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de Oliveira ALN, Lacerda MT, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Viper Venom Phospholipase A2 Database: The Structural and Functional Anatomy of a Primary Toxin in Envenomation. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:71. [PMID: 38393149 PMCID: PMC10893444 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Viper venom phospholipase A2 enzymes (vvPLA2s) and phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins are two of the principal toxins in viper venom that are responsible for the severe myotoxic and neurotoxic effects caused by snakebite envenoming, among other pathologies. As snakebite envenoming is the deadliest neglected tropical disease, a complete understanding of these proteins' properties and their mechanisms of action is urgently needed. Therefore, we created a database comprising information on the holo-form, cofactor-bound 3D structure of 217 vvPLA2 and PLA2-like proteins in their physiologic environment, as well as 79 membrane-bound viper species from 24 genera, which we have made available to the scientific community to accelerate the development of new anti-snakebite drugs. In addition, the analysis of the sequenced, 3D structure of the database proteins reveals essential aspects of the anatomy of the proteins, their toxicity mechanisms, and the conserved binding site areas that may anchor universal interspecific inhibitors. Moreover, it pinpoints hypotheses for the molecular origin of the myotoxicity of the PLA2-like proteins. Altogether, this study provides an understanding of the diversity of these toxins and how they are conserved, and it indicates how to develop broad, interspecies, efficient small-molecule inhibitors to target the toxin's many mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- Requimte-Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-000 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.N.d.O.); (M.T.L.); (M.J.R.)
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Nielsen SB, Otzen DE. Quartz Crystal Microbalances as Tools for Probing Protein-Membrane Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2003:31-52. [PMID: 31218612 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9512-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies on the spontaneous collapse of phospholipid vesicles into supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have led to procedures which allow SLB formation on a wealth of substrates and lipid compositions. SLBs provide a widely accepted and versatile model system which mimics the natural cell membrane separating the extracellular and intracellular fluids of the living cell. The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been central in both the understanding of vesicle collapse into SLBs on various substrates but also in probing the kinetics and mechanisms of biomolecular interactions with SLBs in real time. We describe a robust procedure to form SLBs of zwitterionic and charged lipids on SiO2 sensor crystals which subsequently can be exploited to probe the interaction between proteins and peptides with the SLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren B Nielsen
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Technology and Functionality, R&D, Protein Chemistry & Functionality, Videbæk, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Zhdanov VP, Agnarsson B, Höök F. Kinetics of enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of lipid vesicles. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nielsen SB, Otzen DE. Quartz crystal microbalances as tools for probing protein-membrane interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 974:1-21. [PMID: 23404269 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-275-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies on the spontaneous collapse of phospholipid vesicles into supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have led to procedures which allow SLB formation on a wealth of substrates and lipid compositions. SLBs provide a widely accepted and versatile model system which mimics the natural cell membrane separating the extracellular and intracellular fluids of the living cell. The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been central both in the understanding of vesicle collapse into SLBs on various substrates and in probing the kinetics and mechanisms of biomolecular interactions with SLBs in real time. We describe a robust procedure to form SLBs of zwitterionic and charged lipids on SiO(2) sensor crystals which subsequently can be exploited to probe the interaction between proteins and peptides with the SLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren B Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhusc, Denmark
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Xu Z, Su WM, Carman GM. Fluorescence spectroscopy measures yeast PAH1-encoded phosphatidate phosphatase interaction with liposome membranes. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:522-528. [PMID: 22180632 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m022798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the penultimate step in triacylglycerol synthesis, is a cytosolic enzyme that must associate with the membrane where its substrate PA resides. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to measure the interaction of yeast PAH1-encoded PA phosphatase with model liposome membranes. PA phosphatase contains five tryptophan residues and exhibited inherit fluorescence that increased upon interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The interaction was enhanced by inclusion of other phospholipids and especially the substrate PA. Interaction was dependent on both the concentration of phosphatidylcholine-PA liposomes as well as the surface concentration of PA in liposomes. Mg(2+) ions, which were required for catalysis, did not affect PA phosphatase interaction with phosphatidylcholine-PA liposomes. PA phosphatase was a substrate for protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and casein kinase II, and these phosphorylations decreased PA phosphatase interaction with phosphatidylcholine-PA liposome membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xu
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Wen-Min Su
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901.
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Sundh M, Svedhem S, Sutherland DS. Formation of supported lipid bilayers at surfaces with controlled curvatures: influence of lipid charge. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:7838-48. [PMID: 21630649 DOI: 10.1021/jp2025363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and characterized novel biomimetic membranes, formed at nanostructured sensor substrates with controlled curvatures, motivated by the many biological processes that involve membrane curvature. Model systems with convex nanostructures, with radii of curvatures (ROCs) of 70, 75, and 95 nm, were fabricated utilizing colloidal assembly and used as substrates for supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). The SLBs were formed via vesicle adsorption and rupture, and the vesicle deposition pathway was studied by means of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and fluorescence microscopy. SLBs conforming to the underlying nanostructured surfaces, which exhibit increased surface area with decreased ROC, were confirmed from excess mass, monitored by QCM-D, and excess total fluorescence intensities. The formation of SLBs at the nanostructured surfaces was possible, however, depending on the ROC of the structures and the lipid vesicle charge the quality varied. The presence of nanostructures was shown to impair vesicle rupture and SLB formation was progressively hindered at surfaces with structures of decreasing ROCs. The introduction of a fraction of the positively charged lipid POEPC in the lipid vesicle membrane allowed for good quality and conformal bilayers at all surfaces. Alternatively, for vesicles formed from lipid mixtures with a fraction of the negatively charged lipid POPS, SLB formation was not at all possible at surfaces with the lowest ROC. Interestingly, the vesicle adsorption rate and the SLB formation were faster at surfaces with nanostructures of progressively smaller ROCs at high ratios of POPS in the vesicles. Development of templated SLBs with controlled curvatures provides a new experimental platform, especially at the nanoscale, at which membrane events such as lipid sorting, phase separation, and protein binding can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sundh
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Nielsen SB, Otzen DE. Impact of the antimicrobial peptide Novicidin on membrane structure and integrity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 345:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nielsen SB, Wilhelm K, Vad B, Schleucher J, Morozova-Roche LA, Otzen D. The Interaction of Equine Lysozyme:Oleic Acid Complexes with Lipid Membranes Suggests a Cargo Off-Loading Mechanism. J Mol Biol 2010; 398:351-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jackman JA, Cho NJ, Duran RS, Frank CW. Interfacial binding dynamics of bee venom phospholipase A2 investigated by dynamic light scattering and quartz crystal microbalance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4103-12. [PMID: 20020725 DOI: 10.1021/la903117x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bee venom phospholipase A(2) (bvPLA(2)) is part of the secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) family whose members are active in biological processes such as signal transduction and lipid metabolism. While controlling sPLA(2) activity is of pharmaceutical interest, the relationship between their mechanistic actions and physiological functions is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the interfacial binding process of bvPLA(2) to characterize its biophysical properties and gain insight into how membrane binding affects interfacial activation. Attention was focused on the role of membrane electrostatics in the binding process. Although dynamic light scattering experiments indicated that bvPLA(2) does not lyse lipid vesicles, a novel, nonhydrolytic activity was discovered. We employed a supported lipid bilayer platform on the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation sensor to characterize this bilayer-disrupting behavior and determined that membrane electrostatics influence this activity. The data suggest that (1) adsorption of bvPLA(2) to model membranes is not primarily driven by electrostatic interactions; (2) lipid desorption can follow bvPLA(2) adsorption, resulting in nonhydrolytic bilayer-disruption; and (3) this desorption is driven by electrostatic interactions. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that interfacial binding of bvPLA(2) is a dynamic process, shedding light on how membrane electrostatics can modulate interfacial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Jackman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Cabré EJ, Malmström J, Sutherland D, Pérez-Gil J, Otzen DE. Surfactant protein SP-B strongly modifies surface collapse of phospholipid vesicles: insights from a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. Biophys J 2009; 97:768-76. [PMID: 19651035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B) facilitates the rapid transfer of phospholipids from bilayer stores into air-liquid interfacial films along the breathing cycle, and contributes to the formation of a surface-associated multilayer reservoir of surfactant to optimize the stability of the respiratory interface. To obtain more insights into the mechanisms underlying this transfer and multilayer formation, we established a simple model system that captures different features of SP-B action. We monitored the formation of supported planar bilayers from the collapse of intact phospholipid vesicles on a silica surface using a technique called quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, which provides information on changes in membrane thickness and viscosity. At physiologically relevant concentrations, SP-B dramatically alters vesicle collapse. This manifests itself as a reduced buildup of intact vesicles on the surface before collapse, and allows the stepwise buildup of multilayered deposits. Accumulation of lipids in these multilayer deposits requires the presence of SP-B in both the receptor and the arriving membranes, surrounded by a comparable phospholipid charge. Thus, the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation system provides a useful, simplified way to mimic the effect of surfactant protein on vesicle dynamics and permits a detailed characterization of the parameters governing reorganization of surfactant layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J Cabré
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Otzen D. Differential adsorption of variants of the Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase on a hydrophobic surface suggests a role for local flexibility. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 64:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hemmersam AG, Rechendorff K, Foss M, Sutherland DS, Besenbacher F. Fibronectin adsorption on gold, Ti-, and Ta-oxide investigated by QCM-D and RSA modelling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 320:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cooper MA, Singleton VT. A survey of the 2001 to 2005 quartz crystal microbalance biosensor literature: applications of acoustic physics to the analysis of biomolecular interactions. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:154-84. [PMID: 17582799 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The widespread exploitation of biosensors in the analysis of molecular recognition has its origins in the mid-1990s following the release of commercial systems based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). More recently, platforms based on piezoelectric acoustic sensors (principally 'bulk acoustic wave' (BAW), 'thickness shear mode' (TSM) sensors or 'quartz crystal microbalances' (QCM)), have been released that are driving the publication of a large number of papers analysing binding specificities, affinities, kinetics and conformational changes associated with a molecular recognition event. This article highlights salient theoretical and practical aspects of the technologies that underpin acoustic analysis, then reviews exemplary papers in key application areas involving small molecular weight ligands, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, bacteria, cells and lipidic and polymeric interfaces. Key differentiators between optical and acoustic sensing modalities are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cooper
- Akubio Ltd., 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom, UK.
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Morita S, Nukui M, Kuboi R. Immobilization of liposomes onto quartz crystal microbalance to detect interaction between liposomes and proteins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 298:672-8. [PMID: 16413570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To study the interaction between liposomes and proteins, intact liposomes were immobilized on a metal planar support by chemical binding and/or bioaffinity using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). A large decrease in the resonance frequency of quartz crystal was observed when the QCM, modified by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of carboxythiol, was added to liposome solutions. The stable chemical immobilization of intact liposomes onto SAM was judged according to the degree with which adsorbed mass depended on the prepared size of liposomes, as well as on the activation time of SAMs when amino-coupling was introduced, where the liposome coverage of electrodes was 69+/-8% in optimal conditions. When avidin-biotin binding was used on amino-coupling liposome layers, liposome immobilization finally reached 168% coverage of the electrode surface. Denatured protein was also successfully detected according to the change in the frequency of the liposome-immobilized QCM. The adsorbed mass of denatured carbonic anhydrase from bovine onto immobilized liposomes showed a characteristic peak at a concentration of guanidine hydrochloride that corresponded to a molten globule-like state of the protein, although the mass adsorbed onto deactivated SAM increased monotonously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Morita
- Department of Materials Science, Wakayama National College of Technology, Noshima 77, Nada-cho, Gobo, Wakayama 644-0023, Japan.
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