1
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Voisin H, Vasse A, Bonnin E, Capron I. Influence of Low-Molar-Mass Xyloglucans on the Rheological Behavior of Concentrated Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:358-366. [PMID: 36525635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels were prepared at high solid contents (70-100 g/L) with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and very short xyloglucans (XGs). At 70 g/L, CNCs form cholesteric liquid crystals regularly spaced by a distance of 30 nm. This structure was preserved after adsorption of XG with a molar mass (Mw) of 20,000 g/mol (XG20) but was lost at 40,000 g/mol (XG40). Rheological measurements discriminated domains where an increasing Mw from XG20 to XG40 gave rise to drastic changes in storage moduli (on 3 orders of magnitude). At 40,000 g/mol, transient systems were obtained and a re-entrant glass-gel-glass transition was observed with increasing XG concentrations. This was interpreted in terms of the length and stiffness of the chain in relation to the inter-CNC distance. Liquid-to-glass-to-gel transitions were attributed to an XG adsorption type according to train or trail conformations or interconnected structures. Such tunable properties may further have implications on the in vivo role of XG during cell wall extension.
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2
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Mixing efficiency affects the morphology and compactness of chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Kishani S, Benselfelt T, Wågberg L, Wohlert J. Entropy drives the adsorption of xyloglucan to cellulose surfaces - A molecular dynamics study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 588:485-493. [PMID: 33429345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of nonionic polymers to cellulose is of large importance both in the plant cell wall during synthesis and for the development of sustainable materials from wood. Here, the thermodynamics of adsorption of the polysaccharide xyloglucan (XG) to both native and chemically modified cellulose with carboxyl groups was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The free energy of adsorption was calculated as the potential of mean force between an XG oligomer and model cellulose surfaces in a range of temperatures from 298 K to 360 K. It was found that the adsorption near room temperature is an endothermic process dominated by the entropy of released interfacial water molecules. This was corroborated by quantitative assessment of the absolute entropy per water molecule both at the interface and in the bulk. In the case of native cellulose, the adsorption became exothermic at higher temperatures, while the relatively strong interactions between water and the charged groups of the oxidized cellulose impede such a transition. The results also indicate that the extraction of strongly associated hemicelluloses would be facilitated by low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saina Kishani
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Sweden
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Sweden.
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4
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Shavandi A, Hosseini S, Okoro OV, Nie L, Eghbali Babadi F, Melchels F. 3D Bioprinting of Lignocellulosic Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001472. [PMID: 33103365 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The interest in bioprinting of sustainable biomaterials is rapidly growing, and lignocellulosic biomaterials have a unique role in this development. Lignocellulosic materials are biocompatible and possess tunable mechanical properties, and therefore promising for use in the field of 3D-printed biomaterials. This review aims to spotlight the recent progress on the application of different lignocellulosic materials (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) from various sources (wood, bacteria, and fungi) in different forms (including nanocrystals and nanofibers in 3D bioprinting). Their crystallinity, leading to water insolubility and the presence of suspended nanostructures, makes these polymers stand out among hydrogel-forming biomaterials. These unique structures give rise to favorable properties such as high ink viscosity and strength and toughness of the final hydrogel, even when used at low concentrations. In this review, the application of lignocellulosic polymers with other components in inks is reported for 3D bioprinting and identified supercritical CO2 as a potential sterilization method for 3D-printed cellulosic materials. This review also focuses on the areas of potential development by highlighting the opportunities and unmet challenges such as the need for standardization of the production, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of the cellulosic materials that underscore the direction of future research into the 3D biofabrication of cellulose-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter–Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles Université Libre de Bruxelles Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50‐CP 165/61 Brussels 1050 Belgium
| | - Soraya Hosseini
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Chung Cheng University Chiayi 62102 Taiwan
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- Department of Process Engineering Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Farahnaz Eghbali Babadi
- Bio‐Circular‐Green‐economy Technology & Engineering Center BCGeTEC Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Ferry Melchels
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Heriot‐Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
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5
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Facchine EG, Jin SA, Spontak RJ, Khan SA, Rojas OJ. Quantitative Calorimetric Studies of the Chiral Nematic Mesophase in Aqueous Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10830-10837. [PMID: 32808787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can spontaneously form a chiral nematic mesophase at a critical concentration (c*). Unfortunately, no current analytical technique permits rapid detection of c*. Herein, we introduce a facile and accurate approach to assess c* rapidly (<2 h) from a small sample volume and compare our results with those obtained by conventional methods. Our strategy employs isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to measure the heat associated with interactions in the suspension, which can identify the onset of mesophase formation as the heat signature is sensitive to the suspension viscosity and thus capable of detecting small changes in the suspension environment. We measure c* for CNC samples differing in surface charge and aspect ratio, and find that both lower aspect ratios and higher surface charges increase c*. Our ITC results reveal the role of CNC interactions prior to the visual observation of mesophase formation and elucidate mesomorphic effects related to nanocrystals and their suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Facchine
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Soo-Ah Jin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Richard J Spontak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Byproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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6
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Stimpson TC, Cathala B, Moreau C, Moran-Mirabal JM, Cranston ED. Xyloglucan Structure Impacts the Mechanical Properties of Xyloglucan–Cellulose Nanocrystal Layered Films—A Buckling-Based Study. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3898-3908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Stimpson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | | | | | - Jose M. Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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7
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Doineau E, Bauer G, Ensenlaz L, Novales B, Sillard C, Bénézet JC, Bras J, Cathala B, Le Moigne N. Adsorption of xyloglucan and cellulose nanocrystals on natural fibres for the creation of hierarchically structured fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 248:116713. [PMID: 32919547 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Green treatment of natural fibres is a major issue in paper, textile and biocomposites industries to design innovative and eco-friendly products. In this work, hierarchical structuring of flax woven fabrics by the adsorption of xyloglucan (XG) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is studied. Indeed, CNC have high mechanical properties, high specific surface area and great potential for functionalization. The adsorption of XG and CNC has been investigated in terms of localization by confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantification through adsorption isotherms. Adhesion force measurements have also been performed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). XG and CNC are homogeneously adsorbed on flax fabric and adsorption isotherms reach plateau values around 20 mg /gfibres for both. The pre-adsorption of XG on flax fabric influences the amount of adsorbed CNC in the high concentrations and also creates entanglements and strong interactions between XG and CNC with the formation of an extensible network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Doineau
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, Ales, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP(2), LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France; INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France.
| | | | - Léo Ensenlaz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP(2), LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Novales
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Sillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP(2), LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Julien Bras
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP(2), LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, Ales, France.
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8
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Yuan Y, Huang Y. Ionically crosslinked polyelectrolyte nanoparticle formation mechanisms: the significance of mixing. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9871-9880. [PMID: 31764931 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixing oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and multivalent counterion solutions at low concentrations leads to the formation of colloidal ionically crosslinked polyelectrolyte particles. Due to the rapid reaction kinetics, the complexation processes and the final product could vary significantly when changing the mixing efficiency, which was often overlooked in previous studies. To investigate the effect of mixing on the polyelectrolyte-based colloid formation, we use chitosan/tripolyphosphate mixtures as a model system and compare the particle formation under flash nano-complexation (FNC, representing rapid and efficient mixing) and conventional dropwise mixing. It turns out that the non-uniform mixing and rapid complex formation during conventional mixing lead to particle formation at a low tripolyphosphate : chitosan ratio, which could be avoided by FNC. When mixing using FNC, the particle formation started at a critical tripolyphosphate : glucosamine ratio, below which only soluble complexes exist, and such a critical ratio is independent of the chitosan molecular weight and charge density. Homogeneous mixing also leads to the formation of a large amount of small primary particles without further aggregation due to the rapid consumption of free crosslinking counterions. Such a strong dependency of ionically crosslinked polyelectrolyte colloid formation on the mixing efficiency was also demonstrated using other polyelectrolytes and counterions. Thus, the mixing efficiency could have a significant impact on the interpretation of the complexation process and the mechanisms and should be carefully discussed when studying ionically crosslinked polyelectrolyte colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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9
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Direct Cryo Writing of Aerogels Via 3D Printing of Aligned Cellulose Nanocrystals Inspired by the Plant Cell Wall. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids3020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerogel objects inspired by plant cell wall components and structures were fabricated using extrusion-based 3D printing at cryogenic temperatures. The printing process combines 3D printing with the alignment of rod-shaped nanoparticles through the freeze-casting of aqueous inks. We have named this method direct cryo writing (DCW) as it encompasses in a single processing step traditional directional freeze casting and the spatial fidelity of 3D printing. DCW is demonstrated with inks that are composed of an aqueous mixture of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and xyloglucan (XG), which are the major building blocks of plant cell walls. Rapid fixation of the inks is achieved through tailored rheological properties and controlled directional freezing. Morphological evaluation revealed the role of ice crystal growth in the alignment of CNCs and XG. The structure of the aerogels changed from organized and tubular to disordered and flakey pores with an increase in XG content. The internal structure of the printed objects mimics the structure of various wood species and can therefore be used to create wood-like structures via additive manufacturing technologies using only renewable wood-based materials.
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10
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Quantification and Concentration of Anthocyanidin from Indian Blackberry (Jamun) by Combination of Ultra- and Nano-filtrations. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-018-2176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Mauroy C, Levard C, Moreau C, Vidal V, Rose J, Cathala B. Elaboration of Cellulose Nanocrystal/Ge-Imogolite Nanotube Multilayered Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3386-3394. [PMID: 29461057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multilayered thin films combining two oppositely charged nanoparticles (NPs), i.e., cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and Ge-imogolites, have been successfully obtained by the layer-by-layer method. CNC/Ge-imogolite (NP/NP) film growth patterns were studied by comparing growth mode of all of the nanoparticles thin films to that of films composed of CNC or Ge-imogolites combined with polyelectrolytes (PEs), i.e., cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and anionic poly-4-styrene sulfonate (NP/PE films). NP/NP and NP/PE films growth patterns were found to be different. To get a deeper understanding of the growth mode of NP/NP, impact of different parameters, such as imogolites aspect ratio, adsorption time, ionic strength, and repeated immersion/drying, was evaluated and influence of the drying step is emphasized. The aspect ratio of imogolites was identified as an important feature for the film's architecture. The short Ge-imogolites form denser films because the surface packing was more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprien Mauroy
- CEREGE, IRD, Coll de France , CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université , F-13545 Aix en Provence , France
- BIA , INRA , 44300 Nantes , France
| | - Clément Levard
- CEREGE, IRD, Coll de France , CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université , F-13545 Aix en Provence , France
| | | | - Vladimir Vidal
- CEREGE, IRD, Coll de France , CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université , F-13545 Aix en Provence , France
| | - Jérôme Rose
- CEREGE, IRD, Coll de France , CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université , F-13545 Aix en Provence , France
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12
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Xu Y, Atrens AD, Stokes JR. "Liquid, gel and soft glass" phase transitions and rheology of nanocrystalline cellulose suspensions as a function of concentration and salinity. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1953-1963. [PMID: 29479584 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02470c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The colloidal size and rod morphology of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) lead to suspensions with useful phase and gelation behaviours as well as complex rheologies. However, these have not been comprehensively evaluated previously. Here we report the detailed phase behaviour of sulphonated NCC aqueous suspensions as a function of concentration and salinity. Four phases - liquid, viscoelastic, repulsive glass and attractive glass/gel - are identified in terms of their distinct rheological behaviours. The liquid-solid transitions (LSTs) are determined rheologically, and these are supported by a simplified model based on the DLVO theory that indicates the importance of charge in determining the phase behaviour. Rheology is also used to investigate the solid-solid transition from a repulsive glass to an attractive gel with increasing salt at high NCC concentrations. A time-dependent aging phenomenon is observed in suspensions with a composition just below the LSTs, and the implications of this on the dynamics occurring during gelation processes are discussed. This work can be directly applied to the development of structure-function relationships and the expanding utilisation of NCC suspensions, whilst also providing a basis for the study of charged colloidal rods more generally and evaluation of theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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13
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Martin C, Barker R, Watkins EB, Dubreuil F, Cranston ED, Heux L, Jean B. Structural Variations in Hybrid All-Nanoparticle Gibbsite Nanoplatelet/Cellulose Nanocrystal Multilayered Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7896-7907. [PMID: 28715198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are promising biosourced building blocks for the production of high performance materials. In the last ten years, CNCs have been used in conjunction with polymers for the design of multilayered thin films via the layer-by-layer assembly technique. Herein, polymer chains have been replaced with positively charged inorganic gibbsite nanoplatelets (GN) to form hybrid "nanoparticle-only" composite films. A combination of atomic force microscopy and neutron reflectivity experiments was exploited to investigate the growth and structure of the films. Data show that the growth and density of GN/CNC films can be tuned over a wide range during preparation by varying the ionic strength in the CNC suspension and the film drying protocol. Specifically, thin and dense multilayered films or very thick, more porous mixed slabs, as well as intermediate internal structures, could be obtained in a predictable manner. The influence of key physicochemical parameters on the multilayer film buildup was elucidated and the film architecture was linked to the dominating interaction forces between the components. The degree of structural control over these hybrid nanoparticle-only films is much higher than that reported for CNC/polymer films, which offers new properties and potential applications as separation membranes or flame retardant coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clélia Martin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV) , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Laue-Langevin , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Dubreuil
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV) , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Laurent Heux
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV) , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Jean
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV) , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV , F-38000 Grenoble, France
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14
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Gill U, Sutherland T, Himbert S, Zhu Y, Rheinstädter MC, Cranston ED, Moran-Mirabal JM. Beyond buckling: humidity-independent measurement of the mechanical properties of green nanobiocomposite films. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7781-7790. [PMID: 28397935 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise knowledge of the mechanical properties of emerging nanomaterials and nanocomposites is crucial to match their performance with suitable applications. While methods to characterize mechanical properties exist, they are limited by instrument sensitivity and sample requirements. For bio-based nanomaterials this challenge is exacerbated by the extreme dependence of mechanical properties on humidity. This work presents an alternative approach, based on polymer shrinking-induced wrinkling mechanics, to determine the elastic modulus of nanobiocomposite films in a humidity-independent manner. Layer-by-layer (LbL) films containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and water-soluble polymers were deposited onto pre-stressed polystyrene substrates followed by thermal shrinking, which wrinkled the films to give them characteristic topographies. Three deposition parameters were varied during LbL assembly: (1) polymer type (xyloglucan - XG, or polyethyleneimine - PEI); (2) polymer concentration (0.1 or 1 wt%); and (3) number of deposition cycles, resulting in 10-600 nm thick nanobiocomposite films with tuneable compositions. Fast Fourier transform analysis on electron microscopy images of the wrinkled films was used to calculate humidity-independent moduli of 70 ± 2 GPa for CNC-XG0.1, 72 ± 2 GPa for CNC-PEI0.1, and 32.2 ± 0.8 GPa for CNC-PEI1.0 films. This structuring method is straightforward and amenable to a wide range of supported thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Gill
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8S 4M1.
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15
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Das BP, Tsianou M. From polyelectrolyte complexes to polyelectrolyte multilayers: Electrostatic assembly, nanostructure, dynamics, and functional properties. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 244:71-89. [PMID: 28499602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are three-dimensional macromolecular structures formed by association of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in solution. Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) can be considered a special case of PECs prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly that involves sequential deposition of molecular-thick polyelectrolyte layers with nanoscale control over the size, shape, composition and internal organization. Although many functional PEMs with novel physical and chemical characteristics have been developed, the current practical applications of PEMs are limited to those that require only a few bilayers and are relatively easy to prepare. The viability of such engineered materials can be realized only after overcoming the scientific and engineering challenges of understanding the kinetics and transport phenomena involved in the multilayer growth and the factors governing their final structure, composition, and response to external stimuli. There is a great need to model PEMs and to connect PEM behavior with the characteristics of the PEC counterparts to allow for prediction of performance and better design of multilayered materials. This review focuses on the relationship between PEMs and PECs. The constitutive interactions, the thermodynamics and kinetics of polyelectrolyte complexation and PEM formation, PEC phase behavior, PEM growth, the internal structure and stability in PEMs and PECs, and their response to external stimuli are presented. Knowledge of such interactions and behavior can guide rapid fabrication of PEMs and can aid their applications as nanocomposites, coatings, nano-sized reactors, capsules, drug delivery systems, and in electrochemical and sensing devices. The challenges and opportunities in future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa P Das
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, United States
| | - Marina Tsianou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, United States.
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16
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Hatton FL, Engström J, Forsling J, Malmström E, Carlmark A. Biomimetic adsorption of zwitterionic–xyloglucan block copolymers to CNF: towards tailored super-absorbing cellulose materials. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Block-copolymer of xyloglucan and zwitterionic PSBMA prepared by RAFT as a biomimetic adsorbent for cellulose nanofibrils to create super-adsorbing gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. L. Hatton
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - J. Engström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - J. Forsling
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - E. Malmström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - A. Carlmark
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
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Hatton FL, Ruda M, Lansalot M, D’Agosto F, Malmström E, Carlmark A. Xyloglucan-Functional Latex Particles via RAFT-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization for the Biomimetic Modification of Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1414-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Hatton
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of
Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, Teknikringen
56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ruda
- CelluTech AB, Teknikringen
38, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Université de Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR
5265, C2P2 (Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes), Team LCPP,
Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D’Agosto
- Université de Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR
5265, C2P2 (Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes), Team LCPP,
Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Eva Malmström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of
Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, Teknikringen
56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Carlmark
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of
Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, Teknikringen
56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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