underwent OCT and IVUS at baseline, 6, and 12 months were grouped by statin therapy into the AT60 mg (n = 27) and RT10 mg (n = 23) groups. The relationships between absolute and percentage changes in biomarkers and fibrous cap thickness (FCT) during follow-up were investigated using a simple regression analysis. RESULTS At 6 months, the mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level reduced from 113.5 to 65.5 mg/dl (AT60 mg group) and 100.2 to 72.2 mg/dl (RT10 mg groups). A continuous increase in FCT from baseline to 12 months was observed in both groups (p < .001, p < .001, respectively). Mean lipid arc significantly decreased in both AT60 mg (189.0 ± 55.9°, 170.9 ± 60.2°, 155.6 ± 50.6°, p < .001) and RT10 mg (160.0 ± 45.6°, 151.2 ± 48.5°, 141.1 ± 52.9°, p = .010) groups. Plaque burden did not change significantly in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Lipid-lowering therapy effect with AT60 mg was equivalent to that of RT10 mg in terms of change in plaque morphology. AT60 mg showed more intensive low-density lipid cholesterol level reduction compared to RT10 mg while RT10 mg was effective in increasing the high-density lipid cholesterol level. Both statin therapies could effectively stabilize LRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Abigail Demuyakor
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Sining Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yishuo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Ziqian Weng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Zhanqun Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jingbo Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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Li Y, Deng S, Liu B, Yan Y, Du J, Li Y, Jing X, Liu Y, Wang J, Du J, She Q. The effects of lipid-lowering therapy on coronary plaque regression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7999. [PMID: 33846492 PMCID: PMC8042107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the influence of lipid-lowering therapy on coronary plaque volume, and to identify the LDL and HDL targets for plaque regression to provide a comprehensive overview. The databases searched (from inception to 15 July 2020) to identify prospective studies investigating the impact of lipid-lowering therapy on coronary plaque volume and including quantitative measurement of plaque volume by intravascular ultrasound after treatment. Thirty-one studies that included 4997 patients were selected in the final analysis. Patients had significantly lower TAV (SMD: 0.123 mm3; 95% CI 0.059, 0.187; P = 0.000) and PAV (SMD: 0.123%; 95% CI 0.035, 0.212; P = 0.006) at follow-up. According to the subgroup analyses, TAV was significantly reduced in the LDL < 80 mg/dL and HDL > 45 mg/dL group (SMD: 0.163 mm3; 95% CI 0.092, 0.234; P = 0.000), and PAV was significantly reduced in the LDL < 90 mg/dL and HDL > 45 mg/dL group (SMD: 0.186%; 95% CI 0.081, 0.291; P = 0.001).Thirty-one studies that included 4997 patients were selected in the final analysis. Patients had significantly lower TAV (SMD: 0.123 mm3; 95% CI 0.059, 0.187; P = 0.000) and PAV (SMD: 0.123%; 95% CI 0.035, 0.212; P = 0.006) at follow-up. According to the subgroup analyses, TAV was significantly reduced in the LDL < 80 mg/dL and HDL > 45 mg/dL group (SMD: 0.163 mm3; 95% CI 0.092, 0.234; P = 0.000), and PAV was significantly reduced in the LDL < 90 mg/dL and HDL > 45 mg/dL group (SMD: 0.186%; 95% CI 0.081, 0.291; P = 0.001). Our meta-analysis suggests that not only should LDL be reduced to a target level of < 80 mg/dL, but HDL should be increased to a target level of > 45 mg/dL to regress coronary plaques. Trial Registration PROSPERO identifier: CRD42019146170.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Songbai Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yulin Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jianlin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaodong Jing
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qiang She
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Alvarez C, Keh E, Li Y, Siu H. Significant Difference in Acute Coronary Lesions in Patients on Therapeutic Statin Therapy Compared to Those Without. Cureus 2020; 12:e10673. [PMID: 33133839 PMCID: PMC7592525 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statin therapy has been shown to alter coronary plaque via decreasing lipid-rich pools, substituting with fibrocalcific plaque. We propose that acute coronary lesions in patients on therapeutic statin therapy, compared with patients not on statin therapy with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, will have features typically not associated with lipid-rich disease, such as lengthy fibrocalcific lesions, stent failure (in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis), and/or bypass graft degeneration. Methods Charts and coronary angiograms of 143 consecutive patients from May 2016 to December 2018 with Type 1 Myocardial Infarction Fourth Universal Definition were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1, those on statin therapy with an LDL < 100 mg/dL, and group 2, those not on statin therapy with an LDL ≥ 100 mg/dL at the time of an acute coronary syndrome. Acute lesion characteristics and angioplasty techniques/equipment were recorded. Results There were 56 patients in group 1 and 39 patients in group 2. Group 1 patients, compared with group 2, were more likely to have moderate-severe vessel calcification (55.4% vs 10.3%; p < 0.01), lesion length greater than 20 mm (51.8% vs 23.1%; p = 0.019), stent failure (39.3% vs 7.7%; p < 0.01), and bypass graft failure (23.2% vs 7.7%; p = 0.04). Coronary interventions in group 1, compared with group 2, more often required adjunctive angioplasty techniques, including the need for multiple coronary wires, guide extender, thrombectomy, and circulatory support (51.8% vs 7.7%; p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the number of culprit vessels, including the specific coronary culprit vessel identified between both groups. Conclusion Acute coronary lesions in patients on therapeutic statin therapy, compared to those not on statin therapy with an elevated LDL, tend to be longer, more calcific with increased vessel tortuosity and angulation, as well as from a stent or bypass graft failure mechanism. Furthermore, there is a signal for heightened procedural complexity in the arm with statin therapy. These clinical findings are likely the result of the altered natural history of plaque pathophysiology seen with statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikezie Alvarez
- Cardiology, Hartford Hospital/University of Connecticut, Hartford, USA
| | - Ernestine Keh
- Internal Medicine, St. Francis Medical Center, Trenton, USA
| | - Yiting Li
- Internal Medicine, St. Francis Medical Center, Trenton, USA
| | - Henry Siu
- Interventional Cardiology, Chinatown Cardiology, P.C., New York, USA
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Kwon TG, Jang AY, Kim SW, Hong YJ, Bae JH, Lee SY, Kim SH, Han SH. Design and rationale of a randomized control trial testing the effectiveness of combined therapy with STAtin plus FENOfibrate and statin alone in non-diabetic, combined dyslipidemia patients with non-intervened intermediate coronary artery disease - STAFENO study. Trials 2020; 21:353. [PMID: 32321551 PMCID: PMC7178941 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the chronicled success of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc)-lowering statin therapy, substantial residual cardiovascular (CV) disease risk remains a problem worldwide, highlighting the need to for combination therapies targeting non-LDLc factors, such as with fenofibrate. Methods/design The STAFENO trial is a prospective, randomized, open-label, multi-center trial to compare the effect of statin plus fenofibrate with statin alone on the reduction and stabilization of plaque in non-diabetic, combined dyslipidemia patients with non-intervened, intermediate coronary artery disease (CAD) using virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound at 12 months. A total of 106 eligible patients are planned to be randomized to receive either a combination therapy (rosuvastatin 10 mg plus fenofibrate 160 mg/day) or monotherapy (rosuvastatin 10 mg/day) for 12 months. The primary endpoint of this study is the percentage change in the necrotic core volume. Secondary endpoints include changes in tissue characteristics and 1-year major CV events, including all-cause mortality, CV mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization of the intervened and non-intervened lesions. Discussion The STAFENO trial will address whether combination treatment of statin and fenofibrate has an additive beneficial effect compared to statin alone on the reduction and stabilization of plaque and CV events in non-diabetic, combined dyslipidemia patients with non-intervened intermediate CAD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02232360. Registered 9 February 2014. https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/SelectProtocol?sid=S0004ULE&selectaction=Edit&uid=U00023SZ&ts=2&cx=juppd2
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek-Geun Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Albert Youngwoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular-Arrhythmia Center, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ho Bae
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Han
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Lee DH, Chun EJ, Oh TJ, Kim KM, Moon JH, Choi SH, Park KS, Jang HC, Lim S. Effect of cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor, on coronary artery stenosis and plaque characteristics in patients with type 2 diabetes: ESCAPE study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:1409-1418. [PMID: 30761717 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To perform a prospective study to evaluate the effect of cilostazol (CTZ) compared with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid; ASA) in Korean people with diabetes and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 people with diabetes who had mild to moderate coronary atherosclerosis, assessed by coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA), were randomly assigned to either 200 mg/d CTZ or 100 mg/d ASA (n = 50 each group). The primary outcome was change in coronary artery stenosis assessed by CCTA after 12 months of treatment. Secondary outcomes included changes in plaque composition, coronary artery calcium score and cardiac markers. RESULTS The mean age, body mass index and glycated haemoglobin concentration were 61.5 years, 25.0 kg/m2 and 56.8 mmol/mol, respectively, and were well matched between the two groups. Coronary artery stenosis decreased in the CTZ group (from 44.0 ± 2.1% to 40.4 ± 2.5%) but remained unchanged in the ASA group (from 38.9 ± 2.1% to 40.6 ± 2.1%). In the CTZ group, the non-calcified portion of plaques decreased significantly (from 20.6 ± 3.0 to 17.3 ± 3.0 mm3 ), whereas it did not change significantly in the ASA group (15.2 ± 2.8 vs 16.6 ± 2.9 mm3 ). Increases in HDL cholesterol, decreases in triglycerides, liver enzyme and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, and reductions in abdominal visceral fat area and insulin resistance were observed only in the CTZ group. CONCLUSION CTZ treatment for 12 months decreased coronary artery stenosis and the non-calcified plaque component. These results suggest that CTZ treatment may be an option for preventing the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwa Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Chun
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Tae Jung Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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10
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Decrease in LDL-C is associated with decrease in all components of noncalcified plaque on coronary CTA. Atherosclerosis 2019; 285:128-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Daida H, Dohi T, Fukushima Y, Ohmura H, Miyauchi K. The Goal of Achieving Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression with Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Insights from IVUS Trials. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 26:592-600. [PMID: 31118346 PMCID: PMC6629749 DOI: 10.5551/jat.48603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous effort has been put into the prevention of atherosclerosis through risk modification, especially with lipid-lowering therapies. Regression, that is, the reversal of the atherosclerosis process, has long been a goal of atherosclerosis research among basic and clinical investigators. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was developed in the 1990s as an intracoronary imaging technique to observe the details of the vessel walls and to measure the vessel lumen and plaque area with high reproducibility. Compared with the coronary angiogram, IVUS provides far more detailed information on the vessel wall. In this article, we review lipid-lowering trials that have used IVUS and discuss the current understanding of the effectiveness of aggressive lipid-lowering therapy, which inhibits atherosclerotic progression and induces regression and plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomotaka Dohi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshifumi Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hirotoshi Ohmura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
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12
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Taqueti VR, Ridker PM. Lipid-Lowering and Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Statin Therapy: More Than Meets the Plaque. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 10:CIRCIMAGING.117.006676. [PMID: 28679526 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.006676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviany R Taqueti
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Imaging Program (V.R.T., P.M.R.); Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (P.M.R.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.R.T.); Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Imaging Program (V.R.T., P.M.R.); Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (P.M.R.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.R.T.); Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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13
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Tamarappoo B, Otaki Y, Doris M, Arnson Y, Gransar H, Hayes S, Friedman J, Thomson L, Wang F, Rozanski A, Slomka P, Dey D, Berman D. Improvement in LDL is associated with decrease in non-calcified plaque volume on coronary CTA as measured by automated quantitative software. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2018; 12:385-390. [PMID: 29793847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA) can be used for assessment of plaque characteristics; however, quantitative assessment of changes in plaque composition in response to LDL lowering has not been performed with CTA. We sought to assess the association between LDL reduction and changes in plaque composition with quantitative CTA. METHODS Quantification of total, calcified, non-calcified and low-density non-calcified plaque volumes (TPV, CPV, NCPV and LD-NCPV) was performed using semi-automated software in 234 vessels from 116 consecutive patients (89 men, 60 ± 10 years) with baseline LDL>70 mg/dl. Significant reduction in LDL was defined as a decrease by >10% of baseline LDL. Changes (Δ) in plaque volumes between the second and baseline study were compared between patients with LDL reduction (n = 63) and those with no decrease in LDL (n = 53). RESULTS Median LDL at baseline was 98 mg/dl [interquartile range (IQR) 83-119 mg/dl] and median ΔLDL was -14 mg/dl (IQR -38 to 3 mg/dl). Mean interval between sequential CTA was 3.5 ± 1.6 years. TPV, NCPV, and LD-NCPV decreased in patients with a reduction in LDL compared to baseline; whereas, patients without reduction in LDL experienced an increase in TPV, NCPV and LD-NCPV. After adjusting for age, statin use, diabetes, baseline LDL and baseline TPV, reduction in LDL was associated with a decrease in TPV (P = 0.005), NCPV (P = 0.002) and LD-NCPV (P = 0.011) compared to patients without a reduction in LDL. CONCLUSION Reduction in LDL was associated with beneficial changes in the amount and composition of noncalcified plaque as measured using semi-automated quantitative software by CTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Tamarappoo
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine and Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yuka Otaki
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mhairi Doris
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yoav Arnson
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Gransar
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Hayes
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Friedman
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louise Thomson
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frances Wang
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan Rozanski
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Piotr Slomka
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Damini Dey
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Berman
- Department of Imaging, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine and Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sidharta SL, Baillie TJ, Howell S, Nicholls SJ, Montarello N, Honda S, Shishikura D, Delacroix S, Kim S, Beltrame JF, Psaltis PJ, Worthley SG, Worthley MI. Evaluation of human coronary vasodilator function predicts future coronary atheroma progression. Heart 2018; 104:1439-1446. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveCoronary vasodilator function and atherosclerotic plaque progression have both been shown to be associated with adverse cardiovascular events. However, the relationship between these factors and the lipid burden of coronary plaque remains unknown. These experiments focus on investigating the relationship between impaired coronary vasodilator function (endothelium dependent (salbutamol) and endothelium independent (glyceryl trinitrate)) and the natural history of atheroma plaque progression and lipid burden using dual modality intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging.Methods33 patients with stable chest pain or acute coronary syndrome underwent serial assessment of coronary vasodilator function and intracoronary plaque IVUS and NIRS imaging. Coronary segmental macrovascular response (% change segmental lumen volume (ΔSLV)), plaque burden (per cent atheroma volume (PAV)), lipid core (lipid-rich plaque (LRP) and lipid core burden index (LCBI)) were measured at baseline and after an interval of 12–18 months (n=520 segments).ResultsLipid-negative coronary segments which develop into LRP over the study time period demonstrated impaired endothelial-dependent function (−0.24±2.96 vs 5.60±1.47%, P=0.04) and endothelial-independent function (13.91±4.45 vs 21.19±3.19%, P=0.036), at baseline. By multivariate analysis, endothelial-dependent function predicted ∆LCBI (β coefficient: −3.03, 95% CI (−5.81 to −0.25), P=0.033) whereas endothelial-independent function predicted ∆PAV (β coefficient: 0.07, 95% CI (0.04 to 0.10), P<0.0001).ConclusionsEpicardial coronary vasodilator function is a determinant of future atheroma progression and composition irrespective of the nature of clinical presentation.Trial registration numberACTRN12612000594820, Post-results.
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Hwang YN, Lee JH, Kim GY, Shin ES, Kim SM. Characterization of coronary plaque regions in intravascular ultrasound images using a hybrid ensemble classifier. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 153:83-92. [PMID: 29157464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to propose a hybrid ensemble classifier to characterize coronary plaque regions in intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images. METHODS Pixels were allocated to one of four tissues (fibrous tissue (FT), fibro-fatty tissue (FFT), necrotic core (NC), and dense calcium (DC)) through processes of border segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. Grayscale IVUS images and their corresponding virtual histology images were acquired from 11 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease using 20 MHz catheter. A total of 102 hybrid textural features including first order statistics (FOS), gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), extended gray level run-length matrix (GLRLM), Laws, local binary pattern (LBP), intensity, and discrete wavelet features (DWF) were extracted from IVUS images. To select optimal feature sets, genetic algorithm was implemented. A hybrid ensemble classifier based on histogram and texture information was then used for plaque characterization in this study. The optimal feature set was used as input of this ensemble classifier. After tissue characterization, parameters including sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated to validate the proposed approach. A ten-fold cross validation approach was used to determine the statistical significance of the proposed method. RESULTS Our experimental results showed that the proposed method had reliable performance for tissue characterization in IVUS images. The hybrid ensemble classification method outperformed other existing methods by achieving characterization accuracy of 81% for FFT and 75% for NC. In addition, this study showed that Laws features (SSV and SAV) were key indicators for coronary tissue characterization. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method had high clinical applicability for image-based tissue characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Na Hwang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Bio Medi Campus (10326) 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Lee
- Department of Medical Devices Industry, Dongguk University-Seoul (04620) 26, Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Young Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Bio Medi Campus (10326) 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Shin
- Department of Cardiology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (44033) 877, Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Bio Medi Campus (10326) 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Devices Industry, Dongguk University-Seoul (04620) 26, Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Honda S, Sidharta SL, Shishikura D, Takata K, Di Giovanni GA, Nguyen T, Janssan A, Kim SW, Andrews J, Psaltis PJ, Worthley MI, Nicholls SJ. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol associated with change in coronary plaque lipid burden assessed by near infrared spectroscopy. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:110-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maehara A, Mintz GS. Clinical Utility of Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-017-9426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Kwon O, Kang SJ, Kang SH, Lee PH, Yun SC, Ahn JM, Park DW, Lee SW, Kim YH, Lee CW, Han KH, Park SW, Park SJ. Relationship Between Serum Inflammatory Marker Levels and the Dynamic Changes in Coronary Plaque Characteristics After Statin Therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10:CIRCIMAGING.116.005934. [PMID: 28679524 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.116.005934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of statin for atheroma stabilization remains unclear. We aimed to assess the relationship between on-treatment changes in serum inflammatory biomarker levels and plaque composition in differed nonculprit coronary lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS The changes in serum biochemical values, and intravascular ultrasound data were evaluated in 218 patients with virtual histology (VH)-intravascular ultrasound-defined fibroatheroma-containing segments after 12-month rosuvastatin treatment. When stratifying patients into quartiles according to the change in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), there was a significant positive linear relationship for the changes in %necrotic core (coefficient, 1.31; standard error, 0.54) and %dense calcium volumes (coefficient, 0.80; standard error, 0.27), but a negative linear relationship for the changes in %fibrous (coefficient, -0.94; standard error, 0.45) and %fibrofatty volumes (coefficient, -1.17; standard error, 0.56; all P<0.05). The decrease in hsCRP (-1.2±3.9 versus 0.5±3.4 mg/L; P=0.02) was greater in those without VH-defined thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA, defined as >30° of necrotic core abutting the lumen in 3 consecutive slices) than those with VH-TCFA at follow-up. Diabetes mellitus, a larger normalized total atheroma volume, and the presence of VH-TCFA at baseline predicted the presence of VH-TCFA at follow-up (odds ratio, 4.01, 1.18, and 9.21, respectively; all P<0.05), whereas the change in hsCRP showed a trend (odds ratio, 1.19; P=0.07). The change in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol had no relationship with the changes in hsCRP or plaque compositions. CONCLUSIONS With 12-month rosuvastatin therapy, a greater hsCRP reduction (not low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) was associated with a greater decrease in %necrotic core volume and the absence of VH-TCFA, indicating a link between the anti-inflammatory action of statin and plaque stabilization by reducing NC and reinforcing fibrous cap. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00997880.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osung Kwon
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kang
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hun Kang
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pil Hyung Lee
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Cheol Yun
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Ahn
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Woo Park
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Whan Lee
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Hak Kim
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Whan Lee
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Han
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Wook Park
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Park
- From the Department of Cardiology (O.K., S.-J.K., S.H.K., P.H.L., J.-M.A., D.-W.P., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., K.H.H., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (S.-C.Y.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Impact of chronic statin therapy on clinical presentation and underlying lesion morphology in patients undergoing percutaneous intervention. Coron Artery Dis 2017; 28:218-224. [DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hougaard M, Hansen HS, Thayssen P, Antonsen L, Junker A, Veien K, Jensen LO. Influence of ezetimibe in addition to high-dose atorvastatin therapy on plaque composition in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction assessed by serial. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2017; 18:110-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hecht H, Blaha MJ, Berman DS, Nasir K, Budoff M, Leipsic J, Blankstein R, Narula J, Rumberger J, Shaw LJ. Clinical indications for coronary artery calcium scoring in asymptomatic patients: Expert consensus statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2017; 11:157-168. [PMID: 28283309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This expert consensus statement summarizes the available data regarding the prognostic value of CAC in the asymptomatic population and its ability to refine individual risk prediction, addresses the limitations identified in the current traditional risk factor-based treatment strategies recommended by the 2013 ACC/AHA Prevention guidelines including use of the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE), and the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Recommendation Statement for Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. It provides CAC based treatment recommendations both within the context of the shared decision making model espoused by the 2013 ACC/AHA Prevention guidelines and independent of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Hecht
- Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michael J Blaha
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Berman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Miami Cardiac and Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jonathon Leipsic
- Department of Medicine and Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ron Blankstein
- Non-Invasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jagat Narula
- Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Leslee J Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Fenotipo del engrosamiento intimal patológico: no tan inocente como se pensaba. Estudio de la histología virtual de una serie de casos con ecografía intravascular 3D. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2016.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kovarnik T, Chen Z, Wahle A, Zhang L, Skalicka H, Kral A, Lopez JJ, Horak J, Sonka M, Linhart A. Pathologic Intimal Thickening Plaque Phenotype: Not as Innocent as Previously Thought. A Serial 3D Intravascular Ultrasound Virtual Histology Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 70:25-33. [PMID: 27615562 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Pathologic intimal thickening (PIT) has been considered a benign plaque phenotype. We report plaque phenotypic changes in a baseline/follow-up intravascular ultrasound-based virtual histology study. METHODS A total of 61 patients with stable coronary artery disease were analyzed from the HEAVEN trial (89 patients randomized between routine statin therapy vs atorvastatin 80mg and ezetimibe 10mg) with serial intravascular ultrasound imaging of nonculprit vessels. We compared changes in 693 baseline and follow-up 5-mm long segments in a novel risk score, Liverpool Active Plaque Score (LAPS), plaque parameters, and plaque composition. RESULTS The PIT showed the highest increase of risk score and, with fibrous plaque, also the LAPS. Necrotic core (NC) abutting to the lumen increased in PIT (22 ± 51.7; P = .0001) and in fibrous plaque (17.9 ± 42.6; P = .004) but decreased in thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) (15.14 ± 52.2; P = .001). The PIT was the most likely of all nonthin cap fibroatheroma plaque types to transform into TCFA at follow-up (11% of all TCFA found during follow-up and 35.9% of newly-developed TCFA), but showed (together with fibrous plaque) the lowest stability during lipid-lowering therapy (24.7% of PIT remained PIT and 24.5% of fibrous plaque remained fibrous plaque). CONCLUSIONS Over the 1-year follow-up, PIT was the most dynamic of the plaque phenotypes and was associated with an increase of risk score and LAPS (together with fibrous plaque), NC percentage (together with fibrous plaque) and NC abutting to the lumen, despite a small reduction of plaque volume during lipid-lowering therapy. The PIT was the main source for new TCFA segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kovarnik
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Intravascular Imaging, Iowa Institute for Biomedical Imaging, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Andreas Wahle
- Department of Intravascular Imaging, Iowa Institute for Biomedical Imaging, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Intravascular Imaging, Iowa Institute for Biomedical Imaging, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Hana Skalicka
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Kral
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - John J Lopez
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Loyola University, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Jan Horak
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Sonka
- Department of Intravascular Imaging, Iowa Institute for Biomedical Imaging, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Ales Linhart
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
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Lee JH, Shin DH, Kim BK, Ko YG, Choi D, Jang Y, Hong MK. Early Effects of Intensive Lipid-Lowering Treatment on Plaque Characteristics Assessed by Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:1087-94. [PMID: 27401638 PMCID: PMC4960373 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.5.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of short-term intensive lipid-lowering treatment on coronary plaque composition have not yet been sufficiently evaluated. We investigated the influence of short-term intensive lipid-lowering treatment on quantitative and qualitative changes in plaque components of non-culprit lesions in patients with acute coronary syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, open-label, single-center trial. Seventy patients who underwent both baseline and three-month follow-up virtual histology intravascular ultrasound were randomly assigned to either an intensive lipid-lowering treatment group (ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/40 mg, n=34) or a control statin treatment group (pravastatin 20 mg, n=36). Using virtual histology intravascular ultrasound, plaque was characterized as fibrous, fibro-fatty, dense calcium, or necrotic core. Changes in plaque components during the three-month lipid-lowering treatment were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Compared with the control statin treatment group, there was a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the intensive lipid-lowering treatment group (-20.4±17.1 mg/dL vs. -36.8±17.4 mg/dL, respectively; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in baseline, three-month follow-up, or serial changes of gray-scale intravascular ultrasound parameters between the two groups. The absolute volume of fibro-fatty plaque was significantly reduced in the intensive lipid-lowering treatment group compared with the control group (-1.5±3.4 mm³ vs. 0.8±4.7 mm³, respectively; p=0.024). A linear correlation was found between changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and changes in the absolute volumes of fibro-fatty plaque (p<0.001, R²=0.209). CONCLUSION Modification of coronary plaque may be attainable after only three months of intensive lipid-lowering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hee Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Division, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong Keuk Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Guk Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghoon Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong Ki Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Brugaletta S, Giacchi G, Ortega-Paz L, Garcia-Garcia HM, Sabaté M. Stable coronary artery disease. Is it really stable? Lesion morphology interpretation by Grayscale and VH-IVUS in patients with coronary artery disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cce2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Brugaletta
- Cardiovascular Clinic Institute; Hospital Clinic; University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Barcelona Spain
| | - G. Giacchi
- Cardiovascular Clinic Institute; Hospital Clinic; University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Barcelona Spain
| | - L. Ortega-Paz
- Cardiovascular Clinic Institute; Hospital Clinic; University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Barcelona Spain
| | - H. M. Garcia-Garcia
- MedStar Washington Hospital Center; 110 Irving St., NW, Suite 4B-1 Washington District of Columbia, 20010
| | - M. Sabaté
- Cardiovascular Clinic Institute; Hospital Clinic; University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Barcelona Spain
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Gottlieb S, Kolker S, Shlomo N, Matetzky S, Leitersdorf E, Segev A, Goldenberg I, Tzivoni D, Weisz G, Moriel M. Association between statin treatment and LDL-cholesterol levels on the rate of ST-elevation myocardial infarction among patients with acute coronary syndromes: ACS Israeli Survey (ACSIS) 2002–2010. Int J Cardiol 2016; 210:133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hou J, Xing L, Jia H, Vergallo R, Soeda T, Minami Y, Hu S, Yang S, Zhang S, Lee H, Yu B, Jang IK. Comparison of Intensive Versus Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Fibrous Cap and Atheroma Volume of Coronary Lipid-Rich Plaque Using Serial Optical Coherence Tomography and Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging. Am J Cardiol 2016; 117:800-6. [PMID: 26778524 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite marked clinical benefit, reduction in atheroma volume with statin therapy is minimal. Changes in plaque composition may explain this discrepancy. We aimed in the present study to assess the effect of statin therapy on coronary plaque composition and plaque volume using serial multimodality imaging. From an open-label, single-blinded study, patients with angiographically mild-to-moderate lesion were randomized to receive atorvastatin 60 (AT 60) mg or atorvastatin 20 (AT 20) mg for 12 months. Optical coherence tomography was used to assess fibrous cap thickness (FCT) and intravascular ultrasound to assess atheroma burden at 3 time points: baseline, at 6 months, and at 12 months. Thirty-six lipid-rich plaques in 27 patients with AT 60 mg and 30 lipid-rich plaques in 19 patients with AT 20 mg were enrolled in this study. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly decreased at 6 months without further reduction at 12 months. AT 60 mg induced greater reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with AT 20 mg. Optical coherence tomography revealed continuous increase in FCT from baseline to 6 months and to 12 months in both groups. AT 60 mg induced greater increase in FCT compared with AT 20 mg at both follow-up points. The prevalence of thin-cap fibroatheroma and the presence of macrophage at 6 months were significantly lower in AT 60 mg compared with AT 20 mg. Plaque burden did not change significantly in both groups. In conclusion, both intensive and moderate statin therapy stabilizes coronary plaques, with a greater benefit in the intensive statin group. However, no significant changes in plaque volume were observed over time regardless of the intensity of statin therapy.
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Koskinas KC, Zaugg S, Yamaji K, García-García HM, Taniwaki M, Klingenberg R, Moschovitis A, Lüscher TF, van Tits LJ, Matter CM, Windecker S, Räber L. Changes of coronary plaque composition correlate with C-reactive protein levels in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction following high-intensity statin therapy. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:154-60. [PMID: 26921743 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Levels of inflammatory biomarkers associate with changes of coronary atheroma burden in statin-treated patients with stable coronary artery disease. This study sought to determine changes of plaque composition in vivo in relation to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) receiving high-intensity statin therapy. METHODS The IBIS-4 study performed serial (baseline and 13-month), 2-vessel intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and radiofrequency-IVUS of the non-infarct-related arteries in patients with STEMI treated with high-intensity statin therapy. The present analysis included 44 patients (80 arteries) with serial measurements of hs-CRP. RESULTS At follow-up, median low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels decreased from 126 to 77 mg/dl, HDL-C increased from 44 to 47 mg/dl, and hs-CRP decreased from 1.6 to 0.7 mg/L. Regression of percent atheroma volume (-0.99%, 95% CI -1.84 to -0.14, p = 0.024) was accompanied by reduction of percent fibro-fatty (p = 0.04) and fibrous tissue (p < 0.001), and increase in percent necrotic core (p = 0.006) and dense calcium (p < 0.001). Follow-up levels of hs-CRP, but not LDL-C, correlated with changes in percent necrotic core (p = 0.001) and inversely with percent fibrous tissue volume (p = 0.008). Similarly, baseline-to-follow-up change of hs-CRP correlated with the change in percent necrotic core volume (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In STEMI patients receiving high-intensity statin therapy, stabilization of VH-IVUS-defined necrotic core was confined to patients with lowest on-treatment levels and greatest reduction of hs-CRP. Elevated CRP levels at follow-up may identify progression of high-risk coronary plaque composition despite intensive statin therapy and overall regression of atheroma volume.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge Zaugg
- Clinical Trials Unit, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kyohei Yamaji
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Masanori Taniwaki
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Aris Moschovitis
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stephan Windecker
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Räber
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and an important target molecule for preventing the progression of atherosclerosis. However, the relationship between PEDF and coronary atherosclerosis has not been fully examined. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of statins on serum PEDF levels and the association between PEDF and coronary atherosclerosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Coronary atherosclerosis in nonculprit lesions in the vessel of patients undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention was evaluated using virtual histology intravascular ultrasound in 99 patients during percutaneous coronary intervention and after 8 months of statin therapy. RESULTS Serum PEDF levels at baseline and at the 8-month follow-up did not differ. A significant decrease in the fibro-fatty component (-0.24 mm³/mm, P=0.0003) and increases in the necrotic core (0.13 mm³/mm, P=0.02) and dense calcium components (0.11 mm³/mm, P<0.0001) were observed during the 8-month statin therapy. On univariate regression analyses, serum PEDF levels (r=0.291, P=0.004) and unstable angina pectoris (r=0.203, P=0.04) showed significant positive correlations with the percentage change in necrotic core volume. Multivariate regression analysis showed that serum PEDF level was a significant independent predictor associated with necrotic core progression during statin therapy (β=0.218, P=0.04). CONCLUSION Statin therapy had no effects on serum PEDF levels. Serum PEDF was a useful biomarker for predicting necrotic core progression during statin therapy, and its levels could be elevated as a counter-regulatory response mechanism to protect against necrotic core progression.
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Banach M, Serban C, Sahebkar A, Mikhailidis DP, Ursoniu S, Ray KK, Rysz J, Toth PP, Muntner P, Mosteoru S, García-García HM, Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJP, Serruys PW. Impact of statin therapy on coronary plaque composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual histology intravascular ultrasound studies. BMC Med 2015; 13:229. [PMID: 26385210 PMCID: PMC4575433 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) imaging is an innovative tool for the morphological evaluation of coronary atherosclerosis. Evidence for the effects of statin therapy on VH-IVUS parameters have been inconclusive. Consequently, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of statin therapy on plaque volume and its composition using VH-IVUS. METHODS The search included PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Embase (through 30 November 2014) to identify prospective studies investigating the effects of statin therapy on plaque volume and its composition using VH-IVUS. RESULTS We identified nine studies with 16 statin treatment arms and 830 participants. There was a significant effect of statin therapy in reducing plaque volume (standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.137, 95 % confidence interval (CI): -0.255, -0.019; P = 0.023), external elastic membrane volume (SMD: -0.097, 95 % CI: -0.183, -0.011; P = 0.027) but not lumen volume (SMD: -0.025, 95 % CI: -0.110, +0.061; P = 0.574). There was a significant reduction in fibrous plaque volume (SMD: -0.129, 95 % CI: -0.255, -0.003; P = 0.045) and an increase of dense calcium volume (SMD: +0.229, 95 % CI: +0.008, +0.450; P = 0.043), while changes in fibro-fatty (SMD: -0.247, 95 % CI: -0.592, +0.098; P = 0.16) and necrotic core (SMD: +0.011, 95 % CI: -0.144, +0.165; P = 0.892) tissue volumes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis indicates a significant effect of statin therapy on plaque and external elastic membrane volumes and fibrous and dense calcium volumes. There was no effect on lumen volume, fibro-fatty and necrotic tissue volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Corina Serban
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sorin Ursoniu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Public Health, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Kausik K Ray
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Peter P Toth
- Preventive Cardiology, CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA.
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Paul Muntner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Svetlana Mosteoru
- Institute for Cardiovascular Medicine Timisoara, Cardiology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Hector M García-García
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Cardialysis BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick W Serruys
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Imperial College, London, UK.
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The Effect of Statin Therapy on Coronary Plaque Composition Using Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26225936 PMCID: PMC4520465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have indicated that statin therapy may promote plaque regression. However, the impact of statin therapy on plaque composition has not been clearly elucidated. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of statin therapy on coronary plaque composition as assessed by virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS). METHODS Online databases were searched from inception to March 1, 2015. Studies providing VH-IVUS volumetric analyses of coronary plaque composition at baseline and follow-up in patients receiving statin therapy were included. Weighted mean difference (WMD) using a random-effects model was used. RESULTS Ten studies involving 682 patients were included. There was a substantial reduction in fibrous volume between baseline and follow-up (WMD: -2.37 mm3, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.01 to -0.74 mm3, P=0.004), and a significant increase in dense calcium (DC) volume (WMD: 0.89 mm3, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.08 mm3, P<0.00001). No significant change was seen in fibro-fatty and necrotic core (NC) volumes. In stratified analyses, the fibrous volume was decreased significantly (WMD: -3.39 mm3, 95% CI -6.56 to -0.21 mm3, P=0.04) and the absolute DC volume (WMD: 0.99 mm3, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.76 mm3, P=0.01) was increased in the subgroup with ≥12 months follow-up, whereas no significant change was observed in the subgroup with < 12 months follow-up. Similarly, a substantial decrease in fibrous volume (WMD: -2.01 mm3, 95% CI -3.05 to -0.96 mm3, P< 0.0002) and an increase in DC volume (WMD: 0.90 mm3, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.10 mm3, P< 0.00001) were observed in the subgroup with high-intensive statin therapy, while the change in fibrous and DC volumes approached statistical significance (P=0.05 and P=0.05, respectively) in the subgroup with low-intensive statin therapy. CONCLUSIONS Statin treatment, particularly of high-intensity and long-term duration, induced a marked modification in coronary plaque composition including a decrease in fibrous tissue and an increase in DC.
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Sudo M, Hiro T, Takayama T, Iida K, Nishida T, Fukamachi D, Kawano T, Higuchi Y, Hirayama A. Tissue characteristics of non-culprit plaque in patients with acute coronary syndrome vs. stable angina: a color-coded intravascular ultrasound study. Cardiovasc Interv Ther 2015; 31:42-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12928-015-0345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Costopoulos C, Brown AJ, Teng Z, Hoole SP, West NEJ, Samady H, Bennett MR. Intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography imaging of coronary atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 32:189-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-015-0701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li YF, Feng QZ, Gao WQ, Zhang XJ, Huang Y, Chen YD. The difference between Asian and Western in the effect of LDL-C lowering therapy on coronary atherosclerotic plaque: a meta-analysis report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015; 15:6. [PMID: 25971444 PMCID: PMC4429819 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-15-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The different effects of LDL-C levels and statins therapy on coronary atherosclerotic plaque between Western and Asian remain to be settled. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched from Jan. 2000 to Sep. 2014 for randomized controlled or blinded end-points trials assessing the effects of LDL-C lowering therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerotic plaque (CAP) in patients with coronary heart disease by intravascular ultrasound. The significance of plaques regression was assessed by computing standardized mean difference (SMD) of the volume of CAP between the baseline and follow-up. Results Twenty trials (ten in the West and ten in Asia) were identified. For Westerns, Mean lowering LDL-C by 49.4% and/or to level 61.9 mg/dL in the group of patients with baseline mean LDL-C 123.2 mg/dL could significantly reduce the volume of CAP at follow up (SMD −0.156 mm3, 95% CI −0.248 ~ −0.064, p = 0.001). LDL-C lowering by rosuvastatin (mean 40 mg daily) could significantly decrease the volumes of CAP at follow up. For Asians, Mean lowering LDL-C by 36.1% and/or to level 84.0 mg/dL with baseline mean LDL-C 134.2 mg/dL could significantly reduce the volume of CAP at follow up (SMD −0.211 mm3, 95% CI −0.331 ~ −0.092, p = 0.001). LDL-C lowering by rosuvastatin (mean 14.1 mg daily) and atorvastatin (mean 18.9 mg daily) could significantly decrease the volumes of CAP at follow up. Conclusions There was a different effect of LDL-C lowering on CAP between Westerns and Asians. For regressing CAP, Asians need lower dosage of statins or lower intensity LDL-C lowering therapy than Westerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Li
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Quan-Zhou Feng
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Wen-Qian Gao
- The First Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xiu-Jing Zhang
- The First Clinics, Administrative and Supportive Bureau, Chinese PLA General Logistics Department, Jia 14, Fuxing Road 22, Beijing, 100842, China.
| | - Ya Huang
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yun-Dai Chen
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Brugaletta S, Sabaté M. Assessment of plaque composition by intravascular ultrasound and near-infrared spectroscopy: from PROSPECT I to PROSPECT II. Circ J 2014; 78:1531-9. [PMID: 24931516 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), which is today the leading cause of death worldwide and will continue to be the first in the world in 2030. Vulnerable coronary plaques are usually characterized by a high content of necrotic core, a thin inflamed fibrous cap (intense accumulation of macrophages) and scarce presence of smooth muscle cells. None of these characteristics can be estimated by coronary angiography, which on the contrary underestimates the magnitude of atherosclerotic burden, particularly in earlier stage disease when positive vascular remodeling may allow "normal" lumen caliber despite substantial vascular wall plaque. The recognition of the ubiquity of substantial but non-flow limiting lesions that may be at high risk for subsequent plaque rupture has resulted in a paradigm shift in thinking about the pathophysiology of CAD, with the focus no longer solely on the degree of arterial luminal narrowing. This growing need for more information about coronary atherosclerosis in order to identify patients and lesions at risk for complications during PCI and for future adverse cardiac events has been the primary impetus for the development of novel intracoronary imaging methods able to detect plaque composition, in particular presence of a necrotic core/lipid pool, such as intravascular ultrasound virtual histology and near-infrared spectroscopy. These imaging technologies and their clinical and clinical/research applications are discussed in detail.
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Gao WQ, Feng QZ, Li YF, Li YX, Huang Y, Chen YM, Yang B, Lu CY. Systematic study of the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol on regression of coronary atherosclerotic plaques using intravascular ultrasound. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:60. [PMID: 24886532 PMCID: PMC4229739 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting results currently exist on the effects of LDL-C levels and statins therapy on coronary atherosclerotic plaque, and the target level of LDL-C resulting in the regression of the coronary atherosclerotic plaques has not been settled. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched from Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2014 for randomized controlled or blinded end-points trials assessing the effects of LDL-C lowering therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerotic plaque (CAP) in patients with coronary heart disease by intravascular ultrasound. Data concerning the study design, patient characteristics, and outcomes were extracted. The significance of plaques regression was assessed by computing standardized mean difference (SMD) of the volume of CAP between the baseline and follow-up. SMD were calculated using fixed or random effects models. RESULTS Twenty trials including 5910 patients with coronary heart disease were identified. Mean lowering LDL-C by 45.4% and to level 66.8 mg/dL in the group of patients with baseline mean LDL-C 123.7 mg/dL, mean lowering LDL-C by 48.8% and to level 60.6 mg/dL in the group of patients with baseline mean LDL-C 120 mg/dL, and mean lowering LDL-C by 40.4% and to level 77.8 mg/dL in the group of patients with baseline mean LDL-C 132.4 mg/dL could significantly reduce the volume of CAP at follow up (SMD -0.108 mm3, 95% CI -0.176 ~ -0.040, p = 0.002; SMD -0.156 mm3, 95% CI -0.235 ~ -0.078, p = 0.000; SMD -0.123 mm3, 95% CI -0.199 ~ -0.048, p = 0.001; respectively). LDL-C lowering by rosuvastatin (mean 33 mg daily) and atorvastatin (mean 60 mg daily) could significantly decrease the volumes of CAP at follow up (SMD -0.162 mm3, 95% CI: -0.234 ~ -0.081, p = 0.000; SMD -0.101, 95% CI: -0.184 ~ -0.019, p = 0.016; respectively). The mean duration of follow up was from 17 ~ 21 months. CONCLUSIONS Intensive lowering LDL-C (rosuvastatin mean 33 mg daily and atorvastatin mean 60 mg daily) with >17 months of duration could lead to the regression of CAP, LDL-C level should be reduced by >40% or to a target level <78 mg/dL for regressing CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qian Gao
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- The First Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quan-Zhou Feng
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Li
- Navy Wangshoulu Clinics, Xicui Road, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Ya Huang
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yan-Ming Chen
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bo Yang
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cai-Yi Lu
- The Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Bild DE, McClelland R, Kaufman JD, Blumenthal R, Burke GL, Carr JJ, Post WS, Register TC, Shea S, Szklo M. Ten-year trends in coronary calcification in individuals without clinical cardiovascular disease in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94916. [PMID: 24743658 PMCID: PMC3990562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence has declined significantly in the US, as have levels of major coronary risk factors, including LDL-cholesterol, hypertension and smoking, but whether trends in subclinical atherosclerosis mirror these trends is not known. Methods and Findings To describe recent secular trends in subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by serial evaluations of coronary artery calcification (CAC) prevalence in a population over 10 years, we measured CAC using computed tomography (CT) and CHD risk factors in five serial cross-sectional samples of men and women from four race/ethnic groups, aged 55–84 and without clinical cardiovascular disease, who were members of Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort from 2000 to 2012. Sample sizes ranged from 1062 to 4837. After adjusting for age, gender, and CT scanner, the prevalence of CAC increased across exams among African Americans, whose prevalence of CAC was 52.4% in 2000–02, 50.4% in 2003–04, 60.0% is 2005–06, 57.4% in 2007–08, and 61.3% in 2010–12 (p for trend <0.001). The trend was strongest among African Americans aged 55–64 [prevalence ratio for 2010–12 vs. 2000–02, 1.59 (95% confidence interval 1.06, 2.39); p = 0.005 for trend across exams]. There were no consistent trends in any other ethnic group. Risk factors generally improved in the cohort, and adjustment for risk factors did not change trends in CAC prevalence. Conclusions There was a significant secular trend towards increased prevalence of CAC over 10 years among African Americans and no change in three other ethnic groups. Trends did not reflect concurrent general improvement in risk factors. The trend towards a higher prevalence of CAC in African Americans suggests that CHD risk in this population is not improving relative to other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E. Bild
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, NHLBI, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robyn McClelland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Medicine, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roger Blumenthal
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory L. Burke
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Jeffrey Carr
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wendy S. Post
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven Shea
- Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Moyses Szklo
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Nozue T, Yamamoto S, Tohyama S, Fukui K, Umezawa S, Onishi Y, Kunishima T, Sato A, Nozato T, Miyake S, Takeyama Y, Morino Y, Yamauchi T, Muramatsu T, Hibi K, Terashima M, Michishita I. Lipoprotein(a) is associated with necrotic core progression of non-culprit coronary lesions in statin-treated patients with angina pectoris. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:59. [PMID: 24684829 PMCID: PMC4230650 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statin therapy results in regression and stabilization of coronary artery plaques, and reduces the incidence of coronary artery disease. However, statin therapy does not effectively halt the accumulation of necrotic core in all patients. The purpose of the present study was to identify the predictors associated with necrotic core progression during statin therapy. Methods Coronary atherosclerosis in non-culprit lesions was evaluated using virtual histology intravascular ultrasound at baseline and 8 months after statin therapy. One hundred nineteen patients were divided into 2 groups based on necrotic core progression or regression during an 8-month follow-up period. Results Patients with necrotic core progression had higher serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels than patients with regression at baseline (16 mg/dL vs. 12 mg/dL, p = 0.02) and at the 8-month follow-up (17 mg/dL vs. 10 mg/dL, p = 0.006). Patients with necrotic core progression had a higher fibro-fatty plaque volume (1.28 mm3/mm vs. 0.73 mm3/mm, p = 0.002), and less necrotic core (0.56 mm3/mm vs. 1.04 mm3/mm, p < 0.0001) and dense calcium (0.35 mm3/mm vs. 0.56 mm3/mm, p = 0.006) plaque volumes at baseline than patients with regression. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Lp(a) was a significant independent predictor associated with necrotic core progression during statin therapy (odds ratio [OR]: 3.514; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.338-9.228; p = 0.01). Conclusions Serum Lp(a) is independently associated with necrotic core progression in statin-treated patients with angina pectoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nozue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama Sakae Kyosai Hospital, 132 Katsura-cho, Sakae-ku, Yokohama 247-8581, Japan.
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A reappraisal of the risks and benefits of treating to target with cholesterol lowering drugs. Drugs 2014; 73:1025-54. [PMID: 23754124 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death globally, and lipid modification, particularly lowering of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), is one of the cornerstones of prevention and treatment. However, even after lowering of LDLc to conventional goals, a sizeable number of patients continue to suffer cardiovascular events. More aggressive lowering of LDLc and optimization of other lipid parameters like triglycerides (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) have been proposed as two potential strategies to address this residual risk. These strategies entail use of maximal doses of highly potent HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and combination therapy with other lipid modifying agents. Though statins in general are fairly well tolerated, adverse events like myopathy are dose related. There are further risks with combination therapy. In this article, we review the adverse effects of lipid modifying agents used alone and in combination and weigh these effects against the evidence demonstrating their efficacy in reducing cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, and all cause mortality. For patients with established CVD, statins are the only group of drugs that have shown consistent reductions in hard outcomes. Though more aggressive lipid lowering with high dose potent statins can reduce rates of non fatal events and need for interventions, the incremental mortality benefits remain unclear, and their use is associated with a higher rate of drug related adverse effects. Myopathy and renal events have been a significant concern with the use of high potency statin drugs, in particular simvastatin and rosuvastatin. For patients who have not reached target LDL levels or have residual lipid abnormalities on maximal doses of statins, the addition of other agents has not been shown to improve clinical outcomes and carries an increased risk of adverse events. The clinical benefits of drugs to raise HDLc remain unproven. In patients without known cardiovascular disease, there is conflicting evidence as to the benefits of aggressive pursuit of numerical lipid targets, particularly with respect to all cause mortality. Certainly, in statin intolerant patients, alternative agents with a low side effect profile are desirable. Bile acid sequestrants are an effective and safe choice for decreasing LDLc, and omega-3 fatty acids are safe agents to decrease TG. There remains an obvious need to design and carry out large scale studies to help determine which agents, when combined with statins, have the greatest benefit on cardiovascular disease with the least added risk. These studies should be designed to assess the impact on clinical outcomes rather than surrogate endpoints, and require a comprehensive assessment and reporting of safety outcomes.
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Puri R, Libby P, Nissen SE, Wolski K, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, Chapman MJ, Erbel R, Raichlen JS, Uno K, Kataoka Y, Tuzcu EM, Nicholls SJ. Long-term effects of maximally intensive statin therapy on changes in coronary atheroma composition: insights from SATURN. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15:380-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Nozue T, Yamamoto S, Tohyama S, Fukui K, Umezawa S, Onishi Y, Kunishima T, Sato A, Nozato T, Miyake S, Takeyama Y, Morino Y, Yamauchi T, Muramatsu T, Hibi K, Terashima M, Michishita I. Comparison of the effects of pitavastatin versus pravastatin on coronary artery plaque phenotype assessed by tissue characterization using serial virtual histology intravascular ultrasound. Heart Vessels 2013; 30:36-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Echeverri D, Cabrales J. Statins and percutaneous coronary intervention: A complementary synergy. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2013; 25:112-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Siqueira DADA, Sousa AGMR, Costa Junior JDR, Costa RAD, Staico R, Tanajura LFL, Centemero MP, Feres F, Abizaid AAC, Sousa JEMR. Correlation between plaque composition as assessed by virtual histology and C-reactive protein. Arq Bras Cardiol 2013; 101:78-86. [PMID: 23752339 PMCID: PMC3998173 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20130116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that coronary plaque composition plays a pivotal role
in plaque instability, and imaging modalities and serum biomarkers have been
investigated to identify vulnerable plaque. Virtual histology IVUS (VH-IVUS)
characterizes plaque components as calcified, fibrotic, fibrofatty, or necrotic
core. C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is an independent risk factor and a powerful
predictor of future coronary events. However, a relationship between inflammatory
response indicated by CRP and plaque characteristics in ACS patients remains not
well established. Objective To determine, by using VH-IVUS, the relation between coronary plaque components
and plasma high-sensitivity CRP levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes
(ACS). Methods 52 patients with ACS were enrolled in this prospective study.
Electrocardiographically-gated VH-IVUS were performed in the culprit lesion before
PCI. Blood sample was drawn from all patients before the procedure and after 24
hours, and hs-CRP levels were determined. Results Mean age was 55.3±4.9 years, 76.9% were men and 30.9% had diabetes. Mean MLA was
3.9±1.3 mm2, and plaque burden was 69±11.3%, as assessed by IVUS.
VH-IVUS analysis at the minimum luminal site identified plaque components:
fibrotic (59.6±15.8%), fibrofatty (7.6±8.2%), dense calcium (12.1±9.2%) and
necrotic core (20.7±12.7%). Plasma hs-CRP (mean 16.02±18.07 mg/L) did not
correlate with necrotic core (r=-0.089, p = 0.53) and other plaque components.
Conclusions In this prospective study with patients with ACS, the predominant components of
the culprit plaque were fibrotic and necrotic core. Serum hs C-reactive protein
levels did not correlate with plaque composition.
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Echeverri D, Móntes F, Delgadillo A, Cabrales J. Effects of the simultaneous use of drug-eluting stents and statins in an atherosclerotic animal model. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2013; 25:16-24. [PMID: 23522277 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of statins and medicated stents (MS) is the best available therapy for the treatment of severe coronary disease in selected cases. However, the vascular effects of the simultaneous use of both therapies are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS An experimental study was carried out on 60 NZ rabbits with advanced atherosclerosis, distributed in four groups of 15 animals each. Group 1: Control. Group 2: paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) in the thoracic aorta. Group 3: Atorvastatin 2.5mg/day po+PES implant, and Group 4: Atorvastatin 2.5mg/day po. They were followed up at 30, 60 and 90 days. Histo-morphometric analyses were carried out. RESULTS A total of 60 PES were successfully implanted. One animal from Group 3 died due to respiratory infection. PES increased the lumen diameter and area, as well as the vessel area; atorvastatin induced a potent plaque regression. In the PES group, the lumen diameter was 4.25±0.0mm, lumen area was 14.2±0.4mm(2), vessel area was 16.7±0.0mm(2), and plaque/media area ratio was 0.1±0.0. In the PES+atorvastatin group the measurements were 4.9±0.1mm (p<0.001), 18.6±0.8mm(2) (p=0.005), 21.6±0.9mm(2) (p=0.007) and 0.8±0.08 (p=0.032), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the potent synergistic mechanical effect of the PES and plaque regression of the statins in an animal model with advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Echeverri
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Función Vascular, Fundación CardioInfantil - Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Lee CW, Park SJ. Statins for treating stable angina: can statins improve the plaque morphology and angina? Future Cardiol 2013; 9:155-8. [PMID: 23463966 DOI: 10.2217/fca.12.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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D'Ascenzo F, Agostoni P, Abbate A, Castagno D, Lipinski MJ, Vetrovec GW, Frati G, Presutti DG, Quadri G, Moretti C, Gaita F, Zoccai GB. Atherosclerotic coronary plaque regression and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events: A meta-regression of randomized clinical trials. Atherosclerosis 2013. [PMID: 23206978 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Statines et plaque. ARCHIVES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES SUPPLEMENTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1878-6480(12)70844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang X, Wang H, Liu S, Gong P, Lin J, Lu J, Qiu J, Lu X. Intensive-dose atorvastatin regimen halts progression of atherosclerotic plaques in new-onset unstable angina with borderline vulnerable plaque lesions. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2012; 18:119-25. [PMID: 23139359 DOI: 10.1177/1074248412465792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To compare the therapeutic effects of intensive versus moderate dosage of atorvastatin regimens in new-onset unstable angina with borderline lesions, 100 patients were randomized to receive either 80 mg/d or 20 mg/d atorvastatin for 9 months. Clinical symptoms, lipid profiles, and coronary stenosis (evaluated by coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound) were compared to their corresponding baselines within each group and between the 2 groups after 9 months of treatment. The results showed that (1) when compared to their corresponding baselines, both groups exhibited improvement in clinical symptoms, a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; P < .01) and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); (2) the improvement in clinical symptoms and the decrease in LDL-C and hs-CRP were significantly greater (P < .01) in the intensive-dose group than in the moderate-dose group; (3) the mean plaque volume did not progress in the intensive-dose group but increased significantly (P < .05) in the moderate-dose group. We conclude that compared to the moderate dose, the intensive-dose regimen significantly improves clinical symptoms, lowers LDL-C and hs-CRP, and halts the progression of borderline atherosclerotic plaques in patients with new-onset unstable angina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Graduate School, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
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Hong YJ, Jeong MH, Ahn Y, Kim SW, Bae JH, Hur SH, Ahn TH, Rha SW, Kim KS, Chae IH, Kim JH, Yun KH, Oh SK. Effect of pitavastatin treatment on changes of plaque volume and composition according to the reduction of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. J Cardiol 2012; 60:277-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Effect of statin therapy on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2012; 12:70. [PMID: 22938176 PMCID: PMC3468364 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-12-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of authors employing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and virtual histology (VH-IVUS) have investigated the effect of statin use on plaque volume (PV) and plaque composition. However, inconsistent results have been reported. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine the appropriate regimen of statins to effectively stabilize vulnerable coronary plaques. METHODS Online electronic databases were carefully searched for all relevant studies. We compared mean values of PV and plaque composition between baseline and follow-up in patients receiving statin therapy. We pooled treatment effects and calculated mean differences (MD) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. By stratified analyses, we explored the influence of clinical presentation, dose and duration of statin treatment, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels on the effects of statins. RESULTS Seventeen studies involving 2,171 patients were analyzed. Statin therapy significantly decreased PV (-5.3 mm(3); 95% CI: -3.3 mm(3) to -7.2 mm(3) P < 0.001), without heterogeneity. When considering the dose and duration of statins used, only subgroups employing a high dose and long duration demonstrated a significant reduction in PV (p < 0.001). A significant decrease in PV was noted if achieved LDL-C levels were <100 mg/dL (p < 0.001). Statin treatment could induce a twofold decrease in PV in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) compared with that observed in patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP). A regressive trend was seen for necrotic core volume (MD: -2.1 mm(3); 95% CI: -4.7 mm(3) to 0.5 mm(3), P = 0.11). However, statin use did not induce a significant change for fibrotic, fibro-fatty, or dense calcium compositions. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrated that statin therapy (especially that involving a high dose and long duration and achieving <100 mg/dL LDL-C levels) can significantly decrease PV in patients with SAP or ACS. These data suggested that statins can be used to reduce the atheroma burden for secondary prevention by appropriately selecting the statin regimen. No significant change in plaque composition was seen after statin therapy.
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