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So HL, Wang L, Liu J, Chu W, Li T, Abdelhaleem A. Insights into the degradation of diphenhydramine - An emerging SARS-CoV-2 medicine by UV/Sulfite. Sep Purif Technol 2022; 303:122193. [PMID: 36168647 PMCID: PMC9502506 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As Diphenhydramine (DPH) has been considered as a drug to treat SARS-CoV-2, the degradation of DPH from water was investigated and evaluated in this study by adopting an advanced oxidation/advanced reduction process – the UV/sulfite process. The UV/sulfite system was able to eliminate DPH within 6 mins under UV254nm and 1.0 mM sulfite. It was observed that the presence of NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, HCO3-, and SO42- anions in water can affect the performance of UV/Sulfite degradation system. The mechanism of UV/sulfite/anions was evaluated which the presence of NO3- in UV/sulfite process has revealed faster initial decay rate but lower final DPH removal. It was observed that the UV/Sulfite process was extremely sensitive to pH as the dissociation of ion species varied among pH. The reaction became sluggish in acidic solution due to the dissociation of less reactive species such as HSO3-. In alkaline solution, SO32- was the dominant species, producing powerful SO3∙- and eaq- when activated by UV at 254 nm. By conducting LC/MS analysis, the degradation pathway was proposed and can be summarized into four main pathways: hydroxylation, side chain cleavage, losing aromatic ring or ring opening. Scavenging tests were also carried out and validated the presence of various radicals contributing to the reaction, including eaq-, H˙, OH˙, SO3˙-, O2•- and SO4˙-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Lam So
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Liwen Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Jianghui Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Amal Abdelhaleem
- Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
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Foster G, Leahigh A, Huff T. Surface Water Processes Influencing Alterations in Pharmaceutical Chemical Composition following Wastewater Discharge into a Freshwater Estuary. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10110702. [PMID: 36422910 PMCID: PMC9696070 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tidal freshwater Potomac River (TFPR) in the metropolitan Washington, DC region receives wastewater discharge from eight major wastewater treatment plants with the potential to impact water quality. A total of 85 pharmaceutical chemicals and personal care products (PPCPs) were analyzed in surface water and sediments using solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS, respectively, in conjunction with liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-multiple reaction monitoring quantitation (LC-MS/MS-MRM). A total of 52 PPCPs were quantified in both surface water and sediment. The most frequently quantified PPCPs in water included caffeine, fexofenadine, nicotine, sulfamethoxazole, hydrochlorothiazide, MDA, desvenlafaxine, and metoprolol ranging from 10 to 360 ng/L, and in sediment included diphenhydramine, escitalopram, desvenlafaxine, fexofenadine, sertraline and triclocarban ranging from 20 to 120 ng/g (dry weight). Comparisons of PPCP constituents in WTP discharge and adjacent surface water showed altered compositions reflecting dispersal and transformation processes acted quickly following contact of effluent with surface water. Although the PPCPs were present at their greatest concentrations in surface water near the WTP discharge zones, PPCP concentrations rapidly attenuated yielding mainstem TFPR concentrations relatively consistent along the freshwater reach of the tidal range in the estuary. The PPCP concentrations in sediment maximized in the tributary shoals, but also decreased in the mainstem TFPR similarly to surface water. Compositional analysis showed sorption to geosolids was the most important factor in the loss of PPCPs following WTP discharge in the tributary embayments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Potomac Environmental Education and Research Center at the Potomac Science Center, George Mason University, Woodbridge, VA 22191, USA
| | - Arion Leahigh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Potomac Environmental Education and Research Center at the Potomac Science Center, George Mason University, Woodbridge, VA 22191, USA
| | - Thomas Huff
- Shared Research Instrumentation Facility, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Chang PH, Sarkar B. Mechanistic insights into ethidium bromide removal by palygorskite from contaminated water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111586. [PMID: 33171377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ethidium bromide (EtBr)-containing wastewater can be hazardous to biodiversity when released into the soil and water bodies without treatment. EtBr can mutate living microbial cells and pose toxicity to even higher organisms. This work investigated the removal of EtBr from aqueous solutions by a naturally occurring palygorskite (PFl-1) clay mineral via systematic batch adsorption experiments under different physicochemical conditions. EtBr existed in an undissociated form at pH ~7, and was adsorbed on PFl-1 obeying the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum EtBr adsorption capacity was 285 mmol/kg. The best fitted kinetic model for EtBr adsorption was the pseudo-second order model. The amounts of exchangeable cations desorbed from PFl-1 during EtBr adsorption was linearly correlated to the amounts of EtBr adsorbed, with a slope of 0.97, implying that a cation exchange-based adsorption mechanism was dominating. Additionally, dimerization of EtBr molecules via bromide release assisted an increased EtBr removal by PFl-1 at high adsorbate concentrations. Detailed x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron imaging and energy dispersive x-ray analyses confirmed that EtBr adsorption occurred dominantly on the surface of palygorskite which mineralogically constituted 80% of the bulk PFl-1 adsorbent. A small portion of EtBr was also adsorbed by PFl-1 through intercalation onto the smectite impurity (10%) in PFl-1. This study suggested that PFl-1 could be an excellent natural material for removing EtBr from pharmaceutical and laboratory wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsiang Chang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, PR China.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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He X, O'Shea KE. Rapid transformation of H 1-antihistamines cetirizine (CET) and diphenhydramine (DPH) by direct peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:123219. [PMID: 32768849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With growing interest in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), the number of research studies on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) mediated pollutant degradation has increased significantly due to its high radical generation potential upon activation. However, rare studies have focused on the non-radical based PMS reactions. In this study, degradation of model H1-antihistamines cetirizine (CET) and diphenhydramine (DPH) by unactivated PMS was investigated. Addition of scavengers to the reaction mixture ruled out the involvement of hydroxyl radical (OH), sulfate radical (SO4-), singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2-), indicating direct PMS oxidation as the predominant reaction path. Such a mechanism was further supported by the N-oxide products identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Solution pH had a pronounced influence on the degradation kinetics regardless the presence or absence of transition metal Fe(II). The highest species dependent second order rate constants were kHSO5-/DPH0 of 175 ± 15.9 M-1 s-1 and kHSO5-/CET- of 36.6 ± 0.16 M-1 s-1. The addition of 100 μM Fe(II) promoted OH mediated degradation of H1-antihistamines and their N-oxide products. This study demonstrated selective transformation with the potential for extensive degradation employing both the direct and catalytic PMS oxidative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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Çalışkan Salihi E, Gündüz Z, Baştuğ AS. Fast retention of isoniazid on organobentonite prepared using green chemistry approach: contribution of the π interactions. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1543324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Çalışkan Salihi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marmara University, Haydarpasa Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zekine Gündüz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marmara University, Haydarpasa Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A. Seza Baştuğ
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marmara University, Haydarpasa Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
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Chang PH, Jiang WT, Li Z. Mechanism of tyramine adsorption on Ca-montmorillonite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:198-207. [PMID: 29898425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyramine (TY) adsorption on a Ca-montmorillonite (SAz-2) was investigated with batch experiments and complementary analyses utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, ion chromatography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry (TG). The adsorption reached equilibrium in 8 h, complying with the pseudo-second-order rate equation, and came to an adsorption capacity of 682 mmol kg-1 at pH 6-8.1, utilizing the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption of TY and desorption of exchangeable cations exhibited a linear relationship with a slope of 0.9, implying that the adsorption was largely influenced by a cation exchange mechanism. The effective adsorption was further verified by the characteristic TY bands in the FTIR spectra and the signals of mass loss due to TY decomposition in the TG measurements of the clay after adsorption experiments. Intercalation of hydrated TY into the clay interlayer was confirmed by XRD and TG analyses of the heated samples loaded with TY. The adsorption reached only 0.57 cation exchange capacity of the clay which was probably limited by the low charge density of TY as compared to the negative charge density of the clay surface and by the steric effects arising from the hydration of TY that increased its molecular size. Adsorption of TY on montmorillonite can make TY more resistant to thermal decomposition and possibly better preserved in aquatic and soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Teh Jiang
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin - Parkside, 900 Wood Road, Kenosha, WI 53144, USA.
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Cui D, Mebel AM, Arroyo-Mora LE, Zhao C, De Caprio A, O'Shea K. Fundamental study of the ultrasonic induced degradation of the popular antihistamine, diphenhydramine (DPH). WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:265-273. [PMID: 30041088 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diphenhydramine (DPH) the active ingredient in Benadryl, has been detected in streams, rivers and other surface water sources. As a bioactive compound, DPH impacts human health even at low concentrations. Ultrasonic irradiation at 640 kHz leads to the rapid degradation of DPH in aqueous solution. Radical scavenging experiments and detailed product studies indicate the DPH degradation involves direct pyrolysis and degradation reactions mediated by the hydroxyl radicals produced during cavitation. The degradation can be modeled by pseudo-first order kinetics yielding rate constants k of 0.210, 0.130, 0.082, 0.050, 0.035, 0.023 min-1 at the initial concentrations of 2.8, 5.2, 13.9, 27.0, 61.0, 160.0 μmol L-1, respectively. The degradation process follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (heterogeneous) model with a partition coefficient, KL-H = 0.06 μmol·L-1and reactivity constant kr = 1.96 μmol min-1·L-1. A competition kinetic study conducted employing the hydroxyl radical trap, coumarin, illustrates that DPH was degraded primarily by hydroxyl radical mediated processes. Computational studies employing Gaussian 09 basis set provide fundamental insight into the partitioning of the reaction pathways and the degradation mechanisms. The study demonstrates the ultrasonic degradation of DPH is rapid, follows simple kinetic expressions and is accurately modeled using computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Anthony De Caprio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kevin O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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Silva A, Martinho S, Stawiński W, Węgrzyn A, Figueiredo S, Santos LHMLM, Freitas O. Application of vermiculite-derived sustainable adsorbents for removal of venlafaxine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17066-17076. [PMID: 29637454 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Removal of emerging pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, from wastewater is a challenge. Adsorption is a simple and efficient process that can be applied. Clays, which are natural and low-cost materials, have been investigated as adsorbent. In this work, raw vermiculite and its three modified forms (expanded, base, and acid/base treated) were tested for removal of a widely used antidepressant, venlafaxine. Adsorption kinetics followed Elovich's model for raw vermiculite while the pseudo-2nd order model was a better fit in the case of other materials. Equilibrium followed Langmuir's model for the raw and the acid/base-treated vermiculite, while Redlich-Peterson's model fitted better the expanded and the base-treated materials. The adsorption capacity of vermiculite was significantly influenced by the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the materials caused by the treatments. The base-treated, raw, and expanded vermiculites showed lower maximum adsorption capacities (i.e., 6.3 ± 0.5, 5.8 ± 0.7, 3.9 ± 0.2 mg g-1, respectively) than the acid/base-treated material (33 ± 4 mg g-1). The acid/base-treated vermiculite exhibited good properties as a potential adsorbent for tertiary treatment of wastewater in treatment plants, in particular for cationic species as venlafaxine due to facilitation of diffusion of the species to the interlayer gallery upon such treatment. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Silva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Martinho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Wojciech Stawiński
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agnieszka Węgrzyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sónia Figueiredo
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia H M L M Santos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Investigation of intercalation of diphenhydramine into the interlayer of smectite by XRD, FTIR, TG-DTG analyses and molecular simulation. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Tan K, Hameed B. Insight into the adsorption kinetics models for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Montmorillonite-lipid hybrid carriers for ionizable and neutral poorly water-soluble drugs: Formulation, characterization and in vitro lipolysis studies. Int J Pharm 2017; 526:95-105. [PMID: 28456653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) are a popular strategy for enhancing the gastrointestinal solubilization and absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. In light of this, montmorillonite-lipid hybrid (MLH) particles, composed of medium-chain triglycerides, lecithin and montmorillonite clay platelets, have been developed as a novel solid-state LBF. Owing to the unique charge properties of montmorillonite, whereby the clay platelet surfaces carry a permanent negative charge and the platelet edges carry a pH-dependent charge, three model poorly water-soluble drugs with different charge properties; blonanserin (weak base, pKa 7.7), ibuprofen (weak acid, pKa 4.5) and fenofibrate (neutral), were formulated as MLH particles and their performance during biorelevant in vitro lipolysis at pH 7.5 was investigated. For blonanserin, drug solubilization during in vitro lipolysis was significantly reduced 3.4-fold and 3.2-fold for MLH particles in comparison to a control lipid solution and silica-lipid hybrid (SLH) particles, respectively. It was hypothesized that strong electrostatic interactions between the anionic montmorillonite platelet surfaces and cationic blonanserin molecules were responsible for the inferior performance of MLH particles. In contrast, no significant influence on drug solubilization was observed for ibuprofen- and fenofibrate-loaded MLH particles. The results of the current study indicate that whilst MLH particles are a promising novel formulation strategy for poorly water-soluble drugs, drug ionization tendency and the potential for drug-clay interactions must be taken into consideration to ensure an appropriate performance.
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Regnery J, Wing AD, Kautz J, Drewes JE. Introducing sequential managed aquifer recharge technology (SMART) - From laboratory to full-scale application. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:8-16. [PMID: 27037769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous lab-scale studies demonstrated that stimulating the indigenous soil microbial community of groundwater recharge systems by manipulating the availability of biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC) and establishing sequential redox conditions in the subsurface resulted in enhanced removal of compounds with redox-dependent removal behavior such as trace organic chemicals. The aim of this study is to advance this concept from laboratory to full-scale application by introducing sequential managed aquifer recharge technology (SMART). To validate the concept of SMART, a full-scale managed aquifer recharge (MAR) facility in Colorado was studied for three years that featured the proposed sequential configuration: A short riverbank filtration passage followed by subsequent re-aeration and artificial recharge and recovery. Our findings demonstrate that sequential subsurface treatment zones characterized by carbon-rich (>3 mg/L BDOC) to carbon-depleted (≤1 mg/L BDOC) and predominant oxic redox conditions can be established at full-scale MAR facilities adopting the SMART concept. The sequential configuration resulted in substantially improved trace organic chemical removal (i.e. higher biodegradation rate coefficients) for moderately biodegradable compounds compared to conventional MAR systems with extended travel times in an anoxic aquifer. Furthermore, sorption batch experiments with clay materials dispersed in the subsurface implied that sorptive processes might also play a role in the attenuation and retardation of chlorinated flame retardants during MAR. Hence, understanding key factors controlling trace organic chemical removal performance during SMART allows for systems to be engineered for optimal efficiency, resulting in improved removal of constituents at shorter subsurface travel times and a potentially reduced physical footprint of MAR installations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Regnery
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
| | - Alexandre D Wing
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA; SLR International Corporation, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Jessica Kautz
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA; Infiltrator Systems, Old Saybrook, CT, USA
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA; Chair of Urban Water Systems, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany.
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Abstract
The desirable physical and physiochemical properties of clay minerals have led them to play a substantial role in pharmaceutical formulations. Clay minerals like kaolin, smectite and palygorskite-sepiolite are among the world's most valuable industrial minerals and of considerable importance. The elemental features of clay minerals which caused them to be used in pharmaceutical formulations are high specific area, sorption capacity, favorable rheological properties, chemical inertness, swelling capacity, reactivity to acids and inconsiderable toxicity. Of course, these are highly cost effectual. This special report on clay minerals provides a bird's eye view of the chemical composition and structure of these minerals and their influence on the release properties of active medicinal agents. Endeavor has been made to rope in myriad applications depicting the wide acceptability of these clay minerals. With a variegated range of physical, chemical and physicochemical properties, clay minerals have an undisputable role in pharmaceutical industries. The minerals employed primarily are oxides, carbonates, sulphates, chlorides, hydroxides, sulphides, phosphates, nitrates, borates and phyllosilicates. These are widely put into use owing to their unique features. The significant contributions of these minerals are in therapeutic, cosmetics and as bulk forming agents. These are biologically compatible and hence ensure the genesis of safe and effective drug delivery systems.
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Rivagli E, Pretali L, Malavasi L, Profumo A, Fasani E, Albini A. Sunlight photodegradation of marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin adsorbed on clay minerals. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dordio AV, Carvalho AJP. Organic xenobiotics removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of the support matrix. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 252-253:272-92. [PMID: 23542322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are increasingly popular as an efficient and economical alternative to conventional wastewater treatment processes for removal, among other pollutants, of organic xenobiotics. In CWs, pollutants are removed through the concerted action of their components, whose contribution can be maximized by careful selection of those components. Specifically for non-biodegradable organic pollutants, the materials used as support matrix of CWs can play a major role through sorption phenomena. In this review the role played by such materials in CWs is examined with special focus on the amount of research that has been conducted to date on their sorption properties relatively to organic compounds. Where available, the reports on the utilization of some of those materials on pilot or full-scale CWs are also recognized. Greatest interest has been directed to cheaper and widely available materials. Among these, clays are generally regarded as efficient sorbents, but materials originated from agricultural wastes have also gained recent popularity. Most available studies are lab-scale batch sorption experiments, whereas assays performed in full-scale CWs are still scarce. However, the available lab-scale data points to an interesting potential of many of these materials for experimentation as support matrix of CWs targeted for organic xenobiotics removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Dordio
- Chemistry Department, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
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18
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Farin B, Swalus C, Devillers M, Gaigneaux E. NiMoO4 preparation from polyampholytic hybrid precursors: Benefiting of the memory effect in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Catal Today 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Topp E, Sumarah MW, Sabourin L. The antihistamine diphenhydramine is extremely persistent in agricultural soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 439:136-140. [PMID: 23063919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The widely used antihistamine diphenhydramine is present in municipal biosolids, and is detected in runoff from agricultural land fertilized with biosolids. In the present study the kinetics and major pathways of diphenhydramine dissipation in a loam, sandy loam, and clay loam soil were determined in laboratory incubations. The time to dissipate 50% (DT(50)) of (14)C-diphenhydramine residues at 30 °C ranged from 88 ± 28 days in the clay loam to 335 ± 145 days in the loam soil. Mineralization of (14)C was insignificant, and diphenhydramine-N-oxide was the only detected extractable transformation product elucidated by radioisotope and HPLC-MS methods. There were no significant effects of municipal biosolids on the kinetics or pathways of removal. Overall, diphenhydramine is quite persistent in soils, and formation of non-extractable soil-bound residues is the major mechanism of diphenhydramine dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Topp
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada N5V 4T3.
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Li Z, Chang PH, Jean JS, Jiang WT, Hong H. Mechanism of chlorpheniramine adsorption on Ca-montmorillonite. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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