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Xu C, Zhang Y, Sharma V. Spatiotemporal mapping of nanotopography and thickness transitions of ultrathin foam films. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3719-3727. [PMID: 38654634 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Freshly formed soap films, soap bubbles, or foam films display iridescent colors due to thin film interference that changes as squeeze flow drives drainage and a progressive decrease in film thickness. Ultrathin (thickness <100 nm) freestanding films of soft matter containing micelles, particles, polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes, or other supramolecular structures or liquid crystalline phases display drainage via stratification. A fascinating array of thickness variations and transitions, including stepwise thinning and coexistence of thick-thin flat regions, arise in micellar foam films that undergo drainage via stratification. In this tutorial, we describe the IDIOM (interferometry digital imaging optical microscopy) protocols that combine the conventional interferometry principle with digital filtration and image analysis to obtain nanometer accuracy for thickness determination while having high spatial and temporal resolution. We provide fully executable image analysis codes and algorithms for the analysis of nanotopography and summarize some of the unique insights obtained for stratified micellar foam films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxian Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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2
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Ochoa C, Gao S, Xu C, Srivastava S, Sharma V. Foam film stratification, viscosity, and small-angle X-ray scattering of micellar SDS solutions over an extended concentration range (1< c/CMC < 75). SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1922-1934. [PMID: 38323381 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Ultrathin foam films (thickness, h < 100 nm) containing micelles undergo drainage via stratification manifested as coexisting thick-thin flat regions, nanoscopic non-flat topography, and the stepwise decrease in film thickness that yields a characteristic step-size. Most studies characterize the variation in step size and stratification kinetics in micellar foam films in a limited concentration range, c/CMC < 12.5 (c < 100 mM). Likewise, most scattering studies characterize micelle dimensions, intermicellar distance, and volume fraction in bulk aqueous SDS solutions in this limited concentration range. In this contribution, we show drainage via stratification can be observed for concentrations up to c/CMC < 75 (c < 600 mM). Understanding the stratification behavior of freely draining micellar films with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration varying in the range 10 mM ≤ cSDS ≤ 600 mM is essential for molecular engineering, consumer product formulations, and controlling foaming in industrial processes. Here, we visualize and analyze nanoscopic thickness variations and transitions in stratifying foam films using Interferometry Digital Imaging Optical Microscopy (IDIOM) protocols. We compare step size obtained from foam stratification to micelle dimension, micelle volume fraction, and intermicellar distance obtained from small angle X-ray scattering studies. Even though the volume fraction increases and approaches 25% at c = 600 mM, the solution viscosity only increases by a factor of four compared to the solvent, consistent with the findings from both stratification and scattering studies. These comparisons allow us to explore the effect of micelle size, morphology, and intermicellar interactions on supramolecular oscillatory structural disjoining pressure, which influences the stratification behavior of draining foam films containing micelles under confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystian Ochoa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 929 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chenxian Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 929 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Biological Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Carbon Management, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 929 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Hassan L, Xu C, Boehm M, Baier SK, Sharma V. Ultrathin Micellar Foam Films of Sodium Caseinate Protein Solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6102-6112. [PMID: 37074870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sodium caseinates (NaCas), derived from milk proteins called caseins, are often added to food formulations as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and ingredients for producing dairy products. In this contribution, we contrast the drainage behavior of single foam films made with micellar NaCas solutions with well-established features of stratification observed for the micellar sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) foam films. In reflected light microscopy, the stratified SDS foam films display regions with distinct gray colors due to differences in interference intensity from coexisting thick-thin regions. Using IDIOM (interferometry digital imaging optical microscopy) protocols we pioneered for mapping nanotopography of foam films, we showed that drainage via stratification in SDS films proceeds by the expansion of flat domains that are thinner than surrounding by a concentration-dependent step-size, and nonflat features (nanoridges and mesas) form at the moving front. Furthermore, stratifying SDS foam films show stepwise thinning, such that the step-size and terminal film thickness decrease with concentration. Here we visualize the nanotopography in protein films with high spatiotemporal resolution using IDIOM protocols to address two long-standing questions. Do protein foam films formulated with NaCas undergo drainage via stratification? Are thickness transitions and variations in protein foam films determined by intermicellar interactions and supramolecular oscillatory disjoining pressure? In contrast with foam films containing micellar SDS, we find that micellar NaCas foam films display just one step, nonflat and noncircular domains that expand without forming nanoridges and a terminal thickness that increases with NaCas concentration. We infer that the differences in adsorbing and self-assembling unimers triumph over any similarities in the structure and interactions of their micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 929 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Chenxian Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 929 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Michael Boehm
- Motif Foodworks, 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Stefan K Baier
- Motif Foodworks, 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 929 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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Braun L, Hohenschutz M, Diat O, von Klitzing R, Bauduin P. Repulsive, but sticky - Insights into the non-ionic foam stabilization mechanism by superchaotropic nano-ions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:437-448. [PMID: 36948099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The superchaotropic Keggin polyoxometalate α-SiW12O404- (SiW) was recently shown to stabilize non-ionic surfactant (C18:1E10) foams owing to electrostatic repulsion that arises from the adsorption of SiW-ions to the foam interfaces. The precise mechanism of foam stabilization by SiW however remained unsolved. EXPERIMENTS Imaging and conductimetry were used on macroscopic foams to monitor the foam collapse under free drainage and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) at a given foam height allowed for the tracking of the evolution of film thickness under quasi-stationary conditions. Thin film pressure balance (TFPB) measurements enabled to quantify the resistance of single foam films to external pressure and to identify intra-film forces. FINDINGS At low SiW/surfactant ratios, the adsorption of SiW induces electrostatic repulsion within foam films. Above a concentration threshold corresponding to an adsorption saturation, excess of SiW screens the electrostatic repulsion that leads to thinner foam films. Despite screened electrostatics, the foam and single foam films remain very stable caused by an additional steric stabilizing force consistent with the presence of trapped micelles inside the foam films that bridge between the interfaces. These trapped micelles can serve as a surfactant reservoir, which promotes self-healing of the interface leading to much more resilient foam films in comparison to bare surfactant foams/films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Braun
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Max Hohenschutz
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France; RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Olivier Diat
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Pierre Bauduin
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France.
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Hussain KA, Chen C, Haggerty R, Schubert M, Li Y. Fundamental Mechanisms and Factors Associated with Nanoparticle-Assisted Enhanced Oil Recovery. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Albab Hussain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey07030, United States
| | - Ryan Haggerty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Mathias Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Yusong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
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Gao S, Ochoa C, Sharma V, Srivastava S. Salt Weakens Intermicellar Interactions and Structuring in Bulk Solutions and Foam Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11003-11014. [PMID: 36044777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drainage via stratification in micellar foam films formulated with ionic surfactants shows dramatic changes on salt addition: both the step size and the number of steps in their stepwise thinning diminish. As the stratification process is governed by supramolecular oscillatory structural forces that arise due to confinement-induced structuring of micelles, it is apparent that salt addition reduces the magnitude, periodicity, and decay length of the oscillatory forces. In this contribution, we characterize the changes in micellar size, shape, and interactions on salt addition in bulk solutions using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to understand and elucidate the influence of salt on stratification in micellar foam films and, more broadly, on the oscillatory structural forces. Adding salt leads to a significant reduction in long-range correlations between micelles and smaller intermicellar distances. These effects manifest as a weakening of the primary peak of the structure factor, ascertained from SAXS spectra, accompanied by its shift to higher wave vectors. Weakened long-range correlations diminish the magnitude and periodicity of the oscillatory disjoining pressure leading to smaller step sizes, fewer steps, and a rich nanoscopic topography, due to the influence of disjoining pressure on the deformable interfaces. The step sizes in stratifying thin films and intermicellar distances in bulk solutions present incongruous values, implying an imperfect analogy with studies on charged nanoparticles with matched and salt concentration-independent values of measured interparticle distances that equal the periodicity of force-distance curves. We anticipate that our findings are significant for multicomponent soft and biological matter containing self-assembled supramolecular structures wherein screened Coulomb interactions govern the self-assembly, interfacial adsorption, interactions, dynamics, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chrystian Ochoa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60608, United States
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60608, United States
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Center for Biological Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute for Carbon Management, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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Nanofluid Structural Forces Alter Solid Wetting, Enhancing Oil Recovery. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids6020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanofluids have attracted significant research interest for their promising application in enhanced oil recovery. One striking feature leading to the outstanding efficiency of nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery is the structure of nanoparticles, which induces oscillatory structural forces in the confined space between fluid–fluid interfaces or air–liquid and liquid–solid interfaces. To promote the understanding of the oscillatory structural forces and their application in enhanced oil recovery, we reviewed the origin and theory of the oscillatory structural forces, factors affecting their magnitude, and the experimental techniques demonstrating their impacts on enhanced oil recovery. We also reviewed the methods, where the benefits of nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery provided by the oscillatory structural forces are directly manifested. The oscillatory structural forces promote the wetting and spreading of nanofluids on solid surfaces, which ultimately enhances the separation of oil from the reservoir. Some imbibition tests demonstrated as much as 50% increased oil recovery, compared to the cases where the oscillatory structural forces were absent.
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Ochoa C, Xu C, Martínez Narváez CDV, Yang W, Zhang Y, Sharma V. Drainage via stratification and nanoscopic thickness transitions of aqueous sodium naphthenate foam films. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8915-8924. [PMID: 34545906 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01169c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sodium naphthenates (NaNs), found in crude oils and oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), can act as surfactants and stabilize undesirable foams and emulsions. Despite the critical impact of soap-like NaNs on the formation, properties, and stability of petroleum and OSPW foams, there is a significant lack of studies that characterize foam film drainage, motivating this study. Here, we contrast the drainage of aqueous foam films formulated with NaN with foams containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a well-studied surfactant system, in the relatively low concentration regime (c/CMC < 12.5). The foam films exhibit drainage via stratification, displaying step-wise thinning and coexisting thick-thin regions manifested as distinct shades of gray in reflected light microscopy due to thickness-dependent interference intensity. Using IDIOM (interferometry digital imaging optical microscopy) protocols that we developed, we analyze pixel-wise intensity to obtain thickness maps with high spatiotemporal resolution (thickness <1 nm, lateral ∼500 nm, time ∼10 ms). The analysis of interference intensity variations over time reveals that the aqueous foam films of both SDS and NaN possess an evolving, dynamic, and rich nanoscopic topography. The nanoscopic thickness transitions for stratifying SDS foam films are attributed to the role played by damped supramolecular oscillatory structural disjoining pressure contributed by the confinement-induced layering of spherical micelles. In comparison with SDS, we find smaller concentration-dependent step size and terminal film thickness values for NaN, implying weaker intermicellar interactions and oscillatory structural disjoining pressure with shorter decay length and periodicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystian Ochoa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Chenxian Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - William Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Abstract
Ultrathin foam films containing supramolecular structures like micelles in bulk and adsorbed surfactant at the liquid-air interface undergo drainage via stratification. At a fixed surfactant concentration, the stepwise decrease in the average film thickness of a stratifying micellar film yields a characteristic step size that also describes the quantized thickness difference between coexisting thick-thin flat regions. Even though many published studies claim that step size equals intermicellar distance obtained using scattering from bulk solutions, we found no reports of a direct comparison between the two length scales. It is well established that step size is inversely proportional to the cubic root of surfactant concentration but cannot be estimated by adding micelle size to Debye length, as the latter is inversely proportional to the square root of surfactant concentration. In this contribution, we contrast the step size obtained from analysis of nanoscopic thickness variations and transitions in stratifying foam films using Interferometry Digital Imaging Optical Microscopy (IDIOM) protocols, that we developed, with the intermicellar distance obtained using small-angle X-ray scattering. We find that stratification driven by the confinement-induced layering of micelles within the liquid-air interfaces of a foam film provides a sensitive probe of non-DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) supramolecular oscillatory structural forces and micellar interactions.
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10
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Thin liquid films: Where hydrodynamics, capillarity, surface stresses and intermolecular forces meet. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Rondepierre G, Lequeux F, Verneuil E, Passade-Boupat N, Talini L. Spinodal stratification in micellar films between oil and silica. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:052801. [PMID: 34134263 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.052801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on the thinning mechanisms of supported films of surfactant (nTAB) solutions above the critical micellar concentration. The films are formed by pressing an oil drop immersed in an aqueous surfactant solution on a silica surface. Depending on the length of the carbon chain of the surfactant and its concentration, two modes of destabilization of the stratified films are observed. The first one proceeds by heterogeneous nucleation, characterized by the lateral expansion of the domain of lower thickness as evidenced long ago in suspended micellar films. In addition, the simultaneous stepwise thinning of several domains, called spinodal stratification, is observed here in supported films. We measure the time evolution of the thickness of the films, and we discuss the selection mechanism of each destabilization mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Rondepierre
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7615, F-75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Interfaces Complexes, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris, France; and TOTAL SA, Pôle dEtudes et Recherche de Lacq, Boîte Postale 47, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - François Lequeux
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matire Molle, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7615, F-75005 Paris, France and Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Interfaces Complexes, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Verneuil
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matire Molle, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7615, F-75005 Paris, France and Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Interfaces Complexes, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Passade-Boupat
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Interfaces Complexes, Bâtiment CHEMSTARTUP, Route Dpartementale 817, 64170 Lacq, France and TOTAL SA, Pôle dEtudes et Recherche de Lacq, Boîte Postale 47, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Laurence Talini
- CNRS, Surface du Verre et Interfaces, Saint-Gobain, 93300 Aubervilliers, France
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Nikolov A, Wu P, Wasan D. Structure and stability of nanofluid films wetting solids: An overview. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 264:1-10. [PMID: 30553993 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
When an air bubble or an oil droplet in a nanofluid (liquid containing dispersed nanoparticles) approaches a solid surface, a nanofluid film is formed between the bubble or drop and a solid substrate. The nanoparticles confined in the film surfaces tend to self-layer and the film thins in a stepwise manner. The wetting behavior and film stability criteria valid for the classical molecularly thin films cannot be applied to nanofilm. Here we present an overview of the structure and stability of multilayer nanofilms wetting solid surfaces. We first present a brief review of the classical concept of molecular films wetting solid, and then we discuss the nanofluid film structure evolution as determined by the in-layer radial distribution function versus nanofilm's number of layers. The role of the particle volume fraction, size and polydispersity on the layering phenomenon is highlighted. The stability of the nanofilm, that is its layer-by-layer thinning is elucidated by the presence of particle voids or dislocations. We calculated the free energy of the nanofilm on a solid surface based on nanofilm osmotic pressure. We independently verified it by the direct measurement of the nanofilm-meniscus contact angle using reflected light interferometry. Finally, we present some practical applications of a wetting aqueous film for oily soil removal from a solid surface and the nanofilm displacing an oil phase from a capillary as in an enhanced oil recovery operation.
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14
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Lee J, Nikolov A, Wasan D. Stepwise dynamics of an anionic micellar film – Formation of crown lenses. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 496:60-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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