1
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Cheng T, Qi S, Jiang Y, Wang L, Zhu Q, Zhu J, Dai L, He Z. Carbon Structure Regulation Strategy for the Electrode of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400496. [PMID: 38949033 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a type of energy storage device known for its large-scale capacity, long-term durability, and high-level safety. It serves as an effective solution to address the instability and intermittency of renewable energy sources. Carbon-based materials are widely used as VRFB electrodes due to cost-effectiveness and well-stability. However, pristine electrodes need proper modification to overcome original poor hydrophilicity and fewer reaction active sites. Adjusting the carbon structure is recognized as a viable method to boost the electrochemical activity of electrodes. This review delves into the advancements in research related to ordered and disordered carbon structure electrodes including the adjusting methods, structural characteristics, and catalytic properties. Ordered carbon structures are categorized into nanoscale and macroscale orderliness based on size, leading to improved conductivity and overall performance of the electrode. Disordered carbon structures encompass methods such as doping atoms, grafting functional groups, and creating engineered holes to enhance active sites and hydrophilicity. Based on the current research findings on carbon electrode structures, this work puts forth some promising prospects for future feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tukang Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063009, China
| | - Shaotian Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063009, China
| | - Yingqiao Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063009, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063009, China
| | - Qingjun Zhu
- Tangshan Gotion Battery Co., Ltd., Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063009, China
| | - Lei Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063009, China
| | - Zhangxing He
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063009, China
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2
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Agarwal H, Roy E, Singh N, Klusener PA, Stephens RM, Zhou QT. Electrode Treatments for Redox Flow Batteries: Translating Our Understanding from Vanadium to Aqueous-Organic. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307209. [PMID: 37973559 PMCID: PMC10767411 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising technology for long-duration energy storage; but they suffer from inefficiencies in part due to the overvoltages at the electrode surface. In this work, more than 70 electrode treatments are reviewed that are previously shown to reduce the overvoltages and improve performance for vanadium RFBs (VRFBs), the most commercialized RFB technology. However, identifying treatments that improve performance the most and whether they are industrially implementable is challenging. This study attempts to address this challenge by comparing treatments under similar operating conditions and accounting for the treatment process complexity. The different treatments are compared at laboratory and industrial scale based on criteria for VRFB performance, treatment stability, economic feasibility, and ease of industrial implementation. Thermal, plasma, electrochemical oxidation, CO2 treatments, as well as Bi, Ag, and Cu catalysts loaded on electrodes are identified as the most promising for adoption in large scale VRFBs. The similarity in electrode treatments for aqueous-organic RFBs (AORFBs) and VRFBs is also identified. The need of standardization in RFBs testing along with fundamental studies to understand charge transfer reactions in redox active species used in RFBs moving forward is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Agarwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Catalysis Science and Technology InstituteUniversity of Michigan Ann ArborAnn ArborMI48109‐2136USA
- Shell International Exploration and Production Inc.3333 Highway 6 SouthHoustonTX77082USA
| | - Esha Roy
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V. Energy Transition Campus AmsterdamGrasweg 31Amsterdam1031 HWThe Netherlands
| | - Nirala Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Catalysis Science and Technology InstituteUniversity of Michigan Ann ArborAnn ArborMI48109‐2136USA
| | - Peter A.A. Klusener
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V. Energy Transition Campus AmsterdamGrasweg 31Amsterdam1031 HWThe Netherlands
| | - Ryan M. Stephens
- Shell International Exploration and Production Inc.3333 Highway 6 SouthHoustonTX77082USA
| | - Qin Tracy Zhou
- Shell International Exploration and Production Inc.3333 Highway 6 SouthHoustonTX77082USA
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3
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Zhai M, Ye J, Jiang Y, Yuan S, Li Y, Liu Y, Dai L, Wang L, He Z. Biomass-derived carbon materials for vanadium redox flow battery: From structure to property. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 651:902-918. [PMID: 37573736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived carbon (BDC) materials are suitable as electrode or catalyst materials for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), owing to the characteristics of vast material sources, environmental friendliness, and multifarious structures. A timely and comprehensive review of the structure and property significantly facilitates the development of BDC materials. Here, the paper starts with the preparation of biomass materials, including carbonization and activation. It is designed to summarize the lastest developments in BDC materials of VRFB in four different structural dimensions from zero dimension (0D) to three dimension (3D). Every dimension begins with meticulously selected examples to introduce the structural characteristics of materials and then illustrates the improved performance of the VRFB due to the structure. Simultaneously, challenges, solutions, and prospects are indicated for the further development of BDC materials. Overall, this review will help researchers select excellent strategies for the fabrication of BDC materials, thereby facilitating the use of BDC materials in VRFB design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Zhai
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Jiejun Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Yingqiao Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Sujuan Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China.
| | - Yuehua Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Yongguang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China.
| | - Zhangxing He
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China.
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4
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Doǧan H, Taş M, Meşeli T, Elden G, GENC G. Review on the Applications of Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34310-34327. [PMID: 37779984 PMCID: PMC10534911 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) requires the exploration of effective and affordable electrodes. In order to increase the electrochemical activity of these electrodes and decrease the polarizations, they are doped with an electrocatalyst. In this context, the use of biomass-derived materials as electrocatalysts in VRFBs has received much attention recently due to their widespread availability, renewable nature, low cost, and high energy efficiency. This paper aims to review the synthesis methods of biomass-derived carbon materials and their applications in VRFBs. In line with this aim, recent developments in carbon-based electrode modification methods and their electrochemical performance in VRFBs are summarized. The studies show that porous carbon electrocatalysts increase energy efficiency by reducing overpotentials and improving electrocatalytic activation. In addition, it is thought that biomass carbon doped electrocatalysts can improve the hydrophilicity of the electrodes, the transfer of vanadium ions, and the reaction kinetics. The highest charge voltage decrease rate of 8.61% was obtained in the Scaphium scaphigerum, whereas the highest discharge voltage increase rate of 14.29% was observed in the twin cocoon, as in all reviewed studies. Furthermore, the maximum energy efficiency (75%) was achieved in a VRFB equipped with an electrode doped with carbon derived from Scaphium scaphigerum and cuttlefish. It can be concluded from the reviewed studies that the electrochemical performances of electrodes doped with biomass-derived carbons in VRFBs are more effective than those of the bare electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Doǧan
- Energy
Systems Engineering Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Mert Taş
- Department
of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Energy
Systems Engineering Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Tuǧba Meşeli
- Energy
Systems Engineering Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Elden
- Department
of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Energy
Conversions Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Gamze GENC
- Department
of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Energy
Conversions Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
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5
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Ding C, Shen Z, Zhu Y, Cheng Y. Insights into the Modification of Carbonous Felt as an Electrode for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103811. [PMID: 37241437 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has been regarded as one of the best potential stationary electrochemical storage systems for its design flexibility, long cycle life, high efficiency, and high safety; it is usually utilized to resolve the fluctuations and intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. As one of the critical components of VRFBs to provide the reaction sites for redox couples, an ideal electrode should possess excellent chemical and electrochemical stability, conductivity, and a low price, as well as good reaction kinetics, hydrophilicity, and electrochemical activity, in order to satisfy the requirements for high-performance VRFBs. However, the most commonly used electrode material, a carbonous felt electrode, such as graphite felt (GF) or carbon felt (CF), suffers from relatively inferior kinetic reversibility and poor catalytic activity toward the V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2+ redox couples, limiting the operation of VRFBs at low current density. Therefore, modified carbon substrates have been extensively investigated to improve vanadium redox reactions. Here, we give a brief review of recent progress in the modification methods of carbonous felt electrodes, such as surface treatment, the deposition of low-cost metal oxides, the doping of nonmetal elements, and complexation with nanostructured carbon materials. Thus, we give new insights into the relationships between the structure and the electrochemical performance, and provide some perspectives for the future development of VRFBs. Through a comprehensive analysis, it is found that the increase in the surface area and active sites are two decisive factors that enhance the performance of carbonous felt electrodes. Based on the varied structural and electrochemical characterizations, the relationship between the surface nature and electrochemical activity, as well as the mechanism of the modified carbon felt electrodes, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ding
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhefei Shen
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuanhui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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Fu W, Zhang K, Zhang X, Fan G, Wang Z, Chen S, Wen Y, Wang P. Synthesis of transition metal sulfide functionalized hierarchically porous carbons and their application as colorimetric-electrochemical dual-mode nanozyme sensing platform for dopamine. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Pham VN, Jeon H, Hong S, Lee H. Selective Oxidation of Biomass Molecules via ZnO Nanoparticles Modified Using Charge Mismatch of the Doped Co ions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16887-16894. [PMID: 36223637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A charge mismatch between transition-metal-ion dopants and metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs) within an engineered complex engenders a significant number of oxygen vacancies (VO) on the surface of the MO NP construct. To elucidate in-depth the mechanism of this tendency, Co ions with different charge states (Co3+ and Co2+) were doped into ZnO NPs, and their atomic structural changes were correlated with their photocatalytic efficiency. We ascertained that the increase of the Zn-O bond distances was distinctly affected by Co3+-ion doping, and, subsequently, the number of VO was noticeably increased. We further investigated the mechanistic pathways of the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which have been widely investigated as biomass derivatives because of their potential use as precursors for the synthesis of sustainable alternatives to petrochemical substances. To identify the reaction products in each oxidation step, selective oxidation products obtained from HMF in the presence of pristine ZnO NPs, Co3+- and Co2+-ion-doped ZnO NPs were evaluated. We confirmed that Co3+-ion-doped ZnO NPs can efficiently and selectively oxidize HMF with a good conversion rate (∼40%) by converting HMF to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The present study demonstrates the feasibility of improving the production efficiency of FDCA (an alternative energy material) by using enhanced photocatalytic MO NPs with the help of the charge mismatch between MO and metal-ion dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy Ngoc Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul04310, Republic of Korea
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8
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TiO 2 Containing Hybrid Composite Polymer Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081617. [PMID: 35458366 PMCID: PMC9026947 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) have captured immense attraction in electrochemical energy storage systems due to their long cycle life, flexibility, high-energy efficiency, time, and reliability. In VRFB, polymer membranes play a significant role in transporting protons for current transmission and act as barriers between positive and negative electrodes/electrolytes. Commercial polymer membranes (such as Nafion) are the widely used IEM in VRFBs due to their outstanding chemical stability and proton conductivity. However, the membrane cost and increased vanadium ions permeability limit its commercial application. Therefore, various modified perfluorinated and non-perfluorinated membranes have been developed. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on recent developments of hybrid polymer composite membranes with inorganic TiO2 nanofillers for VRFB applications. Hence, various fabrications are performed in the membrane with TiO2 to alter their physicochemical properties for attaining perfect IEM. Additionally, embedding the -SO3H groups by sulfonation on the nanofiller surface enhances membrane proton conductivity and mechanical strength. Incorporating TiO2 and modified TiO2 (sTiO2, and organic silica modified TiO2) into Nafion and other non-perfluorinated membranes (sPEEK and sPI) has effectively influenced the polymer membrane properties for better VRFB performances. This review provides an overall spotlight on the impact of TiO2-based nanofillers in polymer matrix for VRFB applications.
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9
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Popat Y, Trudgeon D, Zhang C, Walsh FC, Connor P, Li X. Carbon Materials as Positive Electrodes in Bromine-Based Flow Batteries. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100441. [PMID: 35023636 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bromine based redox flow batteries (RFBs) can provide sustainable energy storage due to the abundance of bromine. Such devices pair Br2 /Br- at the positive electrode with complementary redox couples at the negative electrode. Due to the highly corrosive nature of bromine, electrode materials need to be corrosion resistant and durable. The positive electrode requires good electrochemical activity and reversibility for the Br2 /Br- couple. Carbon materials enjoy the advantages of low cost, excellent electrical conductivity, chemical resistance, wide operational potential ranges, modifiable surface properties, and high surface area. Here carbon based materials for bromine electrodes are reviewed, with a focus on application in zinc-bromine, hydrogen-bromine, and polysulphide-bromine RFB systems, aiming to provide an overview of carbon materials to be used for design and development of bromine electrodes with improved performance. Aspects deserving further R&D are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaksh Popat
- Renewable Energy group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - David Trudgeon
- Renewable Energy group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Caiping Zhang
- National Active Distribution Network Technology Research Centre, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China
| | - Frank C Walsh
- Electrochemical Engineering Laboratory, Energy Technology Research Group, Engineering Sciences and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Connor
- Renewable Energy group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Renewable Energy group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
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10
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Yao S, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Hu J, Xie T. Modeling and characterization of the biochar electrodes for vanadium redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Bellani S, Najafi L, Prato M, Oropesa-Nuñez R, Martín-García B, Gagliani L, Mantero E, Marasco L, Bianca G, Zappia MI, Demirci C, Olivotto S, Mariucci G, Pellegrini V, Schiavetti M, Bonaccorso F. Graphene-Based Electrodes in a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Produced by Rapid Low-Pressure Combined Gas Plasma Treatments. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:4106-4121. [PMID: 34267420 PMCID: PMC8274967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-power density vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) with high energy efficiencies (EEs) is crucial for the widespread dissemination of this energy storage technology. In this work, we report the production of novel hierarchical carbonaceous nanomaterials for VRFB electrodes with high catalytic activity toward the vanadium redox reactions (VO2+/VO2 + and V2+/V3+). The electrode materials are produced through a rapid (minute timescale) low-pressure combined gas plasma treatment of graphite felts (GFs) in an inductively coupled radio frequency reactor. By systematically studying the effects of either pure gases (O2 and N2) or their combination at different gas plasma pressures, the electrodes are optimized to reduce their kinetic polarization for the VRFB redox reactions. To further enhance the catalytic surface area of the electrodes, single-/few-layer graphene, produced by highly scalable wet-jet milling exfoliation of graphite, is incorporated into the GFs through an infiltration method in the presence of a polymeric binder. Depending on the thickness of the proton-exchange membrane (Nafion 115 or Nafion XL), our optimized VRFB configurations can efficiently operate within a wide range of charge/discharge current densities, exhibiting energy efficiencies up to 93.9%, 90.8%, 88.3%, 85.6%, 77.6%, and 69.5% at 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, and 300 mA cm-2, respectively. Our technology is cost-competitive when compared to commercial ones (additional electrode costs < 100 € m-2) and shows EEs rivalling the record-high values reported for efficient systems to date. Our work remarks on the importance to study modified plasma conditions or plasma methods alternative to those reported previously (e.g., atmospheric plasmas) to improve further the electrode performances of the current VRFB systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bellani
- BeDimensional
S.p.a., Via Lungotorrente
secca 3D, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- (S.B.)
| | - Leyla Najafi
- BeDimensional
S.p.a., Via Lungotorrente
secca 3D, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials
Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Reinier Oropesa-Nuñez
- BeDimensional
S.p.a., Via Lungotorrente
secca 3D, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala
University, Box 534, 751
03 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Beatriz Martín-García
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque, Spain
| | - Luca Gagliani
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Mantero
- BeDimensional
S.p.a., Via Lungotorrente
secca 3D, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Marasco
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bianca
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marilena I. Zappia
- BeDimensional
S.p.a., Via Lungotorrente
secca 3D, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Physics, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci cubo 31/C, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Cansunur Demirci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
- NanoChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Olivotto
- Wind
Technology Innovation, Enel Global Power
Generation, https://www.enel.com/
| | - Giacomo Mariucci
- Storage
and New Business Design, Engineering & Construction, Enel Green Power S.p.A., https://www.enel.com/
| | - Vittorio Pellegrini
- BeDimensional
S.p.a., Via Lungotorrente
secca 3D, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Schiavetti
- Thermal &
Industry 4.0 Innovation, Enel Global Power
Generation, https://www.enel.com/
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- BeDimensional
S.p.a., Via Lungotorrente
secca 3D, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- (F.B.)
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12
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A Self-Bleaching Electrochromic Mirror Based on Metal Organic Frameworks. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112771. [PMID: 34073658 PMCID: PMC8197070 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered to be the most promising positive anode materials to store charge for electrochromic devices. Nevertheless, a detailed mechanism of the electrochemical and ions storage process has not yet been revealed. Herein, the electrochemical mechanism of the highly porous ZIF-67 films and the electrochromic performance of electrochromic mirrors constructed from ZIF-67 and WO3 electrodes were investigated. The mechanism of the charge storage was revealed in the kinetic analysis of the Li-ion behavior based on the cyclic voltammetry curves and electrochemical impedance spectra. Impressively, the electrochromic mirrors with the self-bleaching effect and self-discharge behavior showed a unique electrochromic performance, such as a high coloration efficiency of 16.47 cm2 C−1 and a maximum reflectance modulation of 30.10% at 650 nm. This work provides a fundamental understanding of MOFs for applications in electrochromic devices and can also promote the exploration of novel electrode materials for high-performance reflective electrochromic devices.
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Wu S, Lv X, Ge Z, Wang L, Dai L, He Z. Thiourea-Grafted Graphite Felts as Positive Electrode for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. Front Chem 2021; 8:626490. [PMID: 33520942 PMCID: PMC7841072 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.626490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, thiourea was successfully grafted onto the surface of acid preprocessed graphite felts [sulfuric acid-treated graphite felt (SA-GFs)] by thiol-carboxylic acid esterification. The thiourea-grafted graphite felts (TG-GFs) were investigated as the positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggested that thiourea was grafted into the surface of graphite felts. The cyclic voltammetry showed that the peak potential separation decreased by 0.2 V, and peak currents were greatly enhanced on TG-GF electrode compared with SA-GF electrode, implying improved electro-catalytic activity and reversibility of TG-GF electrode toward VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction. The initial capacity of TG-GF-based cell reached 55.6 mA h at 100 mA cm−2, 22.6 mA h larger than that of SA-GF-based cell. The voltage and energy efficiency for TG-GF-based cell increased by 4.9% and 4.4% compared with those of SA-GF-based cell at 100 mA cm−2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhuo Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xin Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhijun Ge
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Lei Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhangxing He
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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14
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Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: A Review Oriented to Fluid-Dynamic Optimization. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en14010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale energy storage systems (ESS) are nowadays growing in popularity due to the increase in the energy production by renewable energy sources, which in general have a random intermittent nature. Currently, several redox flow batteries have been presented as an alternative of the classical ESS; the scalability, design flexibility and long life cycle of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) have made it to stand out. In a VRFB cell, which consists of two electrodes and an ion exchange membrane, the electrolyte flows through the electrodes where the electrochemical reactions take place. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are a very powerful tool to develop feasible numerical models to enhance the performance and lifetime of VRFBs. This review aims to present and discuss the numerical models developed in this field and, particularly, to analyze different types of flow fields and patterns that can be found in the literature. The numerical studies presented in this review are a helpful tool to evaluate several key parameters important to optimize the energy systems based on redox flow technologies.
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15
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Electrospun carbon nanofiber inlaid with tungsten carbide nanoparticle by in-situ carbothermal reaction as bifunctional electrode for vanadium redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Li K, Jiang Y, Zhang R, Ren S, Feng X, Xue J, Zhang T, Zhang Z, He Z, Dai L, Wang L. Oxygen vacancy and size controlling endow tin dioxide with remarked electrocatalytic performances towards vanadium redox reactions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Kim S, Kim D, Hwang G, Jeon J. A bromide-ligand ferrocene derivative redox species with high reversibility and electrochemical stability for aqueous redox flow batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Cheng D, Tian M, Wang B, Zhang J, Chen J, Feng X, He Z, Dai L, Wang L. One-step activation of high-graphitization N-doped porous biomass carbon as advanced catalyst for vanadium redox flow battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 572:216-226. [PMID: 32244082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we reported a one-step activation strategy to prepare highly graphitized N-doped porous carbon materials (KDC-FAC) derived from biomass, and adopted ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) as active agent. At high temperature, FAC was decomposed into Fe- and NH3-based materials, further increasing graphitization degree, introducing N-containing functional groups and forming porous structure. KDC-FAC has superior electrocatalytic activity and stability towards V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2+ redox reactions. High graphitization degree can enhance the conductivity of carbon material, and porous structure is conducive to increase reaction area of vanadium redox couples. Moreover, N-containing functional groups are beneficial to improve the electrode wettability and serve as active sites. The single cell tests demonstrate that KDC-FAC modified cell exhibits good adaptability under high current density and superb stability in cycling test. Compared with pristine cell, the energy efficiency of KDC-FAC modified cell is increased by 9% at 150 mA cm-2. This biomass-derived carbon-based material proposed in our work is expected to be an excellent catalyst for vanadium redox flow battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixuan Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Mengran Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Boyun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Jinliang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Jiafu Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xiaojian Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Zhangxing He
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China.
| | - Lei Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China.
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19
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Ultra-Broadband High-Efficiency Solar Absorber Based on Double-Size Cross-Shaped Refractory Metals. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030552. [PMID: 32204359 PMCID: PMC7153370 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a theoretical simulation based on a finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) shows that the solar absorber can reach ultra-broadband and high-efficiency by refractory metals titanium (Ti) and titanium nitride (TiN). In the absorption spectrum of double-size cross-shaped absorber, the absorption bandwidth of more than 90% is 1182 nm (415.648–1597.39 nm). Through the analysis of the field distribution, we know the physical mechanism is the combined action of propagating plasmon resonance and local surface plasmon resonance. After that, the paper has a discussion about the influence of different structure parameters, polarization angle and angle of incident light on the absorptivity of the absorber. At last, the absorption spectrum of the absorber under the standard spectrum of solar radiance Air Mass 1.5 (AM1.5) is studied. The absorber we proposed can be used in solar energy absorber, thermal photovoltaics, hot-electron devices and so on.
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Fabrication of ZnO@Ag@Ag 3PO 4 Ternary Heterojunction: Superhydrophilic Properties, Antireflection and Photocatalytic Properties. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030309. [PMID: 32183448 PMCID: PMC7143718 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A ZnO seed layer was formed on the fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate by magnetron sputtering, and then a ZnO nanorod was grown on the ZnO seed layer by a hydrothermal method. Next, we prepared a single-crystal Ag seed layer by magnetron sputtering to form a ZnO@Ag composite heterostructure. Finally, Ag3PO4 crystals were grown on the Ag seed layer by a stepwise deposition method to obtain a ZnO@Ag@Ag3PO4 ternary heterojunction. The composite heterostructure of the material has super strong hydrophilicity and can be combined with water-soluble pollutants very well. Besides, it has excellent anti-reflection performance, which can absorb light from all angles. When Ag exists in the heterojunction, it can effectively improve the separation of photo-generated electrons and holes, and improve the photoelectric conversion performance. Based on the above characteristics, this nano-heterostructure can be used in the fields of solar cells, sensors, light-emitting devices, and photocatalysis.
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A Perfect Absorber Based on Similar Fabry-Perot Four-Band in the Visible Range. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030488. [PMID: 32182723 PMCID: PMC7153252 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple metamaterial absorber is proposed to achieve near-perfect absorption in visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The absorber is composed of metal-dielectric-metal (MIM) three-layer structure. The materials of these three-layer structures are Au, SiO2, and Au. The top metal structure of the absorber is composed of hollow three-dimensional metal rings regularly arranged periodically. The results show that the high absorption efficiency at a specific wavelength is mainly due to the resonance of the Fabry-Perot effect (FP) in the intermediate layer of the dielectric medium, resulting in the resonance light being trapped in the middle layer, thus improving the absorption efficiency. The almost perfect multiband absorption, which is independent of polarization angle and insensitivity of incident angle, lends the absorber great application prospects for filtering and optoelectronics.
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Wu H, Jile H, Chen Z, Xu D, Yi Z, Chen X, Chen J, Yao W, Wu P, Yi Y. Fabrication of ZnO@MoS 2 Nanocomposite Heterojunction Arrays and Their Photoelectric Properties. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020189. [PMID: 32059536 PMCID: PMC7074616 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, ZnO@MoS2 core-shell heterojunction arrays were successfully prepared by the two-step hydrothermal method, and the growth mechanism was systematically studied. We found that the growth process of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was sensitively dependent on the reaction temperature and time. Through an X-ray diffractometry (XRD) component test, we determined that we prepared a 2H phase MoS2 with a direct bandgap semiconductor of 1.2 eV. Then, the photoelectric properties of the samples were studied on the electrochemical workstation. The results show that the ZnO@MoS2 heterojunction acts as a photoanode, and the photocurrent reaches 2.566 mA under the conditions of 1000 W/m2 sunshine and 0.6 V bias. The i-t curve also illustrates the perfect cycle stability. Under the condition of illumination and external bias, the electrons flow to the conduction band of MoS2 and flow out through the external electrode of MoS2. The holes migrate from the MoS2 to the zinc oxide (ZnO) valence band. It is transferred to the external circuit through the glass with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) together with the holes on the ZnO valence band. The ZnO@MoS2 nanocomposite heterostructure provides a reference for the development of ultra-high-speed photoelectric switching devices, photodetector(PD) devices, and photoelectrocatalytic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (H.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Huge Jile
- School of Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Zeqiang Chen
- Research Center for Photonic Technology, Fujian Key Laboratory for Advanced Micro-nano Photonics Technology and Devices & Key Laboratory of Information Functional Material for Fujian Higher Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China;
| | - Danyang Xu
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China;
| | - Zao Yi
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (H.W.); (W.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (X.C.); (P.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-0816-2480872 (Z.Y. & X.C.); +86-0595-22003815 (P.W.)
| | - Xifang Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (H.W.); (W.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (X.C.); (P.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-0816-2480872 (Z.Y. & X.C.); +86-0595-22003815 (P.W.)
| | - Jian Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (H.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weitang Yao
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (H.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Pinghui Wu
- Research Center for Photonic Technology, Fujian Key Laboratory for Advanced Micro-nano Photonics Technology and Devices & Key Laboratory of Information Functional Material for Fujian Higher Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (X.C.); (P.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-0816-2480872 (Z.Y. & X.C.); +86-0595-22003815 (P.W.)
| | - Yougen Yi
- College of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
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