One pot synthesis of water-dispersible dehydroascorbic acid coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles under atmospheric air: Blood cell compatibility and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Advancements in Nano-Mandoor Bhasma: Unravelling the Particle Size-Ascorbic Acid Synergy for Enhanced Iron Bioavailability for Anemia Treatment

Mandoor Bhasma (MB) medicine, based on classical Indian Ayurveda, was size- and surface-modified to improve its therapeutic efficiency for treating iron-deficient anemia. Physical grinding reduced the size of MB to the nanoparticle (nano-MB) range without changing its chemical composition, as measured by particle size distribution. The surface of nano-MB was modified with ascorbic acid (nano-AA-MB) and confirmed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Enhanced iron dissolution from the surface-modified nano-AA-MB under neutral-to-alkaline pH conditions, and in the intestinal region of the simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) digestion model was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. GIT digestae of MB microparticles and nano-AA-MB were found to be biocompatible in human colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells, with the latter showing threefold higher iron uptake. Subsequently, a dose-dependent increase in cellular ferritin protein was observed in the nano-AA-MB digestae-treated Caco-2 cells, indicating the enhanced bioavailability and storage of dissolved iron. Overall, the study showed that reducing the size of centuries-old traditional Mandoor Bhasma medicine to nanoscale, and its surface-modification with ascorbic acid would help in enhancing its therapeutic abilities for treating iron-deficient anemia.

Tannic-acid-mediated synthesis and characterization of magnetite-gold nanoplatforms for photothermal therapy

Aim: The design of new hybrid nanoplatforms (HNPs) through the innovative and eco-friendly use of tannic acid (TA) for the synthesis and stabilization of the nanoplatforms. Materials & methods: The size, morphology, composition and magnetic and plasmonic properties of HNPs were investigated together with their ability to generate heat under laser irradiation and the hemotoxicity to explore their potential use for biomedical applications. Results & conclusion: The use of TA allowed the synthesis of the HNPs by adopting a simple and green method. The HNPs preserved the peculiar properties of both magnetic and plasmonic nanoparticles and did not show any hemotoxic effect.

Preliminary Findings on the Effect of Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Acute Stress on Selected Markers of Oxidative Stress in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats

Several studies have reported that the administration of various nanoparticles in vivo can cause oxidative stress. The combination of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) and acute stress was selected because, during intravenous application of a contrast agent, patients are exposed to psycho-emotional stress. This study was designed to investigate the effect of acute stress and USPIONs on selected markers of oxidative stress (antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities, levels of advanced oxidation protein products, protein carbonyls, lipoperoxides and 8-isoprostanes) in plasma and erythrocytes in normotensive Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In the WKY and SHR groups, there was a significant main effect of genotype between groups on studied markers except protein carbonyls and lipoperoxides. In SHR, the combination of acute stress and USPIONs increased the antioxidant capacity of plasma and the selected enzyme activities of erythrocytes. In WKY, the combination of acute stress and USPIONs decreased the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes and reduced levels of advanced oxidation protein products in plasma. Our study points to the fact that, when hypertensive subjects are treated with iron oxide nanoparticles, caution should be taken, especially in stress conditions, since they seem to be more vulnerable to oxidative stress produced by USPIONs.

One-Pot Surface Modification of β-Cu2O NPs for Biocatalytic Performance against A-549 Lung Carcinoma Cell Lines through Docking Analysis

The physicochemical approaches and biological principles in bio-nanotechnology favor specially functionalized nanosized particles. Cuprous oxide nanoparticles (β-Cu₂O NPs) of cuprite phase with a little tenorite (CuO) may be very effective in the development of novel therapeutic approaches against several fatalities including A-549 lung carcinoma cell lines. Consequently, the synthesis of β-Cu₂O NPs for the improvement in the therapeutic index and drug delivery application is becoming an effective strategy in conventional anticarcinoma treatment. Hence, surface-enhanced nanosized spherical cuprous oxide nanoparticles (β-Cu₂O NPs) of cuprite phase were successfully prepared using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as an amphiphilic nonionic surfactant and l-ascorbic acid (K₃[Cu(Cl₅)]@LAA-PEG) reduced to cuprites β-Cu₂O NPs via the sonochemical route. Less improved toxicity and better solubility of β-Cu₂O NPs compared with Axitinib were a major reason for producing β-Cu₂O NPs from K₃[Cu(Cl₅)]@LAA-PEG (LAA, l-ascorbic acid, PEG, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)). These nanoparticle syntheses have been suggested to influence their cytotoxicity, free-radical scavenging analysis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and l-ascorbic acid (LAA) as coated and grafted materials due to their dose-dependent nature and IC₅₀ calculations. The surface morphology of the formed β-Cu₂O NPs has been examined via UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy diffraction scattering spectroscopy (SEM@EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis results confirm the presence of pure cuprite with a very little amount of tenorite (CuO) phase, Dynamic light scattering (DLS) confirms the negative ζ-value with stable nature. Docking was performed using PDB of lung carcinomas and others, as rigid receptors, whereas the β-Cu₂O NP cluster was treated as a flexible ligand.

Adsorption of cationic dyes, drugs and metal from aqueous solutions using a polymer composite of magnetic/β-cyclodextrin/activated charcoal/Na alginate: Isotherm, kinetics and regeneration studies

In this work, we successfully synthesized novel polymer gel beads based on functionalized iron oxide (Fe3O4), activated charcoal (AC) particles with β-cyclodextrin (CD) and sodium alginate (SA) polymer (Fe3O4/CD/AC/SA), by a simple, reproducible and inexpensive method. These beads proved to be versatile and strong adsorbents with magnetic properties and high adsorption capacity. The composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, adsorption at -196 °C, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and point of zero charge measurements. Two dyes, two drugs and one metal were used to test the adsorption capability of the prepared polymer nanocomposite. The adsorbent showed good removal efficiencies for the studied pollutants, especially the cationic dyes and the metal, when compared to other low-cost adsorbents. The saturated adsorption capacity of Fe3O4/CD/AC/SA reached 5.882 mg g-1 for methyl violet (MV), 2.283 mg g-1 for brilliant green (BG), 2.551 mg g-1 for norfloxacin (NOX), 3.125 mg g-1 for ciprofloxacin (CPX), 10.10 mg g-1 for copper metal ion (Cu(II)). The adsorption isotherm studies showed that data fitted well with Langmuir and Temkin isotherms models. The kinetic data showed good correlation coefficient with low error function for the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The data analysis was carried out using error and regression coefficient functions for the estimation of best-fitting isotherm and kinetic models, namely: chi-square test (χ2) and sum of the squares of errors (SSE). The activation energy was found to be 47.68 kJ mol-1 for BG, 29.09 kJ mol-1 for MV, 28.93 kJ mol-1 for NOX, 4.53 kJ mol-1 for CPX and 17.08 kJ mol-1 for Cu(II), which represent chemisorption and physisorption behavior of sorbent molecules. The polymer composites can be regenerated and easily separated from aqueous solution without any weight loss. After regeneration, the Fe3O4/CD/AC/SA beads still have good adsorption capacities up to four cycles of desorption and adsorption. The results indicate that the polymer gel beads are promising adsorbents for the removal of different categories of toxicants (like dyes, drugs and metal) in single adsorbate aqueous systems. Thus, the novel Fe3O4/CD/AC/SA beads can be effectively employed for a large-scale applications as environmentally compatible materials for the adsorption of different categories of pollutants.

Novel magnetic Fe3O4/g-C3N4/MoO3 nanocomposites with highly enhanced photocatalytic activities: Visible-light-driven degradation of tetracycline from aqueous environment

In the present work, a series of magnetically separable Fe3O4/g-C3N4/MoO3 nanocomposite catalysts were prepared. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, EDX, TEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis DRS, TGA, PL, BET and VSM. The photocatalytic activity of photocatalytic materials was evaluated by catalytic degradation of tetracycline solution under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, the influences of weight percent of MoO3 and scavengers of the reactive species on the degradation activity were investigated. The results showed that the Fe3O4/g-C3N4/MoO3 (30%) nanocomposites exhibited highest removal ability for TC, 94% TC was removed during the treatment. Photocatalytic activity of Fe3O4/g-C3N4/MoO3 (30%) was about 6.9, 5, and 19.9-fold higher than those of the MoO3, g-C3N4, and Fe3O4/g-C3N4 samples, respectively. The excellent photocatalytic performance was mainly attributed to the Z-scheme structure formed between MoO3 and g-C3N4, which enhanced the efficient separation of the electron-hole and sufficient utilization charge carriers for generating active radials. The highly improved activity was also partially beneficial from the increase in adsorption of the photocatalysts in visible range due to the combinaion of Fe3O4. Superoxide ions (·O2-) was the primary reactive species for the photocatalytic degradation of TC, as degradation rate were decreased to 6% in solution containing benzoquinone (BQ). Data indicate that the novel Fe3O4/g-C3N4/MoO3 was favorable for the degradation of high concentrations of tetracycline in water.

Magnetic field boosted ferroptosis-like cell death and responsive MRI using hybrid vesicles for cancer immunotherapy

We report a strategy to boost Fenton reaction triggered by an exogenous circularly polarized magnetic field (MF) to enhance ferroptosis-like cell-death mediated immune response, as well as endow a responsive MRI capability by using a hybrid core-shell vesicles (HCSVs). HCSVs are prepared by loading ascorbic acid (AA) in the core and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) shell incorporating iron oxide nanocubes (IONCs). MF triggers the release of AA, resulting in the increase of ferrous ions through the redox reaction between AA and IONCs. A significant tumor suppression is achieved by Fenton reaction-mediated ferroptosis-like cell-death. The oxidative stress induced by the Fenton reaction leads to the exposure of calreticulin on tumor cells, which leads to dendritic cells maturation and the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in tumor. Furthermore, the depletion of ferric ions during treatment enables monitoring of the Fe reaction in MRI-R2* signal change. This strategy provides a perspective on ferroptosis-based immunotherapy.

Hemocompatibility of gallium-68 labeled iron oxide nanoparticles coated with 2,3-dicarboxypropane-1,1-diphosphonic acid

Dual-modality contrast agents (DMCA), such as radiolabeled magnetic nanoparticles, have attracted significant attention in diagnostic applications due to their potency for the timely and accurate diagnosis of diseases. The hemocompatibility of a candidate DMCA with human blood is essential for the investigation of its application in vivo. In this respect, here we focused on the evaluation of the hemocompatibility of a new DMCA, that is based on iron oxide nanoparticles (i.e. Fe₃O₄ magnetite), with human red blood cells (RBCs). The specific iron oxide nanoparticles are surface functionalized with 2,3-dicarboxypropane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (-DPD) and radiolabeled with gallium-68 (⁶⁸Ga), resulting in ⁶⁸Ga-DPD-Fe₃O₄. RBCs of five healthy individuals are incubated at room temperature for 120 min without and with ⁶⁸Ga-DPD-Fe₃O₄ at concentrations 0.1 and 1.0 mg/ml. Optical microscopy (OM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are employed to assess detailed information on the overall morphological and geometrical characteristics of the entire cell at the microscopic (10^-6 m) level and on the membrane morphology at the nanoscopic (10^-9 m) level. In addition, a standard hematology analyzer (HA) is used to obtain complete blood count information. At the microscopic level, the combined OM, AFM and HA data revealed that the overall shape/size characteristics of RBCs were preserved upon incubation with ⁶⁸Ga-DPD-Fe₃O₄. However, at the nanoscopic level, the AFM results revealed two different kinds of local deconstructions of the RBCs membrane, termed holes and ulcer-like abnormalities, that were observed in both the DMCA-free and DMCA-incubated samples. Holes did not exhibit any statistically significant difference upon incubation with the ⁶⁸Ga-DPD-Fe₃O₄ DMCA. On the contrary, ulcer-like abnormalities exhibited two statistically significant differences upon incubation with the ⁶⁸Ga-DPD-Fe₃O₄ DMCA. First, increased percentage of RBCs having at least one ulcer-like abnormality; in DMCA-incubated samples 78.6 ± 11.6% for C_DMCA = 0.1 mg/ml and 80.4 ± 11.1% for C_DMCA = 1.0 mg/ml, while in DMCA-free samples 61.2 ± 8.4% prior to and 63.6 ± 13.5% after incubation. Second, increased number of ulcer-like abnormalities per RBC; in DMCA-incubated samples 4.26 ± 0.62 for C_DMCA = 0.1 mg/ml and 3.99 ± 0.97 for C_DMCA = 1.0 mg/ml, while in DMCA-free samples 2.84 ± 0.54 prior to and 2.98 ± 0.50 after incubation. The combined OM, AFM and HA results prove fair hemocompatibility of the ⁶⁸Ga-DPD-Fe₃O₄ DMCA with human RBCs, thus documenting its potential use in imaging applications.

pH-Labile Magnetic Nanocarriers for Intracellular Drug Delivery to Tumor Cells

We report the development of pH-labile ascorbic acid-coated magnetic nanocarriers (AMNCs) for effective delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) to tumor cells. The uniqueness of this drug delivery system lies in the covalent conjugation of DOX through carbamate and hydrazone bonds, resulting in a slow and sustained drug release profile at different environmental acidities. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal the formation of crystalline single-phase Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with an average size of 10 nm. The changes in the interfacial characteristics of the nanocarriers and the presence of organic coatings are probed by infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and thermogravimetric measurements. AMNCs show high colloidal stability in aqueous and cell culture media and possess good magnetic field responsivity and protein resistance characteristics. The drug-loaded nanocarriers exhibited sustained pH-triggered release of drug molecules in acidic mediums, substantial cellular internalization, and significant toxicity toward the proliferation of mouse skin fibrosarcoma (WEHI-164), human breast cancer (MCF-7), and human lung cancer (A549) cells. However, it showed significantly lower toxicity in human normal lung (WI26VA) cells. Overall, these results suggest a pH-sensitive drug release of nanoformulations, which showed selective toxicity to tumor than normal cells.

Magnetic nanoparticles for drug targeting: from design to insights into systemic toxicity. Preclinical evaluation of hematological, vascular and neurobehavioral toxicology

A simple two-step drug encapsulation method was developed to obtain biocompatible magnetic nanocarriers for the potential targeted treatment of diverse diseases. The nanodevice consists of a magnetite core coated with chitosan (Chit@MNPs) as a platform for diclofenac (Dic) loading as a model drug (Dic-Chit@MNPs). Mechanistic and experimental conditions related to drug incorporation and quantification are further addressed. This multi-disciplinary study aims to elucidate the toxicological impact of the MNPs at hematological, vascular, neurological and behavioral levels. Blood compatibility assays revealed that MNPs did not affect either erythrosedimentation rates or erythrocyte integrity at the evaluated doses (1, 10 and 100 μg mL^-1). A microscopic evaluation of blood smears indicated that MNPs did not induce morphological changes in blood cells. Platelet aggregation was not affected by MNPs either and just a slight diminution was observed with Dic-Chit@MNPs, an effect possibly due to diclofenac. The examined formulations did not exert cytotoxicity on rat aortic endothelial cells and no changes in cell viability or their capacity to synthesize NO were observed. Behavioral and functional nervous system parameters in a functional observational battery were assessed after a subacute treatment of mice with Chit@MNPs. The urine pools of the exposed group were decreased. Nephritis and an increased number of megakaryocytes in the spleen were observed in the histopathological studies. Sub-acute exposure to Chit@MNPs did not produce significant changes in the parameters used to evaluate neurobehavioral toxicity. The aspects focused on within this manuscript are relevant at the pre-clinical level providing new and novel knowledge concerning the biocompatibility of magnetic nanodevices for biomedical applications.

Synthesis and characterization of a magnetic adsorbent from negatively-valued iron mud for methylene blue adsorption

With increasing awareness of reduction of energy and CO₂ footprint, more waste is considered recyclable for generating value-added products. Here we reported the negatively-valued iron mud, a waste from groundwater treatment plant, was successfully converted into magnetic adsorbent. Comparing with the conventional calcination method under the high temperature and pressure, the synthesis of the magnetic particles (MPs) by Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ coprecipitation was conducted at environment-friendly condition using ascorbic acid (H₂A) as reduction reagent and nitric acid (or acid wastewater) as leaching solution. The MPs with major component of Fe₃O₄ were synthesized at the molar ratio (called ratio subsequently) of H₂A to Fe³⁺ of iron mud ≥ 0.1; while amorphous ferrihydrite phase was formed at the ratio ≤ 0.05, which were confirmed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). With the ratio increased, the crystalline size and the crystallization degree of MPs increased, and thus the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface and the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) decreased. MPs-3 prepared with H₂A to Fe³⁺ ratio of 0.1 demonstrated the highest methylene blue (MB) adsorption of 87.3 mg/g and good magnetic response. The adsorption of MB onto MPs agreed well with the non-linear Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order model. Pilot-scale experiment showed that 99% of MB was removed by adding 10 g/L of MPs-3. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, MPs-3 still showed 62% removal efficiency for MB adsorption. When nitric acid was replaced by acid wastewater from a propylene plant, the synthesized MPs-3w showed 3.7 emu/g of saturation magnetization (Ms) and 56.7 mg/g of MB adsorption capacity, 2.8 times of the widely used commercial adsorbent of granular active carbon (GAC). The major mechanism of MPs adsorption for MB was electrostatic attraction and cation exchange. This study synthesized a magnetic adsorbent from the negatively-valued iron mud waste by using an environment-friendly coprecipitation method, which had a potential for treatment of dye wastewater.

Synthesis of nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots/magnetite nanocomposites for efficient removal of methyl blue dye pollutant from contaminated water

As a remedy for environmental pollution, a simple synthesis approach has been developed to prepare nitrogen doped carbon quantum dot/magnetite nanocomposites (Fe₃O₄@NCQDs NCs) using non-toxic and cost effective lemon juice as precursor for removal of organic dye pollutant. Fe₃O₄@NCQDs NCs were characterized by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDS, TEM, VSM and TGA/DTA. TEM results show spherical shaped Fe₃O₄@NCQDs NCs with an average particle size of 5 nm. Batch adsorption studies were done to investigate the tendency of the nanocomposites to remove representative methyl blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The effects of MB dye concentration, dosage of Fe₃O₄@NCQDs NC adsorbent, pH, contact time and temperature were optimized by varying one variable while all the other parameters were kept constant. The experiment showed rapid removal of MB dye within 20 minutes with an adsorption efficiency of over 90.84% under optimum conditions. The adsorption process fits the Freundlich isotherm model well with R² and n values of 0.993 and 1.842, respectively, at 298 K indicating the feasibility of the adsorption process. The adsorption process is spontaneous and involves exothermic behaviour as confirmed by thermodynamic studies. From a kinetic study, it was found that the pseudo-second order model is more suitable to describe the adsorption process than the pseudo-first order model for adsorption of MB dye onto Fe₃O₄@NCQDs NCs.

Herein, we report the green synthesis of magnetic, nitrogen doped carbon quantum dot/Fe₃O₄ NPs using aqueous lemon extract for the efficient removal of organic dye pollutants from contaminated water.

Heterostructured ZnFe2O4/Fe2TiO5/TiO2 Composite Nanotube Arrays with an Improved Photocatalysis Degradation Efficiency Under Simulated Sunlight Irradiation

To improve the visible light absorption and photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TONTAs), ZnFe₂O₄ (ZFO) nanocrystals were perfused into pristine TONTA pipelines using a novel bias voltage-assisted perfusion method. ZFO nanocrystals were well anchored on the inner walls of the pristine TONTAs when the ZFO suspensions (0.025 mg mL^-1) were kept under a 60 V bias voltage for 1 h. After annealing at 750 °C for 2 h, the heterostructured ZFO/Fe₂TiO₅ (FTO)/TiO₂ composite nanotube arrays were successfully obtained. Furthermore, Fe³⁺ was reduced to Fe²⁺ when solid solution reactions occurred at the interface of ZFO and the pristine TONTAs. Introducing ZFO significantly enhanced the visible light absorption of the ZFO/FTO/TONTAs relative to that of the annealed TONTAs. The coexistence of type I and staggered type II band alignment in the ZFO/FTO/TONTAs facilitated the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, thereby improving the efficiency of the ZFO/FTO/TONTAs for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue when irradiated with simulated sunlight.

Self-assembled amphiphilic core-shell nanocarriers in line with the modern strategies for brain delivery

Disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) represent increasing social and economic problems all over the world which makes the effective transport of drugs to the brain a crucial need. In the last decade, many strategies were introduced to deliver drugs to the brain trying to overcome the challenge of the blood brain barrier (BBB) using both invasive and non-invasive methods. Non-invasive strategy represented in the application of nanocarriers became very common. One of the most hopeful nanoscopic carriers for brain delivery is core-shell nanocarriers or polymeric micelles (PMs). They are more advantageous than other nanocarriers. They offer small size, ease of preparation, ease of sterilization and the possibility of surface modification with various ligands. Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss modern strategies for brain delivery, micelles as a successful delivery system for the brain and how micelles could be modified to act as "magic bullets" for brain delivery.

Strategies for transporting nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier

The existence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) hampers the effective treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Almost all macromolecular drugs and more than 98% of small molecule drugs cannot pass the BBB. Therefore, the BBB remains a big challenge for delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system. With the structural and mechanistic elucidation of the BBB under both physiological and pathological conditions, it is now possible to design delivery systems that could cross the BBB effectively. Because of their advantageous properties, nanoparticles have been widely deployed for brain-targeted delivery. This review paper presents the current understanding of the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions, and summarizes strategies and systems for BBB crossing with a focus on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. In summary, with wider applications and broader prospection the treatment of brain targeted therapy, nano-medicines have proved to be more potent, more specific and less toxic than traditional drug therapy.

In situ synthesis of magnetic poly(N-tert-butyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/Fe3O4 nanogels for magnetic resonance imaging

P(TBA-co-AA)/Fe₃O₄ nanogels were prepared by in situ synthesis with a small size of 118.9 nm and high r₂ relaxivity of 512.01 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹.

Nano-antioxidants: An emerging strategy for intervention against neurodegenerative conditions

Oxidative stress has for long been linked to the neuronal cell death in many neurodegenerative conditions. Conventional antioxidant therapies have been less effective in preventing neuronal damage caused by oxidative stress due to their inability to cross the blood brain barrier. Nanoparticle antioxidants constitute a new wave of antioxidant therapies for prevention and treatment of diseases involving oxidative stress. It is believed that nanoparticle antioxidants have strong and persistent interactions with biomolecules and would be more effective against free radical induced damage. Nanoantioxidants include inorganic nanoparticles possessing intrinsic antioxidant properties, nanoparticles functionalized with antioxidants or antioxidant enzymes to function as an antioxidant delivery system. Nanoparticles containing antioxidants have shown promise as high-performance therapeutic nanomedicine in attenuating oxidative stress with potential applications in treating and preventing neurodegenerative conditions. However, to realize the full potential of nanoantioxidants, negative aspects associated with the use of nanoparticles need to be overcome to validate their long term applications.