1
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White JM, Crabtree AA, Bates FS, Calabrese MA. Effect of chain architecture on the structure, dynamics, and rheology of thermoresponsive poloxamer hydrogels and associated blends. Macromolecules 2023; 56:6834-6847. [PMID: 38774522 PMCID: PMC11104561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Poloxamers, ABA triblock polymers composed of a poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) midblock (B) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) endblocks (A), are widely studied for biomedical applications. Aqueous poloxamer 407 (P407; also referred to as F127) undergoes a solution-to-gel transition with increasing temperature, driven by the formation and ordering of micelles onto periodic lattices; however, the gel temperature and resulting modulus has limited tunability. Here, reverse P407 (RP407), a BAB polymer of the same composition and molar mass but the inverted architecture, is synthesized via anionic polymerization. The micellization and gelation temperatures of RP407 are higher than that of P407 and the PPO endblocks allow for intermicelle bridging; however, both single-component solutions favor body-centered cubic (BCC) packings. Further, aqueous RP407 displays a "soft gel" region with interesting rheological behavior, including viscoelastic aging and thermal hysteresis. Combining P407 and RP407 yields solutions with intermediate transition temperatures and alters the size and micelle packing. While the single-component solutions produce BCC packings, the blends form close-packed structures and larger micelles of higher aggregation numbers. Blends of P407 with an analogous AB diblock (E111P32) display similar behavior, whereas RP407/diblock blends form intermediate-sized BCC-packed micelles. These differences in packing and aggregation alter the local environments within the gels, which could have implications for applications such as drug delivery and protein stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M White
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Adelyn A Crabtree
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Michelle A Calabrese
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
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2
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Ruzzi V, Buzzaccaro S, Piazza R. Thermal Lens Measurements of Thermal Expansivity in Thermosensitive Polymer Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051283. [PMID: 36904524 PMCID: PMC10007145 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The weak absorption of a laser beam generates in a fluid an inhomogeneous refractive index profile acting as a negative lens. This self-effect on beam propagation, known as Thermal Lensing (TL), is extensively exploited in sensitive spectroscopic techniques, and in several all-optical methods for the assessment of thermo-optical properties of simple and complex fluids. Using the Lorentz-Lorenz equation, we show that the TL signal is directly proportional to the sample thermal expansivity α, a feature allowing minute density changes to be detected with high sensitivity in a tiny sample volume, using a simple optical scheme. We took advantage of this key result to investigate the compaction of PniPAM microgels occurring around their volume phase transition temperature, and the temperature-driven formation of poloxamer micelles. For both these different kinds of structural transitions, we observed a significant peak in the solute contribution to α, indicating a decrease in the overall solution density-rather counterintuitive evidence that can nevertheless be attributed to the dehydration of the polymer chains. Finally, we compare the novel method we propose with other techniques currently used to obtain specific volume changes.
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3
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Thermoresponsive phase behavior and nanoscale self-assembly generation in normal and reverse Pluronics®. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Dahanayake R, Dormidontova EE. Molecular Structure and Co-solvent Distribution in PPO–PEO and Pluronic Micelles. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Dahanayake
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Elena E. Dormidontova
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
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5
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Patel D, Ray D, Aswal VK, Kuperkar K, Bahadur P. Micellar assembly leading to structural growth/transition in normal and reverse Tetronics® in single and mixed solution environment. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4543-4553. [PMID: 35674288 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00321j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study scrutinizes the self-association of ethylene oxide (EO)-propylene oxide (PO)-based star-shaped block copolymers as normal Tetronic® (T904) and reverse Tetronic® R (T90R4) with varying molecular characteristics and different hydrophilic-hydrophobic ratios in an aqueous solution environment. These thermo-responsive solutions appear clear, transparent or bluish up to 10%w/v, which anticipated the probable transition of unimers to spherical or ellipsoidal micelles which is complemented by scattering experiments. In a single-solution environment, 10%w/v T904 formed star-shaped micelles at ambient temperature and exhibited a micellar growth/transition with temperature ageing. While 10%w/v T90R4 exists as unimers or a Gaussian coil over a wide range of temperature. Very interestingly, close to the cloud point (CP) flower-shaped spherical and ellipsoidal micelles were formed. A similar proposed micellar scheme was also examined for mixed systems T904 : T90R4 in varying ratios (1 : 0, 3 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 3 and 0 : 1) giving an account to the solution behavior of the mixtures. An amalgamation of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques achieved the thorough extraction of the structural parameters of the micellar system. The hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of the micelles with temperature variation was evaluated from dynamic light scattering (DLS) while the structure factor of the micelles was found by employing small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Furthermore, the single and mixed micellar systems were quantitatively and qualitatively examined for anticancer drug solubilization using UV-vis spectroscopy for their superior use as potential nanocargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvi Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchhanath, Surat-395 007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Debes Ray
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketan Kuperkar
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchhanath, Surat-395 007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Pratap Bahadur
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University (VNSGU), Surat-395 007, Gujarat, India
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6
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Fellin CR, Nelson A. Direct-Ink Write 3D Printing Multistimuli-Responsive Hydrogels and Post-Functionalization Via Disulfide Exchange. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:3054-3061. [PMID: 38239328 PMCID: PMC10795753 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a multi-stimuli-responsive hydrogel that can be 3D printed via a direct-ink write process to afford cross-linked hydrogel networks that can be post-functionalized with thiol-bearing molecules. Poly(alkyl glycidyl ether)s with methacrylate groups at their termini were synthesized and self-assembled into hydrogels with three key stimuli-responsive behaviors necessary for extrusion based 3D printing: a sol-gel temperature response, shear-thinning behavior, and the ability to be photochemically crosslinked. In addition, the chemically crosslinked hydrogels demonstrated a temperature dependent swelling consistent with an LCST behavior. Pyridyl disulfide urethane methacrylate (PDS-UM) monomers were introduced into the network as a thiol-reactive handle for post-functionalization of the hydrogel. The reactivities of these hydrogels were investigated at different temperatures (5, 25, 37 °C) and swelling statuses (as-cured versus preswollen) using glutathione as a reactive probe. To illustrate the versatility of the platform, a number of additional thiol-containing probes such as proteins, polymers, and small molecules were conjugated to the hydrogel network at different temperatures, pH's, and concentrations. In a final demonstration of the multi-stimuli-responsive hydrogel platform, a customized DIW 3D printer was used to fabricate a printed object that was subsequently conjugated with a fluorescent tag and displayed the ability to change in size with environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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7
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Watanabe T, Wang Y, Ono T, Chimura S, Isono T, Tajima K, Satoh T, Sato SI, Ida D, Yamamoto T. Topology and Sequence-Dependent Micellization and Phase Separation of Pluronic L35, L64, 10R5, and 17R4: Effects of Cyclization and the Chain Ends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091823. [PMID: 35566993 PMCID: PMC9105568 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The topology effects of cyclization on thermal phase transition behaviors were investigated for a series of amphiphilic Pluronic copolymers of both hydrophilic–hydrophobic–hydrophilic and hydrophobic–hydrophilic–hydrophobic block sequences. The dye solubilization measurements revealed the lowered critical micelle temperatures (TCMT) along with the decreased micellization enthalpy (ΔHmic) and entropy (ΔSmic) for the cyclized species. Furthermore, the transmittance and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicated a block sequence-dependent effect on the clouding phenomena, where a profound decrease in cloud point (Tc) was only found for the copolymers with a hydrophilic–hydrophobic–hydrophilic block sequence. Thus, the effect of cyclization on these critical temperatures was manifested differently depending on its block sequence. Finally, a comparison of the linear hydroxy-terminated, methoxy-terminated, and cyclized species indicated the effect of cyclization to be unique from a simple elimination of the terminal hydrophilic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Watanabe
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.W.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Yubo Wang
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.W.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Tomoko Ono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Satoru Chimura
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.W.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Shin-ichiro Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Daichi Ida
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura 615-8510, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Kangarlou B, Dahanayake R, Martin IJ, Ndaya D, Wu CM, Kasi RM, Dormidontova EE, Nieh MP. Flower-like Micelles of Polyethylene Oxide End-Capped with Cholesterol. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Kangarlou
- Materials Science Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rasika Dahanayake
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Ian J. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Dennis Ndaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Chun-Ming Wu
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Rajeswari M. Kasi
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Elena E. Dormidontova
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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9
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Smith McWilliams AD, de Los Reyes CA, Liberman L, Ergülen S, Talmon Y, Pasquali M, Martí AA. Surfactant-assisted individualization and dispersion of boron nitride nanotubes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1096-1103. [PMID: 36133196 PMCID: PMC9473271 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00315g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) belong to a novel class of material with useful thermal, electronic and optical properties. However, the study and the development of applications of this material requires the formation of stable dispersions of individual BNNTs in water. Here we address the dispersion of BNNT material in water using surfactants with varying properties. The surfactants were compared based on the quantity of BNNTs dispersed and the quality of the dispersions, as visualized by AFM and cryo-TEM. All surfactants produce dispersions of individualized or small bundles of BNNTs. Of the surfactants tested, high molecular weight, nonionic surfactants suspend the most BNNTs, while ionic surfactants remove the most h-BN impurities. The surfactant dispersions were further characterized by ensemble measurements, such as UV absorption and photoluminescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential to investigate dispersion stability and quality. These techniques provide a facile strategy for testing future BNNT dispersions. The results of this study reveal that BNNT dispersions in aqueous solution can be tuned to fit a specific application through surfactant selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy Liberman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Selin Ergülen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Angel A Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
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10
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Fellin CR, Adelmund SM, Karis DG, Shafranek RT, Ono RJ, Martin CG, Johnston TG, DeForest CA, Nelson A. Tunable temperature‐ and shear‐responsive hydrogels based on poly(alkyl glycidyl ether)s. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven M Adelmund
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Dylan G Karis
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Robert J Ono
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | | | | | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle WA USA
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11
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Salgarella AR, Zahoranová A, Šrámková P, Majerčíková M, Pavlova E, Luxenhofer R, Kronek J, Lacík I, Ricotti L. Investigation of drug release modulation from poly(2-oxazoline) micelles through ultrasound. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9893. [PMID: 29967422 PMCID: PMC6028437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Among external stimuli used to trigger release of a drug from a polymeric carrier, ultrasound has gained increasing attention due to its non-invasive nature, safety and low cost. Despite this attention, there is only limited knowledge about how materials available for the preparation of drug carriers respond to ultrasound. This study investigates the effect of ultrasound on the release of a hydrophobic drug, dexamethasone, from poly(2-oxazoline)-based micelles. Spontaneous and ultrasound-mediated release of dexamethasone from five types of micelles made of poly(2-oxazoline) block copolymers, composed of hydrophilic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and hydrophobic poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) or poly(2-butyl-2-oxazoline-co-2-(3-butenyl)-2-oxazoline), was studied. The release profiles were fitted by zero-order and Ritger-Peppas models. The ultrasound increased the amount of released dexamethasone by 6% to 105% depending on the type of copolymer, the amount of loaded dexamethasone, and the stimulation time point. This study investigates for the first time the interaction between different poly(2-oxazoline)-based micelle formulations and ultrasound waves, quantifying the efficacy of such stimulation in modulating dexamethasone release from these nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rita Salgarella
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera (Pisa), Italy
| | - Anna Zahoranová
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Šrámková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Majerčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Lacík
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera (Pisa), Italy.
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12
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Wei G, Venkataraman S, Yang YY, Hedrick JL, Prabhu VM. Self-Assembly and Dynamics Driven by Oligocarbonate–Fluorene End-Functionalized Poly(ethylene glycol) ABA Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Wei
- Material
Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Shrinivas Venkataraman
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Vivek M. Prabhu
- Material
Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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13
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Dumancas LV, Simpson DE, Jacobs DT. Heat capacity anomaly in a self-aggregating system: Triblock copolymer 17R4 in water. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:174902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4919633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Simpson
- Department of Physics, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - D. T. Jacobs
- Department of Physics, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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