1
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Tanaka T, Sano K, Kawakami R, Tanaka S, Munekane M, Yamasaki T, Mukai T. Electrostatically self-assembled gold nanorods with sulfated hyaluronic acid for targeted photothermal therapy for CD44-positive tumors. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 62:102781. [PMID: 39163902 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2024.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNR) produce heat upon irradiation with near-infrared light, enabling a tumor-targeted photothermal therapy. In this study, we prepared GNR coated with sulfated hyaluronic acid (sHA) with a binding affinity for CD44 via electrostatic interactions to deliver GNR to tumors efficiently and stably, and evaluated their usefulness for photothermal therapy. Cationic GNR modified with trimethylammonium groups electrostatically interacted with native HA or sHA with varying degrees of sulfation to form complexes. While GNR/HA was unstable in saline, GNR/sHA maintained the absorbance peak in the near-infrared region, particularly for GNR/sHA with higher degrees of sulfation. GNR/sHA exhibited an intense photothermal effect upon irradiation with near-infrared light. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that GNR coated with sHA containing approximately 1.2 sulfated groups per HA unit could accumulate in CD44-positive tumors via an HA-specific pathway. These findings indicate the effectiveness of GNR/sHA as a tumor-targeted photothermal therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kohei Sano
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rin Kawakami
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masayuki Munekane
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan.
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2
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Song C, Ji S, Sun H, Lei Y, Zhao J. An Unconventional Immunosensor for Biomolecule Detection via Nonspecific Gold Nanoparticle-Antibody Interactions. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7367-7372. [PMID: 38696818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Immunogold, that is, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with biomolecules such as antibodies and peptides, have been widely used to construct sandwiched immunosensors for biodetection. Two main challenges in these immunoassays are difficulties in finding and validating a suitable antibody, and the nonspecific interaction between the substrate and immunogold, which lowers the detection sensitivity and even causes false results. To avoid these issues, we took advantage of the nonspecific interaction between AuNPs and capture antibodies and proposed a new sensing mechanism. That is, after the capture of analyte targets by the capture antibodies on the substrate, AuNPs of certain chemical functionality would preferably bind to the free capture antibodies. Consequently, the amount of deposited AuNPs will inversely depend on the concentration of the analytes. As a proof-of-concept, we designed a mass-based sensor where anti-IgG antibodies were coated on a quartz crystal microbalance substrate. After IgG was introduced, tannic acid-capped AuNPs were applied to bind with the free anti-IgG antibody molecules. A frequency change (Δf) of the quartz substrate was induced by the increased mass loading. To further amplify the loading mass, an Ag enhancer solution was added, and Ag growth was catalyzed by the bound AuNPs. The Δf response showed a concentration-dependent decrease when increasing IgG concentration with a detection limit of 2.6 ng/mL. This method relies on the nonspecific interaction between AuNPs and anti-IgG antibodies to realize sensitive detection of IgG and eliminates the use of detection antibodies. The concept is an alternative to many existing immunoassay technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Siqi Ji
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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3
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Enzymatic Formation of Recombinant Antibody-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles in the Presence of Citrate Groups and Bacteria. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the spread of deadly diseases worldwide, the design of rapid tests to identify causative microorganisms is necessary. Due to the unique properties of gold nanoparticles, these nanoparticles are used in designing rapid diagnostic tests, such as strip tests. The current study aimed to investigate the ability of gold nanoparticles to bind to single-chain variable fragment antibodies. In this study, the biological and chemical methods included Escherichia coli TOP-10 and the Turkevich method to synthesize the gold nanoparticles, respectively. Then, the effect of synthetic nanoparticles on their capability of binding to recombinant antibodies was assessed by agarose gel and UV-vis spectroscopy. Our result showed that gold nanoparticles had a spherical morphology, and their average size was ~45 nm. Additionally, the citrate groups in gold nanoparticles were able to bind to serine residues in the antibody linker sequence; so, the chemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles is an effective strategy for binding these nanoparticles to antibodies that can be used in designing rapid diagnostic tests to promptly identify infectious microorganisms.
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Khan J, Rasmi Y, Kırboğa KK, Ali A, Rudrapal M, Patekar RR. Development of gold nanoparticle-based biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:111. [PMID: 36092513 PMCID: PMC9444098 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative organism of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. Though there are certain recommended drugs that can cure COVID-19, their therapeutic efficacy is limited. Therefore, the early and rapid detection without compromising the test accuracy is necessary in order to provide an appropriate treatment for the disease suppression.
Main body
Nanoparticles (NPs) can closely mimic the virus and interact strongly with its proteins due to their morphological similarities. NPs have been widely applied in a variety of medical applications, including biosensing, drug delivery, antimicrobial treatment, and imaging. Recently, NPs-based biosensors have attracted great interest for their biological activities and specific sensing properties, which allows the detection of analytes such as nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), aptamers, and proteins in clinical samples. Further, the advances of nanotechnologies have enabled the development of miniaturized detection systems for point-of-care biosensors, a new strategy for detecting human viral diseases. Among the various NPs, the specific physicochemical properties of gold NPs (AuNPs) are being widely used in the field of clinical diagnostics. As a result, several AuNP-based colorimetric detection methods have been developed.
Short conclusion
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the development of AuNPs-based biosensors by virtue of its powerful characteristics as a signal amplifier or enhancer that target pathogenic RNA viruses that provide a reliable and effective strategy for detecting of the existing or newly emerging SARS-CoV-2.
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Fagúndez P, Botasini S, Tosar JP, Méndez E. Systematic process evaluation of the conjugation of proteins to gold nanoparticles. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07392. [PMID: 34307927 PMCID: PMC8258641 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work addresses some fundamental aspects in the preparation of protein-conjugated gold nanoparticles, in order to ensure an appropriate final product. Ten broadly available and/or easy to implement analytical tools were benchmarked and compared in their capacity to provide reliable and conclusive information for each step of the procedure. These techniques included transmission electron microscopy, UV/VIS spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, colloidal stability titration, end-point colloidal stability analysis, cyclic voltammetry, agarose gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Four different proteins widely used as adaptors or blocking agents were tested, together with 13 nm gold nanoparticles containing different surface chemistries. Among all tested techniques, some of the least popular among nanomaterial scientists probed to be the most informative, including colloidal stability, gel electrophoresis and SEC; the latter being also an efficient purification procedure. These three techniques provide low-cost, low time consuming, sensitive and robust ways to assess the success of the nanoparticle bioconjugation steps, especially when used in adequate combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fagúndez
- Unidad de Bioquímica Analítica, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Botasini
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Pablo Tosar
- Unidad de Bioquímica Analítica, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Méndez
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
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6
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Pushkarev AV, Orlov AV, Znoyko SL, Bragina VA, Nikitin PI. Rapid and Easy-to-Use Method for Accurate Characterization of Target Binding and Kinetics of Magnetic Particle Bioconjugates for Biosensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2802. [PMID: 33921145 PMCID: PMC8071512 DOI: 10.3390/s21082802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing use of magnetic particle bioconjugates (MPB) in biosensors calls for methods of comprehensive characterization of their interaction with targets. Label-free optical sensors commonly used for studying inter-molecular interactions have limited potential for MPB because of their large size and multi-component non-transparent structure. We present an easy-to-use method that requires only three 20-min express measurements to determine the key parameters for selection of optimal MPB for a biosensor: kinetic and equilibrium characteristics, and a fraction of biomolecules on the MPB surface that are capable of active targeting. The method also provides a prognostic dependence of MPB targeting efficiency upon interaction duration and sample volume. These features are possible due to joining a magnetic lateral flow assay, a highly sensitive sensor for MPB detection by the magnetic particle quantification technique, and a novel mathematical model that explicitly describes the MPB-target interactions and does not comprise parameters to be fitted additionally. The method was demonstrated by experiments on MPB targeting of cardiac troponin I and staphylococcal enterotoxin B. The validation by an independent label-free technique of spectral-correlation interferometry showed good correlation between the results obtained by both methods. The presented method can be applied to other targets for faster development and selection of MPB for affinity sensors, analytical technologies, and realization of novel concepts of MPB-based biosensing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Averyan V. Pushkarev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.P.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (V.A.B.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.P.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Sergey L. Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.P.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Vera A. Bragina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.P.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Petr I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.P.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (V.A.B.)
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7
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Purification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleoprotein and its utility for serological diagnosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2324. [PMID: 33504869 PMCID: PMC7840982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes a zoonotic disease, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) endemic in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Southeastern Europe. However, the prevalence of CCHF is not monitored in most of the endemic countries due to limited availability of diagnostic assays and biosafety regulations required for handling infectious CCHFV. In this study, we established a protocol to purify the recombinant CCHFV nucleoprotein (NP), which is antigenically highly conserved among multiple lineages/clades of CCHFVs and investigated its utility in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect CCHFV-specific antibodies. The NP gene was cloned into the pCAGGS mammalian expression plasmid and human embryonic kidney 293 T cells were transfected with the plasmid. The expressed NP molecule was purified from the cell lysate using cesium-chloride gradient centrifugation. Purified NP was used as the antigen for the ELISA to detect anti-CCHFV IgG. Using the CCHFV NP-based ELISA, we efficiently detected CCHFV-specific IgG in anti-NP rabbit antiserum and CCHFV-infected monkey serum. When compared to the commercially available Blackbox CCHFV IgG ELISA kit, our assay showed equivalent performance in detecting CCHFV-specific IgG in human sera. These results demonstrate the usefulness of our CCHFV NP-based ELISA for seroepidemiological studies.
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8
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Zhang L, Mazouzi Y, Salmain M, Liedberg B, Boujday S. Antibody-Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugates for Biosensors: Synthesis, Characterization and Selected Applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Martín-Gracia B, Martín-Barreiro A, Cuestas-Ayllón C, Grazú V, Line A, Llorente A, M. de la Fuente J, Moros M. Nanoparticle-based biosensors for detection of extracellular vesicles in liquid biopsies. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6710-6738. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00861c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Selecting the appropriate nanoparticle, functionalization chemistry and sensing methodology can speed up the translation of liquid biopsies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-Gracia
- Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA)
- CSIC/University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering
| | - Alba Martín-Barreiro
- Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA)
- CSIC/University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering
| | | | - Valeria Grazú
- Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA)
- CSIC/University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering
| | - Aija Line
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre
- Riga
- Latvia
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- Oslo University Hospital
- Oslo
- Norway
| | - Jesús M. de la Fuente
- Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA)
- CSIC/University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering
| | - María Moros
- Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA)
- CSIC/University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering
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10
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Li W, Cao Z, Liu R, Liu L, Li H, Li X, Chen Y, Lu C, Liu Y. AuNPs as an important inorganic nanoparticle applied in drug carrier systems. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:4222-4233. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1687501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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11
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Direct quantification of surface coverage of antibody in IgG-Gold nanoparticles conjugates. Talanta 2019; 204:875-881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Li B, Wang T, Su Q, Wu X, Dong P. Fabrication of Au Nanorods by the Oblique Angle Deposition Process for Trace Detection of Methamphetamine with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19173742. [PMID: 31470612 PMCID: PMC6749386 DOI: 10.3390/s19173742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oblique angle deposition (OAD) is a simple, low cost, effective, and maskless nanofabrication process. It can offer a reliable method for the mass fabrication of uniform metal nanorods which can be used as the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with an excellent enhancing performance. Up to now, Ag nanorods SERS substrates have been extensively studied. However, Ag is chemically active and easy to oxidize under atmospheric conditions. Comparatively, Au is chemically stable and has better biocompatibility than Ag. In this paper, we in detail, studied the electromechanical (EM) field distribution simulation, fabrication, and application of Au nanorods (AuNRs) on trace detection of methamphetamine. According to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculation results, the maximum EM intensity can be obtained with the length of AuNRs to be 800 nm and the tilting angle of AuNRs to be 71° respectively. The aligned Au nanorod array substrate was fabricated by the OAD process. The two key process parameters, deposition angle, and deposition rate were optimized by experiments, which were 86° and 2 Å/s, respectively. Using 1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene (BPE) as the probe molecule, the limit of detection (LOD) was characterized to be 10−11 M. The AuNRs were also used to detect methamphetamine. The LOD can be down to M (i.e., 14.92 pg/ml), which meet the requirements of the on-site rapid detection of the methamphetamine in human urine (500 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baini Li
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Tianran Wang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Qingqing Su
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xuezhong Wu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Peitao Dong
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
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13
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Ruiz G, Tripathi K, Okyem S, Driskell JD. pH Impacts the Orientation of Antibody Adsorbed onto Gold Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1182-1191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Kiran Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Samuel Okyem
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Jeremy D. Driskell
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
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14
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Tripathi K, Driskell JD. Quantifying Bound and Active Antibodies Conjugated to Gold Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive and Robust Approach To Evaluate Immobilization Chemistry. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8253-8259. [PMID: 30087938 PMCID: PMC6072236 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with antibodies have the potential to improve biosensing technology because of the unique optical properties of AuNPs and the specificity of antibody-antigen interactions. Critical to the development and optimization of these AuNP-enabled sensing technologies is the immobilization of the antibody onto the AuNP. The development of novel immobilization strategies that optimize antibody loading and orientation in an effort to enhance antibody activity, and therefore assay performance, has been the focus of many recent studies. However, few analytical methods exist to accurately quantify the activity of conjugated antibodies and reliably compare different immobilization strategies. Herein, we describe an enzyme-mediated assay to quantify the fraction of the immobilized antibodies that is accessible for antigen binding. Anti-horseradish peroxidase (anti-HRP) antibody is mixed with AuNPs to allow for conjugation, and the unbound, excess antibody is quantified with a modified Bradford assay to determine antibody loading onto AuNPs. The conjugates are then mixed with excess HRP to saturate all accessible binding sites, and bound HRP is quantified based on enzymatic reaction rate. This analytical scheme was used to compare two common immobilization strategies, nonspecific adsorption and protein A-mediated immobilization. We found that the antibody surface coverage is greater for direct adsorption than protein A-mediated binding; however, 23 ± 6% of the directly adsorbed antibodies were active, whereas 91 ± 19% of the antibodies bound through protein A were active. In addition to establishing this method as quantitatively precise and accurate, our results emphasize the need to quantify both antibody loading and antibody activity upon conjugation to gain greater insight into differences in immobilization chemistries and identify optimum protein conjugation strategies to maximize immunoassay performance.
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15
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Yang XJ, Zhang K, Xu JJ, Chen HY. In Situ Visualization of hERG Potassium Channel via Dual Signal Amplification. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6199-6205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Giorgi-Coll S, Blunt-Foley H, Hutchinson PJ, Carpenter KLH. Heparin-gold nanoparticles for enhanced microdialysis sampling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5031-5042. [PMID: 28664332 PMCID: PMC5534206 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microdialysis is a sampling technique which offers much potential for understanding inflammatory pathophysiology following traumatic brain injury (TBI). At present, the recovery of cytokines via microdialysis in clinical studies is not straightforward primarily due to their size, steric properties and low concentrations. Heparin and heparin-coated microspheres have previously shown promise as cytokine-binding agents for enhanced microdialysis sampling in animal models (Duo and Stenken in Anal Bioanal Chem 399(2):773–82, 2011; Anal Bioanal Chem 399(2):783–93, 2011). However, there are several factors limiting application for microdialysis in patients. The aim of this study was to produce heparin-coated gold nanoparticles as cytokine capture agents for enhanced microdialysis sampling, potentially applicable to a clinical setting. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were chemically conjugated to heparin via a bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. The heparin-AuNP (AuNP-Hep) were characterised, demonstrating the successful addition of heparin to the gold surface. The performance of the AuNP-Hep during in vitro testing was compared both to current methodology (Helmy et al. in J Neurotrauma 26(4):549–61, 2009) and to the heparin-coated microspheres developed by Duo and Stenken (Anal Bioanal Chem 399(2):773–82, 2011; Anal Bioanal Chem 399(2):783–93, 2011). The AuNP-Hep yielded a higher recovery of cytokines compared to current methodology and heparin-coated microspheres, during in vitro testing designed to mimic the human environment and the intensive care unit. In this study, AuNP-Hep were developed for enhanced microdialysis sampling of cytokines, potentially applicable in a clinical setting. Based on the success of the AuNP-Hep in vitro, the proposed method offers an alternative to the use of current protocols that rely on a blood product (albumin) for microdialysis sampling of cytokines in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Giorgi-Coll
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Holly Blunt-Foley
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 65, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Keri L H Carpenter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 65, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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17
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Mustafaoglu N, Kiziltepe T, Bilgicer B. Site-specific conjugation of an antibody on a gold nanoparticle surface for one-step diagnosis of prostate specific antigen with dynamic light scattering. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8684-8694. [PMID: 28613339 PMCID: PMC5559877 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03096g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Small dimensions of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) necessitate antibodies to be immobilized in an oriented fashion in order to conserve their antigen binding activity for proper function. In this study, we used the previously described UV-NBS method to site-specifically incorporate a thioctic acid (TA) functionality into antibodies at the conserved nucleotide-binding site (NBS). Modified antibodies were immobilized on the AuNP surface in an oriented manner utilizing the newly incorporated TA functionality while maintaining the antibody structure and activity. The resulting antibody functionalized AuNPs via the UV-NBS method demonstrated significantly enhanced antigen detection capabilities and improved antigen detection sensitivity with a high level of selectivity when compared to other commonly used AuNP functionalization methods. Our results demonstrate that the limit of detection (LOD) for AuNPs functionalized via the UV-NBS method was 55 pM PSA, which is 40, 851, and 5873-fold improved over the other immobilization methods: EDC-NHS, thiol reduction, and ionic interaction, respectively. Consequently, the UV-NBS method provides a universal, site-specific functionalization method that generates highly sensitive and more stable antibody functionalized AuNPs which are amenable to any available detection and treatment assay with potential significant implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Mustafaoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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18
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Filbrun SL, Filbrun AB, Lovato FL, Oh SH, Driskell EA, Driskell JD. Chemical modification of antibodies enables the formation of stable antibody–gold nanoparticle conjugates for biosensing. Analyst 2017; 142:4456-4467. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are central to many novel and emerging biosensing technologies due to the specificity provided by antibody–antigen interactions and the unique properties of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Soon H. Oh
- Department of Pathobiology
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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19
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van der Heide S, Cunningham A, Hardwick S, Russell DA. Location-specific immunodetection of cocaine on banknotes. Analyst 2016; 141:6116-6125. [PMID: 27529158 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01398h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel in-gel bioanalytical immunodetection method has been developed to determine both the presence and the location of cocaine on the surface of banknotes. The cocaine was 'fixed' to the surface of the banknote via a coating of a polyacrylamide gel matrix. Immunostaining of the immobilised cocaine on the banknote surface was performed using an anti-cocaine primary antibody, either pre-labelled with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) or in conjunction with a HRP-labelled secondary antibody. Visualisation of the location of the cocaine was achieved through chemiluminescence imaging of the banknote following application of a chemiluminescent substrate. The novel method was applied to the detection of cocaine on partial and whole banknote samples obtained from general circulation. Newly minted banknotes, with or without spiked cocaine, were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The results obtained, for the first time, demonstrate the successful location-specific immunostaining of cocaine on banknotes. A preliminary analysis of six UK banknotes, obtained from general circulation, suggests that cocaine can be present at variable locations across the whole of the banknote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan van der Heide
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Andrew Cunningham
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sheila Hardwick
- Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology (CAST), Sandridge, St. Albans, Herts AL4 9HQ, UK
| | - David A Russell
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
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